LIBRARY 

OF   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Class 


^^NERAL 


A  HISTORY 


OF    THE 


s 


c 


CHOOLS  OF  CINCINNATI 


TOHN  B.  SHOTWELL 


r. 


Vl'  «  A  R- 


OF  THc 

urnvtRSiTY 

OF 


CINCINNATI 

THE    SCHOOL    LIFE    COMPANY 

1902 


SENERAL 


cSjS.fe 


Copyrighted, 

1902, 

John  Brough  Shotwell. 


PREFACE, 


THE  duty  of  a  historian,  says  Lord  Bacon,  is  "to 
represent  the  events  themselves,  together  with  the 
counsels,  and  to  leave  the  observations  and  conclusions 
thereupon  to  the  liberty  and  faculty  of  every  man's 
judgment." 

Thus,  it  is  claimed  that  Bacon  throws  the  moral  re- 
sponsibility upon  the  readers,  not  upon  the  writers,  of 
history.  This  is  a  comfortable  position  for  a  writer  to 
be  in,  and  I  cheerfully  recommend  that  all  writers 
assume  it,  for  the  burden  of  getting  together  hundreds 
of  facts  from  all  imaginable  sources  is  responsibility 
enough  for  one  person  to  carry. 

This  volume  was  mostly  written  by  myself;  contri- 
butions are  easily  recognized.  Thanks  are  due  many 
persons  for  assistance,  notably  Howard  Ayers,  President 
of  the  University  of  Cincinnati ;  John  B.  Peaslee,  for- 
mer Superintendent  of  Schools  ;  John  H.  Brawley  (photo 
of  Charles  McMicken)  ;   and  Judge  Samuel  F.  Hunt. 

JVo  errata  is  published.  The  errors  found  are  cor- 
rected in  the  index. 

John   B.  Shotwell. 

Cincinnati,   O.,  Dec,  1902. 


11540.3 


DEDICATED    TO 

JULIUS    FLEISCHMANN, 

MAYOR    OF    THE    CITY    OF    CINCINNATI, 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

General  Sketch 3 

Board  of  Education 29 

Superintendents  — N.  Guilford  (60),  Joseph  Merrill 
(63),    Andrew  J.    Rickoff(63),   Isaac  J.  Allen 
(64  and  85),  Lyman  Harding  (65),  John  Han- 
cock (65) 60 

Superintendents — John  B.  Peaslee 68 

"  Isaac  J.  Allen 85 

'*  Emerson  E.  White 89 

"  Richard  G.    Boone 97 

Board  of  Examiners , loi 

Walnut  Hills  High  School 107 

Sign  School  for  the   Deaf 113 

Oral  School  for  the  Deaf 115 

Hughes  High  School 122 

Woodward  High  School 135 

Domestic  Science 153 

Woodward  in  the  Civil  War 157 

Music  in  the  Public  Schools 166 

Penmanship 171 

Drawing  Department 174 

Cincinnati  Museum  Association 180 

University  of   Cincinnati 186 

Howard  Ayers. 200 

The  Observatory 206 

Charles  McMicken 210 

Medical  College  of  Ohio 224 

Ohio   College  of  Dental  Surgery 228 


Contents. 

Page. 

The  University  Organization 231 

Asa  Van  Wormer 240 

Technical  School 247 

Cincinnati  College  and  Its  Law  School 251 

Outings 266 

Public  Night    Schools 269 

Carnivals 278 

Physical  Culture 282 

German  Department 289 

College  of  Journalism 310 

Lane  Theological  Seminary  312 

School  Architecture 317 

Hebrew  Union  College 329 

Miami  Medical  College. 334 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Law  School 339 

Natural  History  Society 346 

Cuvier  Club,  Audubon  Society 351 

Hay  ward  School  of  Elocution 354 

Normal  School 356 

Agnostic  Sunday  School 361 

Public    Library 365 

College  of  Music 369  and  468 

Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music 371 

Ohio  Military  Institute 373 

Eclectic  Medical  Institute 379 

Laura  Memorial  Woman's  Medical  College 382 

Ohio  Mechanics  Institute 387 

Cincinnati  College  of  Dental  Surgery 392 

Nelson  Business  College 397 

Watters  Business  College 399 

School  Journals 401 

Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy 406 

School  Libraries 409 


Contents. 

Page. 

Principals  Association 414 

House  of  Refuge..,. 419 

Teachers  Club 425 

Bartholomew-Clifton  School 431 

Cincinnati  Teachers  Association 434 

Mathesis 436 

Bible 442 

Colored  Schools 447 

Medals  and  Prizes 461 

Fall  Festival  Parades 465 

College  of  Music 468 

Ehrgott  Vocal  School,  Miss  Satlers  School 477 

Calvin  E.  Stowe's  Report 481 

College  of  Teachers 489 

Wesleyan  Female  College 491 

Spanish- American  War 500 

Christine  G.  Sullivan 510 

National  Educational  Association 518 

Early  Chronicles..  52=; 

Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music 534 

Institutions  now  Closed 539 

Miscellaneous 551 

American  Book  Company 556 

H.  Thane  Miller  School 564 

Franklin  School 566 

Personal 568 

Kindergartens 586 

New  Citizens  Educational  League,  etc 591 

Athletics 597 

Cincinnati  Veterinary  College 604 

INDEX 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


«!^.</'^sr!> 


A. 

Aiken,  Walter  H.  170  A 
Albers,   Dr.  H.   W.  536 
Allen,    Isaac    J.    86 
Allison,    James    420 
Allison,   Robert.   88 
Andrew,    M.     F.    527 
Anderson,    W.    L.    503 
Arnold,    Brent.   205 
Art    Academy.    185 
Art    Museum.    181 
Authors   Grove.    69 
Asters,    Howard.    203 


Baily,    Hezekiah  B.   429 
Bardes,    George.    70   b 
Barney,   H.   H.  123 
Bartholomew-Clifton  School.  432 
Benedict,    W.    R.    443 
Bishop,   J.    Remsen.    108 
Bloom,    LaFayette.    270 
Bloom,    Simeon.    272    A 
Bode,  August  H.   273 
Bolenbaugh,   G.   B.   64  A 
Booth,   E.   R.    248 
Boone,    R   G.   100 
Braam,   Maximilian.   519 
Braun,    Geo.    F.    154 
Brandt,   James  M.   437 
Brooks,    Charles    J.    533 
Brown,    Albert   T.    300 
Brown,    Wm.    K.    492 
Brown,  Mrs.   McClellan.  493 
Bundy,    Wm.    E.   292 
Burns,    Geo.   W.  426 


Caldwell,    John    A.    20 
Carnegie  Library.  488 
Cash,    Denis  F.   Ill 
Champlin,  Howard.  559 
Chickering,    J.    B.   546 
Church,    John   A.    298 
Cincinnati     Conservatory     of 

Music.    372 
Cincinnati    College   Building.    563 
Cincinnati    College    of    Dent. 

Surg.   394 


Cincinnati         Kindergarten 

Training  School.  587 
Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female 

College.    495    (old);    496    (new) 
City    Hall.    158 
Clark,   Peter  H.   450 
Cleveland,   Harlan.    264  a 
Columbian   School.   302 
Comegys,    C.    G.    219 
Conner,    Dr.    P.    S.    553 
Cook,   Dr.    Louis  P.  605 
Cooper,    James.    169 
Cormany,   Jacob   E.  5 
Cornish,    Louis  A.   505 
Cox,    Benjamin   H.   547 
Coy,    E.    W.    125 


Dabney,    W.    P.   503 
Danziger,    Henry.   285 
Darby,    Thomas   H.    473 
Davis,  Wm.  Henry.  413 
Dearness,   Fred   W.    92 
Dehner,    John    P.    410 
DeHart,    A.    J.    452 
Deppe,    W.    P.    513 
Dickson,    W.    L.    544 
Disque,    H.    J.    561 
De  Witt,   John   D.   552 

E. 

Eclectic   Medical   Institute.   380 
Ehrgott,  Oscar  J.   478 
Eichberg,   Julius  H.  408 
Eighteenth    District    School.    4!^ 
Ellis,-  Wade   H.    112   b 
Ely,    Rev.     John    Hugh.    374 

F. 

Falls,   Dr.  Wm.  H.  12  a 

J^'ennel,   Chas.  T.  P.  407 

Ferris,    Howard.   342 

Ferry,    Francis.    607 

Fick,    H.    H.    526 

First    District    School.    439 

Fisher,   Wm.  Hubbell.  352  b 

Fleischmann,    Julius.    156 

Flinn,    W.   S.   114 

Floral   Parades.   466.   509-272  B 


Flowers,    Montaville.    357 
Fogel,    L.   J.   34 
Foraker,   Joseph   B.   83 
Franklin    School,    The.    567 
Frey,    Theodore.    12    B 

G. 

Gaines,    John   I.    448 
Garfield    School.    360 
Gault,    W.    P.    499 
Giauque,   Florien.   571 
Glendale    Public    School.    64    b 
Glenn,    James    M,    172 
Good,    W.    Rankin.   585 
Gordon,   Harry  L.  467 
Grossman,    Louis.    396 
Guilford,   Nathan.  482 
Gusweiler,    Prank   R.    501 

H. 
Haarmeyer,   H.  J.  275 
Hancock,   Harris.   230  A 
Hancock,    John.    484 
Hanna,   Henry.   217 
Hanna   Hall.   195 
Halstead,   Murat.  311 
Hannaford,   Samuel.  318 
Hartzell,    W.   F.  596 
Harper,    George   W.    145 
Harper,    J.    C.    118 
Harding,    Lyman.   66 
Hauck,   H.    G.   17 
Hauer,    John    S.    593 
Hayward,    Francis  R.   355 
Hays,    George   W.   507 
Hebrew    Union  College.   331 
Hefner,   Edward.  445 
Heintz,    M.    G.    14 
Heizer,    John    A.    592 
Henshaw,    A.   S.    600 
Herholz,    Alfred.   590 
Herrmann,   August.   94 
Heywood,    John    C.    79 
Hickenlooper,    Andrew.   141 
Hinkle,   Thorton   M.   260 
Historical   Society   Room.   201 
Hodges,   N.   D.  C.   366 
Hoffman    School.    322 
Hoffman    School    Carriage.    509 
Hoffman    L.    Fred'k.    480 
Hoffheimer,    Harry  M.   529 
Hosea.   L.  M.   490 
Hopkins.   William  A.   524 


House  of  Refuge.   421 
Hughes    High   School,    (new)   557 
Hughes    High    School,    (old)    127 
Hunt,    Charles    J.    47 
Hunt,    Samuel   F.    256 
Hyndman,   J.   G.   226 

I. 
Ingalls,   M.   E.    183 
Island    Queen.    267 


Jackson,    George    H.    540 
James,    F.    B.    131 
Johnson,    Francis   AV.   456   A 
Johnson,    A.    B.   63 
Johnson,   Harry  S.   58 
Jones,    Frank  J.    193 
Jones,    Rankin   D.   211 
Junkermann,  G.   F.  167 
Junkerman,   G.    S.   393 

K. 
Kaefer,    William.    520 
Kemper,  Caleb.  187 
Kemper,    James    B.    162 
King,    Rufus.    236 
Klein,   W.    J.   324 
Knost,   Herman.   290 
Kuhn,  Oscar  W.   232 


Lane   Seminary.    313 
Langdon,   Dr.    Frank   W.   352 
Laura   Memorial    College.    384 
Law   School.    264 
Laycock,  John  H.  12  b 
Lewis,    Samuel  J.    505 
Lindahl,    Josua.    483 
Lincoln  Public  School.   328 
Logan,  Samuel  T.  438 
Long,   C.    C.  30 

Longworth,    Nicholas.    112    A 
Luhn,    J.    Wm.    207 

M. 

Madisonville    High    School.     133 
Mallon,    Guy.    26 
Malsbary,    Chas.    F.   424 
Mann,    Jennie   O'Keefe.    364 
Mannheimer,    Jennie.    471 
Marcus,    Dr.   Joseph   C.   12   A 
Martin,    Isaac   M.   402 
Markbreit,   Leopold.  475 


Marvin,  Dr.   S.  B.   515 
Matthews,  Alex.   423 
Meader,  Joseph  F.  403 
Mechanics'    Institute.    388 
Medical    College    of    Ohio.    225 
Merrill,    Joseph.    482 
Miami  Medical  College.   337 
Miller,   H.   Thane.    565 
Miller,  H.  Thane  (School).  564 
Miller,    Charles   A.    417 
Minning-,    Arthur  C.   573 
Mitchell,   Dr.    Giles  S.  531 
Mithoefer,    H.    H.    75 
Moch,    M.   E.    262 
Monfort,  E.   R.  105 
Morgan,    W.    H.    315 
Morris,    R.    Froome.   529 
Moses,    Joseph.    359 
Myers,  P.   V.   N.   221 
Mt.     Adams    Public    School.     b'Jb 
McCallister,    Wm.    41 
McClure,    Henry    B.    151 
McDonald,   Alex.   343 
McFarlan,  Frank  G.  241 
McLaughlin,   James  W.   320 
McLeish,    John   Lewin.    197 
McMicken,  Charles.  213 
McMicken    Homestead.    215 

N. 

Natural     History    Society.    349 
Nelson,    Richard   J.    398 
Niederhelman,     Fred'k    E.     287 
Nineteenth      District     Floral 

Parade.    509 
Nippert,    Carl  L.   11 

O. 

Observatory.  209 

Ochiltree,    R.    M.    340 

Ohio       College       of       Dental 

Surgery.    230 
Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music.  535 
Ohio    Mechanics'    Institute.    388 
Ohio  Military  Institute.  376 
Ohio    Military    Institute    Co 

A.   377 
Oliver,    John   C.    335 
Oral   School.    116 
Oyler,  George  W.   61 
O'Hara,  Joseph  W.  23 
O'Neil.  W.  J.  98 


Parker,    Jos.    569 
Parham,  W.  H.  454 
Peaslee,   John  B.   43 
Phillips,  Richard  C.  498 
Philipson,  David.  333 
Pitman,   Benn.   352  A 
Pflueger,    Theo.    B.    149 
Powell,    James.    147 
Prichard,   Edward  H.  279 


Ravogll,    Dr.   A.    475 
Ray,    Dr,   Joseph.    435 
Rehm,    Ernst.    53 
Reed,    Dr.   C.    A.   L.   234 
Remley,    W.    H.    415 
Renner,    Otto   J.   103 
Rendigs,   Wm.    8 
Rethman,    George.   582 
RickofC,    A.   J.   484 
Riverside   School.   281 
Rogers,   John   C.   294 
Rogers,   W.   P.  264  B 
Rothenberg,    Louis.    45 
iluehrwein,   Wm.  326 
Rulison,   Hiram.   49 
Runyan,    D.    L.    462 


Sadler,    L.    L.   120 

Sanders,    Alan.    164 

Sands,    Geo.    F.   516 

Sawyer,    Louis   B.   529 

Sayler,    John   R.   254 

Schwaab,    John.   25 

Scudder,    John    K.    381 

Senior,   Edward.   386 

Shay,   Thos.    F.   562 

Shearer,    John    L.    390 

Sherman   School.   306 

Sherman  School  Carriage.  272  B 

Sherwood,   J.    E.   486 

Shotwell,   John  B.   405 

Shuff,   John   L.    143 

Siewers,    Dr.    Sarah    M.    36 

Siling,   Wilmer   L.   375 

Sinton,    David.    345 

Sixteenth    District    School.    3'; 

Slate  Work  Arithmetic.   73 

Slate  Work  Spelling.  77 

omedes,    John  M.  55 


Smith,  J.  H.  Chas.  15 
Smith,    H.   A.    229 
Smith,   Amor  Jr.  196  B 
Smith,    Sam'l  W.  578 
Sparks,    Charles   S.  362 
Spencer,   Dr.   J.    R.   602 
Spiegel,   Fred.   S.  412 
Springer,    Reuben  R.   368 
Sproull,    W.    O.    223 
Stephens,   Chas.    H.   542 
Sterling,   W.    S.    370 
Stevenson,   Frank  W.   238 
Strickland,    W.    S.   283 
Struble,    Stanley,    555 
Strunk,   Wm.  70  A 
St.    Xavier   College.    441 
Sullivan,    Christine    G.    511 
Surdo,    Jos.    576 
Swain,    Chas.   L.   575 
Swing,   F.   E.   569 

T. 

Taft,   Alphonso.  199 

Taft,    Charles    P.    277 

Taft,   Wm.   H.   258 

Tenth  District  School  House.  522 

Thirtieth   District   School.    81 

Thorns,    M.    H.    196  A 

Toelke,    Joseph  H.   19 

Trisler,    Jno.    R.   589 

Trisler,   Earl   C.  517 

Turrell,   Isaac  H.  160 

Turrill,   M.  S.  444 

Twenty-second      District 

School.    245 
Twenty-sixth  District  Floral 

Parade.   466 
Twenty-seventh  District  School, 

271 
Twenty-eighth     District 

School.    308 
Twenty-third   District 

School.  538 


U. 

University  of  Cincinnati.   189 

V. 

Vander    Stucken,    Frank.    469 
Van   Dyke,   A.   M.    139 
Van  Wormer  Library.  191 
Van   Wormer,    Asa.   243 
Venable,   Emerson.   598 
Vogel,    W.    H.   175 
Voorhes,   O.    P.    580 

W. 
Wald,   Gustavus  H.   252 
Walden,   John  M.   463 
Walnut  Hills  High  School.   109 
Washburn,    W.    C.    178 
Waters,    Jabez  M.  549 
Watters,    J.    Harry.     400 
Webster  School.   71 
Weidner,  Jr.,  Chas.  Frontispiece 
Weil,   Samuel.  32 
Wesley  an  Female   College.    495-6 
White,  Laura  Heinrich.  304 
White,    Emerson  E.   90 
Whittier  School.   250 
Wilson,    Francis   E.    51 
Wilkinson,    E.   W.    64   A 
Windsor   Public    School.    64 
Wilhrow,    Dr.    John   M.   383 
Wise,   Isaac   M.  330 
Woodward   High   School.    137 
Woodward  Homestead,    The.   556 

Y. 

Y.    M.   C.    A.    Building.   347 
Youmans,   Fred.    M.  96 
Yowell,    R.    C.    176 

Z. 

Ziegler,    Carl.    584 
Zoological    Gardens.    268 
/umstein,    Frank    C.    296 


(2^ 


Charles  Weidner,  Jr., 

President  Board  of  Education,  1899- 1902. 
A  member  since  April,  1888. 


SCHOOLS  OF  CINCINNATI. 


-^v  B  R  A  f?  p=^>^  CHAPTER  I. 

OF  THE  \ 

;!iVl£RSITY 

^^  J    GENERAL    SKETCH    OF    SYSTEM. 

W.  H.  Morgan. 

THE  idea  of  the  free  education  of  the  masses  at  the 
expense  of  the  public  treasury  is  a  germ  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  conception.  In  the  early  settlers,  this  germ  found 
swift  and  industrious  husbandmen.  This  Western  coun- 
try was  an  inviting  field  for  all  movements  and  ideas 
which  had  for  their  purpose  the  elevation  and  improve- 
ment of  man's  estate.  As  population  increased,  so  did 
this  idea  strengthen ;  and,  as  the  settlers  moved  west- 
ward, the  spelling  book  and  the  arithmetic  were  the 
inseparable  accompaniments  of  the  rifle  and  the  plow. 

The  settlers  of  the  Ohio  Valley  were  no  ordinary 
men.  Many  of  them  were  heroes  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution which  had  so  recently  and  successfully  been  con- 
concluded,  and  the  women  were  the  heroines  of  that 
time — the  wives,  sisters,  and  mothers  of  these  same  men. 
Under  the  ordinance  of  1787,  the  Northwest  Territory 
had  just  been  opened  for  settlement,  and,  with  the 
immortal  provisions  as  to  education,  religion,  and  mor- 
ality, the  people  were  deeply  inspired.  They  were  the 
"  salt  of  the  earth."  It  is  no  wonder  then  that,  as  soon 
as  a  community  had  been  formed,  steps  were  taken  to 
organize  churches  and  schools. 

The  original  efforts  in  these  directions,  especially  of 
schools,   although  of  the  intensest  nature,  seem  to  us    ex- 

(3) 


4  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ceeding  crude  and  primeval,  but  the  desire  and  will  were 
there.  The  settlers  first  "got  up  a  purse,"  each  con- 
tributing as  he  could.  The  very  impecunious  ones  were 
relieved  from  any  promise  to  pay.  This  collection  was 
the  beginning  of  the  present  school  system  and  the  impel- 
ling influence  which  caused  our  city  to  become  eventually 
the  first  of  the  cities  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  and  the 
first  to  have  a  public  school  system.  The  spread  of 
general  education  in  the  infant  city  kept  pace  with  the 
general  grow^th  in  population  and  trade,  and,  as  each  new 
family  entered  its  gates,  its  members  became  imbued  with 
the  same  impulses.  In  the  first  decade  of  the  century 
there  was  organized  the  Cincinnati  College,  and  this 
was  the  great  agency  in  the  encouragement  of  the  better 
and  broader  training  in  intellectual  pursuits.  Among  its 
promoters  and  projectors  were  Peyton  Symmes,  Daniel 
Gano,  Melancthon  Wade,  Jacob  Wheeler,  Martin  Baum, 
Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  and  Christ  Zeigler.  These  men  had 
been  in  the  colony  since  its  foundation.  This  organization 
continued  in  existence  until  1850  and  was  a  powerful 
influence  in  the  promotion  of  those  virtues  which  were  so 
conspicuously  portrayed  in  the  great  ordinance  of  1787. 
Among  those  who  first  came  to  the  settlement  was 
John  Filson,  a  teacher  who  manifested  his  professional 
propensities  by  suggesting  the  name  of  Losantiville  for 
the  new  metropolis.  This  man  added  to  his  pedagogical 
attainments  those  of  surveyor  and  civil  engineer,  and 
one  day,  while  in  the  wilderness  (now  near  the  corner 
of  Seventh  and  Elm  Streets),  engaged  in  the  then  dan- 
gerous calling  of  laying  out  new  additions  or  subdivi- 
sions, he  was  killed  or  carried  away  captive  by  the  Indi- 
ans;  at  least,  such  was  the  accepted  explanation  of  a  dis- 
appearance which  has  never  been  fully  accounted  for. 
This  man  w^as  an  early    victim    from    the   teachers'  corps 


General  Sketch  of  System.  5 

to  savage  cruelty.  This  lamentable  occurrence  did  not 
preclude  the  coming  of  the  schoolmasters,  and  by  the 
second  decade  there  were  several  schools. 


Jacob   E.    Cormany, 

Vice-President   Board  of  Education,   1899-1902. 
A  member  since  April,  1880. 

About  this  time  the  settlement  put  on  the  dress  of 
an  incorporated  city,  with  mayor  and  other  municipal 
officers,  and  soon  there  were  divisions  and  subdivisions, 
wards  and  districts,  with  an  independent  school  in  each 


6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

section.  General  education,  however,  was  in  a  chaotic 
state,  and  there  was  held  just  prior  to  this  period,  and 
partly  under  tne  auspices  of  the  Cincinnati  College,  for  the 
encouragement  of  learning,  a  meeting  of  the  College  of 
Professional  Teachers,  which  had  recently  been  organ- 
ized. At  this  time  the  increasing  population  and  import- 
ance of  the  State  justified  an  agitation  of  the  question  of 
a  general  statute  touching  the  passage  of  laws  making 
provision  for  such  general  free  education  as  the  times 
demanded.  This  agitation  continued  for  some  time,  and 
finally  State  Senators  Nathan  Guilford  and  Samuel  Lewis, 
the  pioneer  heroes  of  Ohio  schools,  were  successful  in 
urging  legislators  to  create  such  laws.  The  agitation 
resulted  in  1825  in  the  passage  of  the  common  school  law, 
which  provided  for  Cincinnati  a  "Board  of  Trustees  and 
Visitors,"  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  City  Council, 
should  levy  and  collect  taxes  for  school  purposes.  The 
title,  "Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors,"  remained  until 
the  year  1878,  when  "Board  of  Education"  was  sub- 
stituted as  the  ofiicial  title. 

The  Visitors  and  Trustees  consisted  at  first  of  five 
men  chosen  by  the  city,  and  whose  business  it  was  to 
establish  and  maintain  common  schools,  to  be  supported 
by  public  taxation.  It  was  empowered  to  appoint  six 
residents  as  a  "  Board  of  Examiners  and  Inspectors  of 
Common  Schools,"  whose  duties  were  to  examine  and 
inspect  such  persons  as  desired  to- teach.  At  the  first 
opening  of  the  schools  in  1828,  there  w^ere  required  two 
buildings  of  two  or  three  rooms  each,  and  there  were  in 
all  about  ^o  or  80  pupils.  One  of  these  buildings  stood 
on  the  river  bank  just  east  of  the  present  Front  Street 
Pumping  Works,  and  the  school  was  kept  by  two  men, 
one  Mr.  Stephen  Wheeler,  who  had  previously  lost  his 
right    arm,    was  a   cousin  of  the   late   Principal    W.   B. 


General  Sketch  of  System.  ij 

Wheeler,  and  the  other  was  Mr.  J.  F.  Easterbrook.  The 
second  building  was  on  Sycamore  Street,  near  Fifth. 
The  infant  system  grew  apace,  and  soon  another  building 
was  hired  on  Franklin  Street,  which  afterwards  became 
known  as  the  First-  District  School ;  then  another  on 
Congress  Street  was  secured,  where  now  stands  the  great 
liquor  establishment  of  Mihalovitch,  Fletcher  &  Co.  To 
this  was  given  the  title  Fourth  District  School ;  then 
another  on  Fourth  Street,  west  of  Smith,  which  became 
known  to  the  school  boys  of  the  day  as  the  "Frogtown" 
School.  Another  was  hired  on  Race  Street,  near  Front, 
and  was  known  as  the  Fifth  District  School. 

In  the  summer  of  1833,  the  first  printed  report  of  the 
schools  appeared.  The  number  of  pupils  enrolled  was 
1,900,  and  the  city  was  divided  into  ten  school  districts, 
two  in  each  ward.  This  report  was  signed  by  E.  Hinman, 
Samuel  W.  Da  vies,  and  W.  G.  Pendleton.  The  amount 
expended  for  schools  in  1833,  of  which  the  report  was 
made,  was  $7,778.  (There  were  other  reports  made  pre- 
vious to  this  report  of  1833,  but  they  did  not  appear  in 
print  and  were  not  preserved.)  Of  this  amount  ex- 
pended for  the  schools  in  that  year,  $175  was  in  premium 
books,  and  banners  used  in  the  great  school  procession  of 
June,  1833.  This  procession  seems  to  have  been  a  dem- 
onstration in  behalf  of  the  schools,  to  awaken  and  inspire 
enthusiasm.  Thus  it  seems  that  every  one  at  that  early 
day  was  not  in  favor  of  public  schools,  and  we  of  this  day 
are  not  in  full  position  to  criticise,  for  this  spirit  is  with 
us  even  now,  and  there  are  some  who  do  not  consider  the 
public  schools  quite  the  place  for  their  children. 

The  course  of  study  and  books  pursued  at  this  time 
were  embraced  in  the  following,  each  member  and  local 
trustee  being  authorized  to  select  such  books  and  to  make 
such  course  of  study,  as  he  deemed  proper  without  reference 


8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


to  other  schools  :  Hall's  School  Companion,  Pierpoint's 
National  Reader,  Rater's  Arithmetic,  Talbott's  Primary 
Geography,  Parley's  First  Book  of  History,  Kirkham's 
English  Grammar,  Webster's  Spelling  Book  and  Alpha- 
bet.    The  report   of  1833  closes  as  follows  : 

''The   Board  is  free  to  state  that  the  common  schools 
of  Cincinnati,  although  they  have  not  yet  realized  all  the 

anticipations  of  their  en- 
lightened and  patriotic 
founders,  are  by  no  means 
in  a  condition  to  warrant 
discouragement  or  doubt 
as  to  their  final  destiny. 
Though  planted  in  the 
soil  lately  rescued  from 
the  savage  and  among 
people  gathered  promis- 
cuously from  every  clime, 
these  noble  institutions 
are  yet  slowly  but  surely 
advancing  toward  the  ac- 
complishment of  all  they 
were  destined  to  pro- 
mote, and  will  in  due 
time,  if  properly  fostered 
and  sustained,  contrib- 
ute their  full  share  toward  the  general  conviction,  now 
happily  attained,  that  universal  intelligence  is  the  only 
sure  foundation  of  liberty  and  virtue. 

(Signed)  Peyton  Symmes, 

George  Graham,  Jr., 
J.  R.  Baldridge, 
Henry  B.  Funk, 
Wm.  S.  Ridgei.ey." 


William  Rendigs, 

Member   Board  of  Education, 
1887-92.  President,    1890-92. 


General    Sketch  of  System.  c) 

We  approach  now  the  second  decade  of  the  common 
schools,  at  which  time  the  growing  numbers  and  improved 
conditions  made  loud  and  strenuous  demands  for  more 
and  better  accommodations,  and  during  the  next  five 
years  five  or  six  new  buildings  were  erected,  as  follows  : 
Front  Street,  corner  of  Parsons ;  Sycamore  Street,  near 
Fifth ;  Congress  Street,  near  Lawrence ;  London  (or 
Eighth)  Street,  near  John;  Race  Street,  near  Front; 
Franklin  Street,  near  Main.  These  houses  were  located 
on  the  sites  of  the  rented  buildings.  Each  had  four  com- 
modious rooms,  and  were  afterwards  enlarged  and 
improved  by  the  additions  of  another  story  and  the  divi- 
sions of  some  of  the  larger  rooms.  One  of  these  build- 
ings, the  one  on  Front  Street,  remains,  and  as  such  tells 
the  story  of  the  second  stage  of  school  buildings  in  our 
city.  In  some  of  these  the  fire  engines  were  housed, 
and  when  the  city  was  visited  by  a  conflagration  the 
clanging  of  the  bells  in  the  cupolas  put  an  end  to  learning 
and  reciting  and,  in  the  pulling  of  the  ropes  and  ''  run- 
ning with  the  machine,"  furnished  amusement  as  well  as 
work  for  the  wanton  school  boy. 

The  Trustees  and  Visitors  were  faithful  to  duty 
and  gave  diligent  attention  to  the  wants  of  the  schools. 
With  the  construction  of  the  six  buildings  above  referred 
to,  there  came  a  quietus  to  such  matters,  and  the  intellectual 
wants  of  the  schools  absorbed  most  of  the  time  and 
attention  of  the  authorities.  In  1837  the  Board  was 
changed,  and  new  districts  were  formed,  until  in  1844 
there  were  ten  districts  already  organized,  and  in  1846 
two  additional  buildings  were  erected,  the  Tenth  District, 
on  Vine  Street  near  Thirteenth,  and  the  Eleventh  District, 
on  Clinton  Street.  At  this  time  the  number  of  pupils 
had  increased  to  about  7^000?  with  a  daily  attendance  of 
about  4,000,  and  the  number  of   teachers    had    increased 


lo  vScHOOLS  OF  Cincinnati. 

from  28  in  1834,  to  76  in  1844,  including  one  teacher  of 
penmanship  and  one  of  music.  The  salaries  of  the 
teachers  had  been  increased  from  a  maximum  of  $300  a 
year  to  a  maximum  of  $540.  The  wisdom  of  the  Board 
at  this  time  was  conspicuous  in  refusing  to  assign  more 
than  forty-five  pupils  to  a  teacher. 

There  had  been  various  amendments  made  to  the 
school  laws,  some  increasing  the  number  of  trustees,  some 
affecting  the  studies  to  be  pursued,  some  limiting  and 
specifically  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  Board,  and  all 
rules  and  appropriations  being  subject  to  the  action  of 
the  City  Council.  The  course  of  study  at  this  time  em- 
braced what  was  to  be  found  in  the  works  of  thirty-five 
different  authors,  and  on  subjects  from  the  alphabet  to 
Blair's  Rhetoric.  It  covered  more  branches  and  a  greater 
range  of  subjects  than  we  now  attempt  in  all  grades 
through  the  first  year  of  high  school. 

Up  to  this  time  (1846)  uniform  work  had  never 
been  suggested.  If  such  thought  had  been  in  existence, 
it  had  not  been  made  prominent.  The  same  text-books 
were  not  used  in  all  the  schools,  and  each  principal  con- 
ducted his  school  in  his  own  way,  testing  his  own  work 
and  that  of  his  assistants  at  such  times  and  in  such  man- 
ner as  he  and  his  local  trustees  thought  best.  It  occurred 
to  some  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors, 
of  whom  there  were  now  twenty,  to  make  a  general  and 
uniform  examination  of  the  school^-..  Heretofore  all  for- 
mal examinations  of  pupils  had  been  done  orally  by  the 
trustees  or  principal.  This  plan  consumed  much  time 
and  put  to  a  severe  test  the  patience  and  devotion  of  the 
different  trustees.  The  reports  of  these  years  contained 
the  printed  statements  made  by  the  various  members 
touching  the  examinations,  giving  the  name  of  the 
teacher  in  each  school  and  his  opinion  of  the  work. 


Carl  L.   Nippert, 
Member  Board  of  Education.     Elected  Lieutenant-Governor 


of  Ohio,  November,  1901. 


(in 


12  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  city  at  this  time  had  a  population  of  45,000  to 
50,000  people,  and  it  was  fast  assuming  metropolitan  airs. 
It  soon  began  to  be  whispered  about  that  a  high  school 
and  superintendent  were  necessary.  At  the  mention  of 
these,  some  of  our  hitherto  enthusiastic  school  men  stood 
aghast  and  extended  their  hands  in  horror,  but,  like  all 
such  movements,  there  was  a  substratum  of  determination 
under  them,  which,  whenever  there  was  any  encourage- 
ment, came  to  the  surface.  Mr.  William  Hooper,  who 
was  president  of  the  Board  in  1847,  in  his  annual  report, 
says  :  "  What  is  desirable  is  the  establishment  of  a  central 
school,  to  which  the  ambitious  scholars  from  the  senior 
class  of  every  school  might  pass,"  etc.,  and  as  the  duties 
of  the  Trustees  and  Visitors  were  becoming  so  exacting, 
he  suggests,  "  The  Board  feel  that  they  will  not  have 
discharged  their  duty  without  bringing  before  you  for 
consideration  the  propriety  of  appointing  a  superintend- 
ent of  all  the  schools,"   etc. 

These  were  two  radical  and  important  measures  and 
came  to  be  fixed  conditions  very  soon.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  high  school  came  in  the  autumn  of  that  year, 
and  the  appointment  of  a  superintendent  came  two  years 
later,  when  the  Hon.  Nathaniel  Guilford  was  chosen  for 
the  office.  This  man  and  Samuel  Lewis,  previously 
referred  to,  were  the  moving  spirits  in  securing  legisla- 
tion in  behalf  of  the  schools.  This  year  the  number  of 
teachers  increased  to  loi,  and  the  special  committee 
of  the  schools  consisted  of  William  Goodman,  Charles 
Bryant,  William  Hooper,  Bellamy  Storer,  D.  K.  Cady, 
and  John  A.  Warder ;  and  in  the  Board  were  such  men 
as  A.  J.  Pruden,  Alfonso  Taft,  Rufus  King,  John  Hirsch- 
berg,  and  William  Greene. 

A  new  era  now  seemed  to  dawn  upon  the  schools. 
After  a  long  and  serious  controversy,  a   high   school   was 


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>-l 

General  Sketch  of  System.  13 

established  (1847).  It  was  organized  in  the  basement  of 
the  German  church  on  Walnut  Street,  near  Ninth, 
with  H.  H.  Barney  as  princiapl,  and  with  97  boys  and 
girls  as  pupils.  This  school  remained  in  these  quarters 
only  three  or  four  months,  when  it  was  removed  to  Center 
(or  Longworth)  Street,  to  a  building  leased  by  the  Board 
of  Education.  (The  Murdock  Building,  I30 Longworth, 
now  occupies  this  site.)  About  three  years  thereafter 
the  Woodward  and  Hughes  bequests  became  effective, 
and  the  school  was  divided,  one  part  being  assigned  to 
the  old  Woodward  College  Building,  the  other  portion 
remaining  on  Center  Street  until  the  Hughes  Building 
was  completed.  Up  to  1895  the  high  schools  ran  in- 
dependently of  the  common  schools  and  were  not  under 
the  superintendent. 

The  number  of  pupils  by  1850  had  increased  to  over 
11,000,  and  the  number  of  teachers  to  134,  including  2 
teachers  of  penmanship,  3  of  music,  and  i  of  drawing. 
Among  the  teachers  employed  at  this  time  were  I^.  H. 
Edwards,  Henry  Peppelman,  Obed  Wilson,  W.  B. 
Wheeler,  D.  G.  A.  Davenport,  A.  J.  Rickoff,  Herman 
Schultz,  Cyrus  Knowlton,  Charles  Aiken,  E.  Locke, 
W.  F.  Hurlburt. 

Retracing  our  steps  to  the  year  1840,  we  find  the 
study  of  German  introduced,  but  in  a  perfunctory  and 
half-hearted  way.  At  first  two  teachers  were  engaged  on 
this  branch  of  work.  In  the  third  year  there  w^ere  four, 
and  in  1849  the  number  had  increased  to  eight,  and  the 
number  of  pupils  to  about  600.  The  men  mostly  in- 
terested in  the  introduction  of  this  branch  were  Louis 
WeitzelandC.  S.Kaufman.  In  185 1,  when  Superintend- 
ent Guilford  assumed  the  duties  of  his  office,  a  systematic 
educational  scheme  was  adopted,  and  in  his  report  for 
1852  he  outlines  and  presents    the    plan    of   work.      The 


14  Schools  of  Ctncixnati. 

use  of  oral  as  well  as  writtene  xami nation  was  referred  to, 
and  also  tabular  reports  concerning  the  enrollment,  attend- 
ance, absence,  results  of  examination,  the  standing  of  the 
different  schools  in  the    various    branches,    the    number 


Michael  G.  Heintz, 
Member  Board  of  Education,  April,  1900-02. 

admitted  to  high  school,  etc.,  were  presented.  With  great 
honor  and  usefulness  Mr.  Guilford  continued  his  work 
until  the  spring  of  1854,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Andrew  J.  Rickoff,  who  afterwards  became  one  of  the 
most  renowned  of  American  school  men,  and  now  resides 
at  Yonkers,    New    York.      (Jiist  as  I  finished  the  above 


General  Sketch  of  System. 


sentence,  a  telegram  was  received,  announcing  the  sudden 
demise  of  Mr,  Rickoff,  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.) 

In  the  summer  of  1851  the  agreement  between  the 
Trustees  and  Hughes  Fund  on  the  one  part,  and  the  Board 
of  Education  on  the  other,  was  consummated,  and  this 
agreement  was  continued  until  1895,  when  authority  was 
given  to  the  different  parties  to  amend  it.     The  change 

referred  to  affected  the 
relative  numbers  of 
members  composing 
the  Union  Board.  By 
it,  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation was  given  seven 
out  of  fourteen  mem- 
bers. Heretofore  this 
Board  had  had  but  six 
out  of  thirteen.  The 
high  schools  also  were 
put  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Super- 
intendent of  Schools, 
and  such  an  amount 
of  money  was  appro- 
priated by  the  Board 
of  Education  for  the 
use  of  the  Union  Board 
as  was  deemed  necessary,  without  further  report  to  the 
Board  of  Education. 

In  1851  Dr.  Joseph  Ray  was  made  principal  of  the 
Woodward  School  and  continued  as  such  until  his  death 
in  1855.  Mr.  H.  H.  Barney  was  made  principal  of 
Hughes  and  continued  his  position  until  elected  State 
School  Commissioner  in  1854.  From  the  division  of 
the  Central  School,  each  division  pursued  its  onward  and 


J.  H.  Charles    Smith, 
Member  Board  of  Education,  1882-84. 


i6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

upward  course  for  more  than  forty  years,  until  another 
separation  took  place  (1895),  when  the  Walnut  Hills 
High  School  District  was  formed.  The  organization  of 
this  school  was  necessary  owing  to  the  large  and  rapidly 
growing  section  of  Walnut  Hills  and  our  eastern  suburbs. 
The  building  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  substantial 
in  the  United  States. 

In  1852  it  became  apparent  that  some  new  school 
buildings  were  required,  as  none  had  been  erected  during 
the  previous  five  or  six  years.  A  lot  on  Piatt  (now  Bay- 
miller  Street),  near  Hamilton  Road  (now  McMicken 
Avenue),  was  purchased,  and  an  eight-room  house  built 
and  called  the  Fourteenth  District.  This  house,  now  in- 
creased in  size  to  24  rooms,  is  occupied  by  the  Fourth  In- 
termediate. Another  lot  was  purchased  on  Findlay  Street, 
west  of  Vine,  and  an  eight-room  house  constructed  and 
called  the  Thirteenth  District.  This  building,  which 
was  opened  and  dedicated  with  much  pomp  and  cere- 
mony, has  been  razed  to  the  ground  and  replaced  by  one 
of    modern    proportions    and  architecture — the  Webster. 

The  old  frame  structure  on  Buckeye  Street  now 
presents  itself  as  the  ne-plus-iilti'a  of  school  buildings. 
These  1852  rooms  were  about  of  the  same  pattern  as  those 
previously  constructed,  and  were  the  last  of  this  class  of 
parallelogram  buildings. 

In  1853  ^^  ^'^'^  decided  to  try  the  experiment  of  the 
intermediate  school — that  is,  acombinationof  the  highest 
two  grades  of  the  district  schools,  taking  them  from  four 
or  more  of  these  districts  and  conibining  them  into 
one  school,  to  be  known  as  an  "intermediate."  In  Decem- 
ber, 1854,  the  new  house  on  Baymiller  Street  having  been 
completed,  there  were  taken  from  the  Eighth,  Eleventh, 
and    Twelfth  Districts,  547  pupils,  being  from  the  upper 


General  Sketch  of  System, 


17 


grades  just  referred  to  of  these  schools,  and  the  First 
Intermediate  School  was  thus  organized.  The  pupils 
were  divided  into  twelve  classes,  and  certain  teachers 
were  assigned  to  the  different  classes  in  departmental 
work — one  teacher  having  charge  of  history,  another  of 
geography,  and  another  of  arithmetic,  etc.  Thus 
was  the  organization  of  the  intermediate  or  grammar 
school  system,  which  has  continued  with  some  slight 
changes  until  this  day. 

Other  interme- 
diate  schools   were 
subsequently 
ganized,      one 
Ellen     Street, 
on    Elm,    and 
on  Race.      It 
thought     that 
combining        these 
grades      from     the 
different  schools  the 
instruction  could  be 
provided      at      less 
expense,     and     the 
pupils   would  con- 
tinue in  the  schools 
for  longer  periods  ; 
and,    besides    that, 
their        association 
with     larger    num- 
bers   of    their   own 

grade  and  standing  would  stimulate  them  to  better  and 
more  successful  work.  We  now  have  four  schools  of 
purely  intermediate  character,  with  an  enrollment  of  over 


or- 

on 

one 

one 

was 
by 


H.  G.  Hauck, 

Member  Board  of  Education, 
April,  1900-02. 


i8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

4,000  scholars,  and  25  district  schools,  containing  about 
4,500  pupils  in  mixed  grades.  The  propriety  of 
continuing  the  purely  intermediate  schools  is  now  receiv- 
ing some  consideration.  [In  September,  1900,  the  Second 
Intermediate  was  closed  as  an  intermediate  and  opened  as 
a  colony.] 

Annexation  now  engrossed  the  attention,  and  Mt. 
Auburn  and  Fulton  were  taken  into  the  city,  and  the 
number  of  pupils  was  increased  to  22,000,  and  teachers  to 
341,  with  an  annual  expenditure,  for  all  purposes,  of 
$291,000.  The  Fulton  territory  was  annexed  in  1855  ; 
Storrs  Township  in  187 1  ;  Cumminsville  and  Woodburn 
in  1872  ;  Avondale,  Westwood,  Linwood,  Riverside,  and 
Clifton  in  1895.  The  Mt.  Auburn  ward  added  the 
school  property  on  Southern  Avenue,  and  the  Fulton  ward 
brought  in  several  small  properties  of  inconsiderate  value. 
The  present  Seventeenth  District  Building  was  soon 
erected,  and  since  then  the  Mt.  Auburn  edifice  and  the 
half-dozen  new  and  modern  buildings  in  the  East  End. 


CHAPTER   II. 

GENERAL    SKETCH    OF    SYSTEM. 

IT  has  always  been  the  policy  of  the  Board  to  employ 
male  principals  for  special  supervision — men  who 
have  been  assisted  by  one  or  more  male  assistants,  and  as 
many  lady  teachers  as  the  number  of  pupils  would  permit, 
allowing  an  average  of  45  or  50  pupils  to  the  teacher. 
Previous  to  1870  there  were  six  grades  in  the  district  and 
intermediate  schools,  beginning  with  the  D  Grade,  the 
lowest ;  and  in  this  D  Grade  were  included  the  pupils  of 


Generai.  Sketch  of  System. 


the  first  three  years  of  school  life.  The  highest  grade  in 
the  district  schools  was  denomitiated  the  A  Grade  of  the 
district  department,  and  there  were  two,  sometimes  three, 
grades  in  the  intermediate  department,  called  A,  B,  and 
C  Grades.  At  one  time  the  different  grades  were 
numbered  according  to  the  digital  numbers,  beginning 
with  one  and  going 
up  to  eight. 

The  question  of 
salaries  has  always 
received  attention, 
and  they  have  not 
often  been  dis- 
turbed. The  pres- 
ent salary  schedule 
was  fixed  in  1865, 
after  a  voluntary  re- 
duction of  salaries, 
suggested  by  the 
teachers  themselves 
four  years  previous. 
At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War 
many  of  the  young- 
er men  in  the 
schools  enlisted. 
Those  who  did  not, 
formed    a    military 

company  and  maintained  this  organization  until  the  fall 
of  1863,  when  they  were  mustered  into  service  as  Com- 
pany E,  138th  Regiment,  O.  V.  I. 

The  Board  of  Education  had  always  acted  with  great 
conservatism  in  its  management  of  the  schools,  and  in  1875 
the  full   control     of  levying  taxes    and    taking    care  of 


Joseph  H.  Toelke, 

Member  Board  of  Education, 
April,  1900-02. 


20 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


the  school  funds  were  confided  to  it,  with  no  supervision 
by  any  other  city  board.  The  amount  of  the  levy  has 
always  been  limited  by  State  statute.  There  has  been 
great  injustice  done  to  the  city  of   Cincinnati  for  many 

years,  by  reason  of 
the  fact  that  the  pro- 
portion paid  by  our 
city  to  the  State  fund 
was  largely  in  excess 
of  what  was  dis- 
tributed to  it  from 
this  general  State 
fund,  amounting  for 
a  great  many  years 
to  between  $60,000 
and  $75,000.  This 
surplus  paid  by  the 
city  of  Cincinnati 
has  gone  to  other 
parts  of  the  State  for 
the  education  of 
citizens  of  other 
counties  than  our 
own,  and  who  are 
as  well  able  to  pay  for  the  education  of  their  children  as 
the  city  of  Cincinnati  is  to  pay  for  hers.  When  this  law 
was  enacted  some  portions  of  our  State  were  partially 
populated,  and  at  that  time  there  seemed  to  be  justice  in 
this  general  distribution  of  school  funds ;  but  those  con- 
ditions have  passed,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  the  citi- 
zens of  Cincinnati  should  pay  for  the  education  of  the 
children  in  remote  parts  of  the  State.  The  law  should  be 
modified.  [A  part  of  Cincinnati  school  tax  is  still  ( 1902) 
given  to  help  the  Cleveland  schools. — Ed.] 


John  A.  Caldwell, 

Judge  Court  Common  Pleas,  1902-07. 
An  Ex-Teacher,  1876. 


Genekai.  Sketch  of  System.  21 

During  the  four  years  of  the  Civil  War,  there  was. 
very  little  of  special  interest  outside  of  the  ordinary 
course  of  educational  events,  but  these  are  always  of 
special  interest,  and  we  enter  the  fifth  decade  of  the 
history  of  the  schools  with  increased  numbers,  increased 
expenses,  higher  ambitions,  greater  scholastic  demands, 
and  with  greater  expectations.  Among  the  members  of 
the  Board  during  this  decade  were  Dr.  William  B.  Davis, 
James  F.  Irwin,  Henry  L.  Wehmer,  L.  W.  Goss,  W.  J. 
O'Neill,  David  William,  and  J.  P.  Epply.  Mr.  Rickoff 
was  succeeded  as  superintendent  by  Issac  J.  Allen,  then 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education  from  the  old  Eighth 
Ward.  Mr.  Rickoff  had  laid  strong  and  broad  the  foun- 
dation of  a  permanent  school  system.  His  devotion, 
determination,  and  desire  were  of  the  most  intense  nature, 
and  his  strength  of  character  and  pedagogical  acumen 
were  the  forerunners  of  success  unequaled  in  common 
school  annals,  and  they  constituted  the  most  salient 
features  of  many  of  the  school  systems  of  our  country, 
copied  from  those  of  schools  he  had  superintended  and 
directed.  The  idea  of  a  normal  school  originated  with 
him,  and,  although  it  was  not  for  ten  years  later  that  the 
scheme  was  consummated,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Board  of  Education,  through  a  committee  consisting  of 
Messrs.  A.  D.  May,  Francis  Ferry,  H.  L.  Wehmer, 
Abner  L.  Frazier,  and  J.  B.  Powell,  yet  the  wonderful 
influence  of  such  an  organization  may  be  traced  back 
through  the  decade  to  Mr.  Rickoff's  efforts.  Superin- 
tendent Allen  served  until  1862,  when  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  as  a  national  representative  of  this 
country  to  the  Chinese  Empire,  at  Hong  Kong,  and  in 
this  capacity  he  gave  brilliant  and  useful  service  to  the 
nation.  Lyman  Harding,  then  a  member  of  the  Board 
of     Education     from    the    Fourteenth    Ward,    was    next 


22  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

chosen  superintendent.  He  was  re-elected  annually  until 
1868.  The  subject  of  reading  was  a  favorite  one  with 
him,  and  the  principals  and  teachers  of  that  day  now 
living  will  recall  the  impetus  given  to  this  very  important 
subject  by  his  persevering  efforts  in  its  behalf.  Superin- 
tendent Harding  was  succeeded  in  1868  by  John  Hancock, 
principal  of  the  First  Intermediate,  with  a  i-ecord  of  twenty 
years'  service.  This  year  (1868)  the  Normal  School  was 
opened  with  an  attendance  of  about  thirty.  Miss  S.  D. 
Dugan  was  placed  in  charge  as  principal,  and  Miss  E.  M. 
Marion  as  assistant.  Miss  Dugan's  relations  with  the 
schools  were  brief,  as  at  the  end  of  the  year  she  married. 
Miss  D.  A.  Lathrop  was  secured  to  succeed  Miss  Dugan, 
and  there  was  an  enrollment  of  25  pupils.  The  course 
of  instruction  at  this  time  covered  one  year.  In  1873 
the  number  of  pupils  had  increased  to  61,  and,  with  an 
annual  increase  of  more  or  less  importance  each  year,  the 
number  at  this  time  (1899)  has  nearly  reached  200.  In 
1890  the  length  of  the  course  of  instruction  was  increased 
from  one  year  to  a  year  and  a  half,  and  additional  in- 
struction was  provided  for,  together  with  the  German 
department.  The  public  schools  of  the  city  have  until 
the  last  year  offered  positions  as  teachers  to  all  the  gradu- 
ates of  this  school,  until  now  from  75  to  80  per  cent,  of 
the  teaching  force  is  made  up  of  the  graduates  of  the 
Normal  School.  The  Board  of  Education  encourages  the 
Normal  School  students  to  hope  for  employment,  by  a 
rule  that,  other  qualifications  being  equal,  our  own  pre- 
pared pupils  shall  have  preference  in  the  selection  of 
teachers.  The  school  has  proved  to  be  a  "  governor"  in 
the  regulation  of  professional  preparation,  and  its  influ- 
ence upon  education  in  our  city  is  far  beyond  computation 
and  has  abundantly  proven  the  wisdom  and  good  judg- 
ment of   its   promoters.      Prominent  among  the  members 


General    Sketch  of  System. 


23 


of  the  Board  of  Education  at  this  time  were  Colonel  S.  S. 
Fisher,  A.J.  Rickoff,  Christ  Von  Seggern,  and  Timothy 
J.  Davis. 

John  Hancock  continued  in  office  until  June  30,  1874, 
and  his  administration  was  of  a  solid  and  substantial  type, 
much  after  the  same  type  as  that  of  Superintendent 
Rickoff.  There  was  a  healthy  and  pure  moral  tone  in- 
fused into  the  corps  of  teachers,  and  Mr.  Hancock's  high 
moral  character  and 
rich  experience 

were  found  per- 
meating the  whole. 
John  B.  Peaslee 
was  chosen  to  suc- 
ceed him.  Mr. 
Peaslee  continued 
in  office  for  twelve 
years,  the  longest 
period  on  record, 
and  during  this 
time  there  were 
many  features  es- 
tablished in  the 
schools ;  among 

them  were  the  sys- 
tematic prepara- 
tion of  slate  work, 
the  cultivation  of 
author  study  and 
literary    gems,    the 

celebration  of  Arbor  Day  and  forestry  study.  Some  of 
the  most  interesting  events  were  the  celebration  of  the 
annually  returning  seasons  by  visits  to,  and  tree  planting 
in,  our  parks. 


Joseph  W.  O'Hara, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  April, 
1890,  September,  1899. 


24  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

About  the  time  of  Mr.  Hancock's  entrance  to  office, 
the  question  of  the  "  Bible  in  the  schools  "  came  up  again 
for  discussion,  and  after  much  earnest  and  vigorous 
agitation  it  was,  in  the  spring  of  1869,  decided  to 
exclude  the  reading  of  the  "  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament"  from  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati. 
The  subject  was  not  a  new  one,  for  nearly  twenty  years 
occasional  breaks  had  occurred,  but  they  never  until  this 
time  could  secure  an  opposition  majority.  The  matter 
was  carried  to  the  State  Supreme  Court,  and  there  the 
action  of  the  Board  of  Education  was  upheld.  During 
this  decade  there  seemed  very  little  to  agitate  the  school 
men,  save  an  occasional  change  in  text-books  or  courses  of 
study,  in  which  matters  our  authorities  have  been  con- 
servative and  careful.  The  McGuffey  Readers  were  in 
use  for  nearly  fifty  years,  and  the  Ray  Arithmetics  for 
nearly  the  same  length  of  time. 

No  course  of  study  has  been  entered  upon  solely 
because  it  appeared  large  and  rich,  but  there  has  ever 
been  a  determination  to  pursue  a  steady,  solid,  and  practical 
plan.  It  may  seem  a  little  odd,  but  during  the  last  fifty 
years  there  has  not  been  any  increase  in  the  number  of 
studies  pursued  in  our  schools.  The  curriculum  of  the 
forties  was  as  extensive  as  at  the  present  day,  but  I  think 
the  exactness  and  thoroughness  were  not  what  they  are 
at  the  present  time. 

The  subject  of  evening  schools  has  always  received 
attention,  but  they  have  had  seasons  of  depression,  alter- 
nating with  those  of  enthusiasm.  This  subject,  being 
fully  treated  of  in  another  part  of  this  work,  will  receive 
no  more  attention  here. 

The  Board  of  Education  at  this  time  was  placed 
under  the  operations  of  a  new  law.  The  old  law,  which 
provided  for  two  members  from  each  ward,  was  repealed, 


Gexerai.   Sketch  of  System. 


25 


and  a  new  one,  in  which  provision  wa&  made  for  one 
member  from  each  ward  and  twelve  members''  at  large," 
was  enacted  and  went  into  effect  in  the  spring  of  1880. 
The  following  named  persons  were  the  first  ones  chosen 
under  this  law:  For  three  years,  Samuel  Bailey,  Jr., 
Dr.  J.  W.  Underbill,  W.  H.  Morgan,  E.  Court  Wil- 
liams; for  two  years,  C.  Kiechler,  M.  Reynolds,  Jr., 
John  Straehley,  Theo- 
dore Horstman ;  for 
one  year,  J.  E.  Cor- 
many,  Fred  S.  Spie- 
gel, Dr.  W.  W.  Daw- 
son, and  Vincent  Hess. 
The  law  continued  in 
force  until  1887,  when 
it  was  declared  uncon- 
stitutional, and  was 
supplanted  by  a  law 
which  provided  for 
one  member  from  each 
ward,  to  be  elected  by 
the  citizens  of  the  vari- 
ous wards.  In  1896 
the  present  law  was 
enacted,  going  into 
force  April,  1897. 

A   school  for  unfor- 
tunate    (deaf)     child- 

dren  (previously  sent  to  Columbus)  was  organized  and 
placed  in  charge  of  Robert  McGregor,  in  1875,  at  the 
Second  Intermediate,  Ninth  Street,  near  Main,  with  an 
attendance  of  about  35.  Teaching  the  sign  methods  was 
followed  until  the  year  1886,  when  the  school  for  oral 
teaching   of    deaf    was  organized  under  private  auspices. 


John  Schwaab, 

Member  Board  of  Education, 
April,  1 894- 1902. 


26 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


In  1888  this  oral  school  was  absorbed  by  the  Board  of 
Education,  and  a  division  of  the  pupils  in  both  schools 
was  made.  Since  then  there  have  been  two  schools  for 
the  deaf,  one  teaching  the  sign  method,  and  the  other  the 

oral.  For  the 
last  ten  years  the 
Legislature  has 
made  annual  ap- 
propriations of 
$3,500  to  $3,500 
for  the  support 
of  these  schools, 
and  at  its  last 
session  a  law  was 
passed  appropri- 
ating $150  per 
annum  for  each 
deaf  mute  in  the 
school  district. 
This  provision, 
so  wisely  and  op- 
portunely made, 
puts  the  school 
beyond  perad- 
venture  and  guarantees  work  upon  a  higher  plane  of 
usefulness.  The  school  has  attained  a  national  reputation, 
and  other  cities  of  our  State  have  followed  our  example 
in  thus  making  provisions  for  the  deaf. 

The  Board  of  Education  for  many  years  held  the 
weekly  meetings  on  Monday  afternoons  ;  the  time  of  the 
day  was  once  changed  to  evening,  and  later  the  law  was 
amended  to  require  bi-weekly  sessions  until  1884.  These 
sessions  were  held  in  the  old  City  Building,  on  Eighth 
and   Plum  Streets   (the  site  of  the   present  City    Hall). 


Guy  W.  Mallon, 
Woodward  Medal  Winner,   1881. 


General   Sketch  of  System.  37 

Subsequently,  when  the  Board  of  Education  was  em- 
powered to  levy  its  own  taxes  and  appropriate  its  funds 
without  reference  to  the  City  Council,  it  was  that 
this  latter  body  fixed  an  amount  which  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation was  required  to  pay  to  the  Council  for  the  use  of 
their  quarters  at  the  City  Building.  In  the  meantime 
the  new  Public  Library  Building  on  Vine  Street  became 
the  property  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  a  comfortable 
and  convenient  room  was  found  here.  This  was  appropri- 
ated to  educational  purposes.  There  had  been  many 
places  of  meeting  for  the  Board  :  In  College  Hall,  after- 
wards in  one  of  the  school-houses,  then  in  the  Mechanics' 
Institute,  at  one  time  in  the  old  Central  School  Building, 
then  in  the  Eighth  Street  City  Hall.  For  sixty  years  the 
Board  has  organized  in  the  spring  of  each  year  by  electing 
a  president,  clerk,  and  delegates  to  the  Union  Board. 

In  1886  Df.  Peaslee  was  succeeded  in  the  superin- 
tendency  by  Dr.  E.  E.  White,  who  has  been  a  prominent 
educator  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  for  many  years  a 
noted  figure  in  national  educational  institutes  and  other 
such  assemblies.  He  was  also  author  of  several  text- 
books, among  them  a  series  of  arithmetics,  which  have 
had  a  great  circulation.  Dr.  White  remained  in  the 
superintendency  for  three  years.  Among  the  changes 
made  during  this  time  was  the  system  of  promotion  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  teacher,  leaving  out  of 
consideration  any  reference  to  examinations.  Previous 
to  this  arrangement  the  pupils  were  divided  into  classes, 
and  the  half  of  the  pupils  in  each  room  who  had  attained 
the  highest  standing  during  the  year  in  their  several 
studies  were  promoted  as  honor  pupils ;  the  other  half 
were  expected  to  stand  an  examination  to  test  their 
knowledge  and  ability.  During  Dr.  White's  adminis- 
tration   there  also  came  a  change  in    the    State    statute 


28  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

touching  the  management  of  the  schools.  Before  that 
time  the  teachers  were  appointed  on  the  recommendation 
or  nomination  of  the  local  trustees.  By  the  conditions 
of  the  amended  law  all  nominations  of  teachers  are  made 
by  the  superintendent,  to  be  confirmed  or  rejected  by  the 
Board  of  Education.  This  law  was  again  amended  in 
1895,  by  modification  of  what  is  called  the  "Pension  Law." 
Dr.  White's  term  continued  until  1889,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  the  writer. 

The  latest  and  crowning  provision  relating  to  teach- 
ers, and  thus  indirectly  to  the  pupils,  is  that  referring  to 
the  perpetuity  of  the  teachers'  tenure  of  office  and  the 
financial  arrangement  touching  those  who  have  taught 
out  the  days  of  their  usefulness  and  who,  from  approach- 
ing age  or  mental  or  bodily  infirmities,  are  compelled  to 
relinquish  their  places  to  those  who,  by  reason  of  youth 
or  greater  mental  or  physical  vigor,  are  better  qualified 
for  public  service.  These  conditions  justify  our  school 
authorities  in  making  very  exacting  the  preparation  for 
the  teacher's  profession,  and  should  insure  the  truest,  most 
vigorous,  and  earnest  workers  in  this  field  of  municipal 
economy.  There  is  also  furnished  a  stimulus  to  make  the 
best  preparation  for  the  teacher's  work,  encouraged  by 
the  hope  of  protection  when  the  profession's  "  dead  line  " 
is  crossed,  and  the  period  of  unproductiveness  is  reached. 
Those  who  enter  the  work  now  are  assured  of  their  con- 
tinued employment,  if  success  justifies  it.  [Superinten- 
dent Morgan  was  stricken  with  paralysis  Monday  evening, 
May  22,  1899,  at  exactly  9.10,  while  he  was  in  the  act  of 
addressing  the  Board  of  Education.  He  was  lead  to  his 
private  office,  and  later  removed  to  the  City  Hospital. 
At  3.15  Saturday  afternoon,  January  6,  1900,  he  died  at 
his  home  on  Price  Hill.  In  August  he  resigned  the 
suoerintendency,    and    Richard    (J.  Boone  was  elected  to 


General  Sketch  of  System.  29 

succeed  him  on  September  5th.  Mr.  Morgan  was  a 
strong  man  politically.  He  was  a  Republican,  and  his 
wife  was  a  sister  of  Asa  S.  Bushnell,  then  Governor  of 
Ohio.  Dr.  Boone's  administration  will  be  treated  of 
later.] 


CHAPTER  III. 

BOARD    OF    EDUCATION. 

Jacob  E.  Cormany. 

IN   no  department  of  public   affairs  is  the  progressive 
spirit  of  a  people  more  conspicuously  shown  than 
in  their  public  school  system. 

When  we  look  upon  our  fine  school  buildings,  the 
best  in  this  line  that  the  architect  and  builder  can  furnish, 
and  consider  the  splendid  educational  opportunities  offered 
to  even  the  poorest  child,  we  feel  a  justifiable  pride. 
Few,  however,  stop  to  think  of  the  humble  beginnings 
and  the  constant  struggle  against  obstacles  that  the 
friends  of  education  have  been  obliged  to  maintain  in 
order  that  the  schools  might  keep  their  place  in  the  march 
of  progress. 

The  history  of  the  school  board  is  a  record  of  these 
struggles  and  of  the  means  by  which  the  steady  advance- 
ment of  the  cause  of  education  has  been  insured  ;  for  it 
is  the  school  board  that  secures  funds,  divides  the  city 
into  districts,  selects  sites  for  school  buildings,  attends  to 
the  building  and  furnishing  of  the  latter,  appoints  jani- 
tors, selects  subjects  and  arranges  courses  of  study, 
chooses  text-books,  elects  the  Board  of  Examiners,  con- 
firms   teachers,    fixes    salaries,    and    makes  jules  for  the 


30 


Schools  of  Cixcixnati. 


management  of  the  schools.  In  fact,  there  is  no  detail  of 
school  building  or  of  school  administration  that  is  not 
controlled  by  rules  made  by  the  Board  of  Education. 

The  name  "  Board  of  Education  "  was  given  to  the 
body  in  1868.  From  the  establishment  of  the  schools  in 
1839  until  1868,  the  directing  body  was  known  as  "  The 
Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors."  This  Board  consisted 
of  one  member  from  each  ward,  elected  for  one  year. 
In  1845  the  term  of 
office  was  length- 
ened to  two  years. 
For  twenty  years 
after  the  establish- 
ment of  the  public 
schools,  there  was 
no  superintendent, 
the  Trustees  taking 
upon  themselves  a 
large  part  of  the 
work  afterward  as- 
sumed by  the  super- 
intendent. They 
visited  and  inspect- 
ed the  schools  per- 
sonally, giving  gen- 
erously of  their 
time  to  what  they 
considered  the  du- 
ties of  their  office. 

In  those  early  days  the  Trustees  labored  under  many 
disheartening  conditions.  Although  working  zealously 
to  enlarge  the  usefulness  of  the  public  schools,  they  were 
handicapped  by  an  insufficiency  of  funds.  A  report  of 
1831    tells   us   that    "many   of   the   schools    were    poorly 


C.  C.  Long, 

Ex-Principal  Eighth    District,    Author 
of  '*  Language  Lessons,"  Etc. 


Board  of  Education.  31 

lighted  and  situated  in  unhealthful  localities,  and  con- 
sequently were  patronized  by  those  only  who  had  not  the 
means  to  study  elsewhere." 

It  was  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors  that  de- 
vised and  carried  out  plans  to  arouse  public  interest  in 
the  cause  of  education,  and  thus  to  secure  funds  to  carry 
out  their  project.  One  of  the  most  noteworthy  means  of 
enlisting  public  attention  was  the  annual  examination  of 
pupils.  The  Trustees  invited  to  these  examinations  public 
men,  teachers  from  other  States,  members  of  the  press, 
and  relatives  and  friends  of  those  to  be  examined.  In 
1833  these  exercises  terminated  in  a  street  procession  of 
the  girls  and  boys  who  had  participated  in  the  examina- 
tions. The  greatest  enthusiasm  prevailed  throughout 
the  city,  and  within  the  year  a  model  school  house  was 
built,  and  within  two  years  the  remaining  nine  districts 
of  the  city  boasted  of  like  structures. 

The  attendance  rapidly  increased,  the  schools  be- 
came more  popular,  and  the  citizens  more  determined  to 
make  the  public  schools  a  feature  of  the  city.  As  a  result 
the  Board  became  a  more  important  body,  and  the  number 
of  members  from  each  ward  was  increased  to  two. 

The  schools,  in  1840,  gained  a  wider  popularity  by 
the  establishment  of  a  German  Department  in  certain 
schools  and  by  the  opening  of  night  schools.  In  1841 
the  employment  of  special  teachers  of  penmanship  was 
authorized. 

The  public  examinations  continued  to  be  an  attractive 
feature,  as  the  following  from  the  annual  report  of  1844 
will  show:  "The  recent  public  examination  of  the 
schools  was  well  attended,  both  by  the  officers  of  the 
respective  boards  and  by  the  citizens  generally ;  indeed, 
some    of    the    rooms    were    so  crowded,  especially  at  the 


32 


Schools  of  Cincinnati 


concluding  exercises  of  each  day,  that  persons  desirous  of 
being  present  were  excluded  for  want  of  room." 

In    1845    the    term   of    office    of   each    member    was 
lengthened  to  two  years.     The    growth    of    the    schools 


Samuel  Weil,  Jr., 

Member  Board  of  Education,  April,  1886, 
October  31,  1892. 

multiplying,  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Board 
lead  to  the  election,  in  1850,  of  a  Superintendent  of 
Schools. 

The  responsibilities  of  the  Board  were  increased  in 


Board  of  Education.  33 

1 85 1,  when  they  were  empowered  to  elect  six  of  their 
number  to  the  Union  Board  of  High  Schools. 

[In  1853  the  school  law  of  Ohio  was  amended,  making 
provision  for  school  libraries  at  public  cost.  A  tax  of 
one-tenth  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar  was  levied  for  this 
purpose.  On  December  18,  1854,  President  Rufus  King, 
of  the  Board  of  Education,  had  adopted  a  resolution  that 
there  should  be  but  one  school  library  in  Cincinnati,  and 
that  it  should  be  kept  in  the  building  in  which  the 
sessions  of  the  School  Board  were  held.  In  1856  1,500 
volumes  were  purchased  by  Mr.  King  and  Mr.  11.  11. 
Barney  and  placed  in  the  third  floor  of  the  old  Central 
High  School  Building  on  Longworth  Street.  The 
School  Board  had  its  sessions  in  a  room  upstairs  in  the 
same  building.  May  28,  1855,  J.  A.  Caldwell  was  elected 
clerk  of  the  School  Board  and  public  librarian.  He  is 
still  living  (1902).  In  1867  the  name  of  the  library  was 
changed  to  the  Public  Library  of  Cincinnati,  and  it  was 
governed  by  a  Board  of  Managers  chosen  mainly  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors. — Ed.] 

In  1880  a  law  was  passed  making  the  Board  to  consist 
of  one  member  from  each  ward,  term  of  office  two  years, 
and  twelve  members  at  large,  elected  four  for  one  year, 
and  four  for  two  years,  and  four  for  three  years.  This 
law  continued  in  force  until  February,  1887,  when  it  was 
repealed  and  a  new  law  enacted,  making  the  Board  to 
consist  of  one  member  from  each  ward,  term  of  office  two 
years.  In  1897  the  present  law  went  into  effect;  this 
provides  for  the  election  of  one  member  from  each  ward, 
term  of  office  three  years. 

Considering  the  magnitude  of  the  work  accomplished 
by  the  Board  that  have  had  charge  of  the  schools,  it  is  not 
surprising  to  find  on  the  list  of  members  the  names  of 
some  of  the  best  citizens  of  Cincinnati.      From  the  foun- 


34 


Schools  of  Cincinna- 


dation  of  the  schools  in  1839,  successful  business  men, 
doctors,  lawyers,  and  politicians,  prominent  in  city  and 
State  affairs,  have  been  proud  to  be  identified  with  the 
schools,  and  members  of  the  Board  have  lent  their  best 
energies  to  promoting  the  cause  of  popular  education. 
It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  these  services  have  always 
been  given  without  recompense  ;  that,  while  other  muni- 
cipal boards  receive  salaries,  members  of  the  Board  of 
Education  take  time  from  their  regular  occupations  to 
serve    the    public    without    pay. 

April  24,  1894,  the  State 
passed  a  law  giving  women  a 
voice  in  school  affairs  on  equal 
terms  with  men.  The  first 
city  election  under  this  law 
was  April,  1897,  when  5,144 
women  voted,  and  one  ran  for 
member  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation in  the  14th  Ward.  This 
lady.  Miss  Anna  Laws,  was 
defeated  by  93  votes,  her  op- 
ponent having  a  total  of  i  ,018. 
Miss  Laws  was  indorsed  by 
the  Democratic  Party.  Her 
opponent  was  a  Republican. 
In  1900  two  women  were 
candidates.  Dr.  Sarah  M. 
Siewers  in  the  17th  Ward,  and  Lillie  Wuest  in  the  19th  ; 
both  were  defeated.  A  strange  feature  in  Miss  Wuest 's 
case  is  that,  while  she  received  636  votes,  only  32  women 
turned  out  to  vote.  The  failure  of  the  women  to  make  a 
showing  has  had  a  depressing  effect  upon  those  who  favor 
women   suffrage.      It  is  held  to  be  conclusive  evidence 


Dr.  L.  J.  FoGEL, 

Member  Board  of  Educa- 
tion,   April,    1893- 1900; 
Union  Board,  1898- 1900. 


Board  of  Education. 


35 


that   women  as  a  class  do  not  care  to  exercise  the  rights 
of  full  citizenship. 

The  following  table  shows 'the  vote  cast  by  women 
for  members  of  the  Board  of  Education  : 


Ward. 


1897. 
April  , 


I 
2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

II 

12 

13 
H 
15 
16 


407 

223 

7 

575 
16 

151 

119 

96 

75 
104 

69 

63 

82 

174 

245 
399 


1900. 

April  2. 


85 

447 
16 

189 

24 

34 
123 

64 


10 

43 
170 

20 

509 
126 


Ward. 

April  5. 

1900. 

April  2. 

17 

86 

193 

18 

42 

0 

19 

20 

32 

20 

457 

85 

21 

71 

316 

2  2 

127 

29 

23 

171 

41 

24 

136 

63 

25 

396 

53 

26 

232 

95 

'^ 

136 

25 

28 

54 

43 

29 

196 

lOI 

30 

135 

106 

31 

84 

41 

Total 


Loss. 


)  1897- 
I  1900. 


5'H4 
3^170 

1.974 


Again,  in  1897  over  7,000  women  registered  to  vote, 
but  over  2,000  failed  to  come  out  on  election  day. 

Election  officers  say  that  many  women  refused  to 
answer  questions  put  to  them  respecting  age,  nativity, 
marriage,  etc.,  and  they  predict  that  future  elections  will 
not  see  many  women  out. 


36  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Dr.  Sarah  M.  Siewers,  in  discussing  the  vote  cast, 
says  : 

"  The  fact  that  so  few  women  voted  does  not  prove 
indifference.  It  simply  shows  that  voting  for  one  trustee 
every  third  year  does  not  make  it  worth  while.  It  is  a 
noted  fact  that  men  took  no  interest  in  school  elections 


Dr.  Sarah  M.  Siewers, 

Independent  Candidate  for  Board  of  Education, 
17th   Ward,  April  2,   1900. 

when  these  took  place  on  a  separate  day.  The  time  of 
voting  had  to  be  changed  to  secure  a  vote.  If  our  trustees 
were  elected  at  large,  as  they  should  be,  instead  of  one 
from  each  ward,  a  capable  woman  could  easily  be  elected, 


Board  of  Education.  37 

and  women  would  have  more  incentive  to  register  and 
vote.  In  many  wards  there  is  no  choice,  perhaps  a  can- 
didate on  only  one  ticket,  or  a  choice  between  two  inferior 
candidates,  in  which  case  women  have  refused  to  vote  for 
either.  What  women  want  is  the  full  ballot.  They  will 
be  satisfied  with  nothing  less.  This  is  the  only  way  to 
secure  equal  pay  for  equal  work,  as  was  demonstrated  in 
Colorado,  There  the  spectacle  is  not  seen,  of  men 
principals  drawing  $1,900  a  year,  while  women  teachers 
receive  $400  and  $500  for  hard  work.  A  city  that  pays 
its  primary  teachers  from  $400  to  I700  a  year  should  not 
pay  the  principals  more  than  $1,000  per  annum.  Many 
teachers  and  other  working  women  fear  to  declare  their 
wish  for  the  ballot,  lest  they  may  be  dismissed  ;  and  their 
fears  are  not  unfounded.  Then,  many  women  have  hus- 
bands who  object,  and  nothing  less  than  full  citizenship 
would  protect  these  wives  in  the  exercise  of  their  rights. 
The  women  who  registered  and  voted  were  of  the  best  and 
most  intelligent  in  the  city.  When  they  are  fully 
enfranchised,  they  will  gradually  draw  the  best  men  back 
into  politics,  instead  of  leaving  the  management  of  public 
affairs  to  the  lowest  strata  of  society." 

[For  an  account  of  the  Union  Board  of  High  Schools 
and  of  the  Colored  Board  of  Education,  see  the  respective 
chapters  on  those  subjects. — Ed.] 


CHAPTER  IV. 

BOARD    OF    EDUCATION    MEMBERS. 

THE  Board  of  Education  records  of  early  times    are 
very  meager.      In  fact,  they  are  very  hard  to  under- 
stand, owing  to  their  brevity.     The  following  is  the  only 


38  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

statement  of  the  first  meeting,  as  recorded  in  the  official 
minute  book  at  the  City  Hall : 

MINUTES 

OF    THE 

TRUSTEES  AND  VISITORS  OF  THE  COMMON 
SCHOOLS  OF  CINCINNATI. 

A  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors  was  held 

at  the  house  of  N.  Guilford  on  the daj  of  July,  1829,  when 

the  Board  proceeded  to  the  appointment  of  a  Board  of  Examiners 
and  Inspectors  of  Common  Schools,  according  to  the  provisions 
of  the  statute,  when  the  Rev.  Timothy  Flint  and  Mr.  Lewis  Howell 
were  appointed  to  serve  for  the  term  of  three  jears,  Henrj  Starr 
and  Calvin  Washburn  were  appointed  to  serve  two  years,  Bellamy 
Storer  and  Enos  Woodruff  to  serve  one  year. 

After  which  the  Board  adjourned. 

N.  Guilford,  Chairman. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  Mr.  Guilford  neglected  to  date 
the  meeting,  but  as  the  next  meeting  is  dated  July  7th 
the  first  date  is  not  hard  to  approximate.  On  July  14th 
Mr.  Guilford,  who  was  a  lawyer,  was  made  secretary  of 
the  Board,  and  O.  M.  Spencer  chairman  (president). 

1829. 

The  Board  members  were  :  ist  Ward,  Oliver  M. 
Spencer;  2d,  Nathan  Guilford;  3d,  Moses  Brooks;  4th, 
Calvin  Fletcher;  5th,  David  Root. 

The  second  Board  meeting  was  held  in  the  office  of 
Mr.  Spencer,  who  seemed  to  ha^e  served  as  president  up 
to  April,  1832,  when  Nathan  Guilford  succeeded  him. 
At  the  time  the  Board  organized,  the  city  had  five  wards. 
There  seems  (1830)  to  have  been  16  different  schools, 
with  an  enrollment  of  2,103,  ^"^  daily  attendance  of 
1,558.  There  were  22  teachers,  with  70  pupils  to  each. 
Wood  and  coal  were  used  for  fuel. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Board  was  to  appoint  a 
committee  to  draw  up  rules  to  regulate  the  schools,  and 


Board   of   Education  Members. 


39 


on  February  8,  1830,  Mr.  Guilford  reported  the  following 
code  for  adoption  (the  council  chamber  was  now  the 
meeting  place)  : 

RULES  TO  BE  OBSERVED  IN  THE  COMMON  SCHOOLS. 

I.  The  scholars  must  all  keep  their  hands,  faces,  and  clothes 
cleaned. 


Sixteenth   District  School   House, 

Southern  Avenue,  Mt.  Auburn;  erected  1892;  cost,  $84,870;   24 

rooms,  seats  1,350  pupils;  John  C.  Hejwood,  Principal; 

Charles    Weidner,  Jr.,  Trustee. 

2.  They  must  not  stop  to  play  or  loiter  on  the  way  going  to 
or  coming  from  school. 

3.  While  in  school  they  must  obey  their  teachers  and  the  rules 
of  the  schools. 

4.  They  must  make  no  unnecessary  noise. 

5.  Must  attend  closely  to  their  studies. 

6.  Must  not  study  aloud. 


40  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

7.  Must  not  talk  or  whisper  to  each  other. 

8.  Must  not  leave  their  seats  without  permission. 

9.  Must  always  speak  the  truth. 

10.  Must  not  quarrel  or  injure  each  other. 

11.  Must  not  use  profane  or  indecent  language. 

12.  Must  be  polite  and  respectful  in  their  conduct  to  every  one. 

One  hundred  copies  of  the  above  were  ordered  printed 
and  distributed  in  the  schools. 

In  pages  to  follow  is  a  roster  of  Board  of  Trustees  and 
Visitors.  The  lists  were  made  up  from  the  ofBcial 
records  and  are  valuable,  showing,  as  they  do,  several 
things,  viz.  :  Places  of  meetings,  wards  of  the  city, 
number  of  members,  names  of  distinguished  citizens,  etc. 
In  fact,  it  would  be  hard  to  find  a  more  interesting  list  of 
names.  Many  illustrious  families  of  to-day  are  represented, 
and  some  of  their  descendants  are  still  in  public  life. 
Bellamy  Storer,  minister  to  Madrid,  is  a  son  of  Bellamy 
Storer  mentioned  above  ;  Col.  Jeptha  Garrard  is  a  son  of 
Jeptha  D.  Garrard;  Dr.  Victor  Ray  is  a  grandson  of  Dr. 
Joseph  Ray  ;  and  so  the  list  might  be  continued  indefinitely. 

April,  1830. 
ist   Ward,   O.  M.   Spencer;    2d,   Nathan  Guilford; 
3d,  Moses  Brooks;    4th,   Wm.   Oliver;    5th,  Jeptha  D. 
Garrard. 

April,  1831. 

ist  Ward,  O.  M.  Spencer;  2d,  Nathan  Guilford; 
3d,  Elisha  Bingham,  vice  John  F.  Keys,  resigned;  4th, 
Calvin  Fletcher,  vice  Dr.  Wm.  S.  Ridgeley,  resigned; 
5th,  Jeptha  D.  Garrard. 

April,  1832. 

ist  Ward,  John  Jones,  vice  Samuel  Lewis,  resigned ; 
2d,  George  Graham,  Jr.,  vice  Nathan  Guilford,  resigned  ; 


Board  of  Education  Members. 


3d,   Ennion  Singer;  4th,  Dr.  Wm.  Mulford ;   5th,  Wm. 
R.  Morris. 

Nathan  Guilford  resigned  on  July  9th.  He  had 
been  president  of  the  Board  since  April.  Messrs.  Guilford 
and  Lewis,  the  fathersof  the  public  school  system,  seemed 
to  be  in  sympathy  with  each  other  in  all  things.  Mr. 
Lewis  resigned  December  loth. 

April,  1833, 

ist  Ward,  Henry 
B.  Funk,  vice  Wm. 
Neff,  resigned ;  3d, 
George  Graham, 
Jr.  ;  3d,  Peyton  S. 
Symmes ;  4th,  Dr. 
W.  S.  Ridgeley, 
vice  Dr.  Wm.  Mul- 
ford, resigned ;  5th, 
James  R.  Bald- 
ridge,  vice  James 
Challen,  resigned. 
(Peyton  S.  Symmes 
president). 

William  Neff  was 
the  uncle  of  Peter 
Rudolph  Neff  and 
William  Howard 
Neff,  of  the  College 
of  Music. 


William   McCallister, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  April, 
1893,  April,  1899. 


April,   1834. 

ist  Ward,  Henry  B,  Funk  ;  2d,  George  Graham,  Jr.  ; 
3d,  Peyton  S.  Symmes;  4th,  Wm.  S.  Ridgeley;  5th 
James  R.   Baldridge.      (P.   S.   Symmes,   president.) 


42  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

July  i,  1835. 
(note  the  change  in  month  of  organization.) 
ist  Ward,  Elam  P.  Langdon  ;   2d,  Dr.  Wm.  Wood, 

vice  Marcus  Smith,   resigned;    3d,  Peyton  S.   Symmes ; 

4th,  James  R.  Baldridge  ;  5th,  George  Graham,  Jr.     (Mr. 

Symmes  is  still  president.) 

July  5,  1836. 

ist  Ward,  Salmon  P.  Chase  (who  later  became 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States)  ;  2d,  Dr.  Wm.  Wood, 
vice  Wm.  Green,  resigned;  3d,  Peyton  S.  Symmes; 
4th,  W.  H.  McCracken  ;  5th,  George  Graham-,  Jr.  (Mr. 
Symmes,  president.) 

July  5,  1837. 

The  law  had  been  amended,  giving  two  members 
from  each  ward,  as  follows  : 

ist  Ward,  Elam  P.  Langdon,  Allison  Owens ;  2d, 
Dr.  Wm.  Wood,  Nathan  Guilford  ;  3d,  Peyton  S.  Symmes, 
John  Howard;  4th,  Wm.  H.  McCracken,  E.  Singer; 
5th,  Thomas  I.  Matthews,  vice  George  Graham,  Jr.,  S.  S. 
L'Hommedieu,  vice  Oliver  Lowell,  resigned.  (P.  S. 
Symmes  was  president). 

July  5,  1838. 
(note  that  two  more  wards  are  added.) 

ist,  2d,  and  3d  Wards  remain  the  same;  4th  Ward, 
E.  Singer,  Mark  P.  Taylor;  5th,  Thomas  I.  Matthews; 
6th,  John"  P.  Foote,  R.  De  Charms ;  7th,  Nathaniel 
Holley,  Wm.  L.  Hodgson.  (Elam  P.  Langdon  elected 
president.) 

July  2,  1839. 

ist  Ward,  Allison  Owens,  Elam  P.  Langdon;  2d, 
Wm.  Wood,  Wm.  S.  Ridgeley  ;   3d,  P.  S.  Symmes,  Benj. 


John  B.  Peaslee, 

Elected  Superintendent  of  Schools  June   15,   1874.     Served  from 
Julj  I,  1874,  to  August  15,  1886,  longest  term  on  record.       (43) 


44  Schools  of  Ci?jcinnati. 

F.  Bedginer ;  4th,  Daniel  F.  Meader,  James  H.  Looker; 
5th,  Thomas  I.  Matthews,  George  Graham;  6th,  Joseph 
Bonsall,  John  P.  Foote  ;  7th,  Nathaniel  HoUey,  Wm.  L. 
Hodgson.      (Mr.  Langdon,  president.) 

July  2,  1840. 

ist  Ward,  Elam  P.  Langdon,  D.  C.  Cassat ;  2d, 
Ebenezer  Hinman,  Wm.  E.  White;  3d,  E.  Singer, 
Stephen  Wheeler;  4th,  Daniel  F.  Meader,  T.  E.  Mason  ; 
5th,  Albert  Pickett,  Thurston  Crane;  6th,  James  H. 
Perkins,  Joseph  Bonsall;  7th,  Nathaniel  Holley,  E.  S. 
Williams.      (Mr.  Langdon,  president.) 

July  6,  1841. 

ist  Ward,  Elam  P.  Langdon,  Gardner  Lathrop ; 
2d,  Erastus  Poor,  Wm.  E.  White  ;  3d,  Peyton  S.  Symmes, 
Edward  D.  Mansfield;  4th,  Daniel  F.  Meader,  Wm. 
Mulford  ;  5th,  D.  K.  Cady,  Thurston  Crane  ;  6th,  James 
H.  Perkins,  John  C.  Vaughn;  7th,  E.  S.  Williams,  E. 
C.  Roll.      (Mr.  Langdon,  president.) 

July  5,  1842, 

Minutes  defective.  Members  apparently  were : 
Samuel  Morrison,  Erastus  Poor,  P.  S.  Symmes,  D.  K. 
Cady,  D.  T.  Snelbaker,  James  H.  Perkins,  Joseph  Bonsall, 
E.  S.  Williams,  and  Messrs.  Roll,  Meader,  White,  Lathrop, 
Mansfield,  Mulford — 14  in  all,  showing  seven  wards. 
(James  H.  Perkins,  president.) 

July  i,  1843. 
(now  there  are  nine  wards.) 

ist  Ward,  Samuel  Morrison,  Edward  D.  Mansfield; 
2d,  Erastus  Poor,  W.  E.  White ;  3d,  P.  S.  Symmes. 
Daniel  H.  Morton ;  4th,  John  D.  Thorpe,  Dr.  Wm. 
Mulford;   5th,   Dr.   Frederick  Rolker,  D.  K.  Cady;  6th, 


Board  of  Education  Members. 


45 


Wm.  Goodman,  Chas.  Cist;  7th,  Wm.  Phillips,  S.  W. 
Smith;  8th,  S.  B.  Halley,  I.  Dillingham;  9th,  Dr. 
Joseph  Ray.      (Joseph  Ray,  president.) 

July  2,  1844. 

ist  Ward,   E.   D.  Mansfield,  Samuel  Morrison  ;   3d, 
Erastus  Poor,   Wm.   E.   White;   3d,   P.   S.   Symmes,    S. 

Startsman ;  4th,  Dr. 
Wm.  Mulford,  John 
D.  Thorpe ;  5th, 
David  K.  Cady,  Dr. 
F.  Rolker;  6th,  Wm. 
Goodman ;  7th,  Silas 
Smith,  Wm.  Rankin  ; 
8th,  Samuel  B.  Halley, 
Wm.  B.  Moores; 
9th,  G.  Lathrop,  Dr. 
Joseph  Ray.  (Dr. 
Ray,  president.) 

July  7,    1845. 

(one  more  ward, 
and  members  here- 
after to  be  elected 
for  two  years.) 

Louis  Rothenberg, 


Principal    Fifteenth    District 
School,    1886- 1902. 


ist  Ward,  Wm. 
Phillips,  Jr.,  2  yrs., 
Dr.  John  A. Warder,  i 
yr.  ;  2d,  Erastus  Poor, 
3  yrs.,  Wm.  Hooper,  1  yr.  ;  3d,  P.  S.  Symmes,  2  yrs., 
Samuel  Startsman,  i  yr.  ;  4th,  J.  R.  Baldridge,  3  yrs., 
James  Gilmore,  i  yr.  ;  5th,  David  K.  Cady,  2  yrs.,  Benj. 
Dennis,  i  yr.  ;  6th,  Wm.  Goodman,  2 yrs.,  Chas.  S.  Bryant, 
I  yr.  ;  7th,  Wm.  Rankin,  2  yrs.  ;  8th,  John  M.  Bradstreet, 
3  yrs.,  James  Dunlap,  i  yr.  ;  9th,  Dr.  Joseph. Ray.,  2  yrs.. 


46  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

R.  K.  Cox,  I  yr.  ;  loth,  B.  I.  Irwin,  2  yrs.,  Stephen 
Molitor,  I  yr.      (Dr.  Ray,  president.) 

July  7,  1846. 

ist  Ward,  John  A.  Warder,  2  yrs.,  Wm.  Phillips,  Jr., 

1  yr.  ;  2d,  Wm.  Hooper,  2  yrs.,  Erastus  Poor,  i  yr.  ; 
3d,  Thomas  G.  Schaeffer,  2  yrs.,  P.  S.  Symmes,  i  yr.  ; 
4th,  George  A.  Peters,  2  yrs.,  J.  R.  Baldridge,  i  yr.  ;  5th, 
Bellamy  Storer,  2  yrs.,  D.  K.  Cady,  i  yr.  ;  6th,  Chas. 
S.  Bryant,  2  yrs.,  Wm.  Goodman,  i  yr.  ;  7th,  Arthur 
Hill,    2   yrs.,   Wm.  Rankin,  i  yr.  ;   8th,  A.  L.  Bushnell, 

2  yrs.,  John  W.  Bradstreet,  i  yr.  ;  9th,  Gardner  Lathrop, 
2  yrs.  (vice  H.  W.  Borchalt,  resigned) ,  Joseph  Ray,  i  yr.  ; 
loth,  Lewis  Weitzel,  2  yrs.,  B.  I.  Irwin,  i  yr. 

Mr.  Ray  was  elected  president,  August  31st,  after 
a  contest  that  started  in  July.  October  20th  he  resigned 
from  the  Board  on  account  of  a  proposed  re-adoption  of 
his  books  and  a  revision  in  the  course  of  study.  Wm. 
Hooper  succeeded  him  as  president. 

A  complete  list  of  the  Trustees  and  Visitors  would 
disclose  sortie  interesting  facts.  For  example,  Jeptha  D. 
Garrard  married  a  daughter  of  Israel  Ludlow,  while 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  who  entered  the  Board  in  1836,  married 
a  grand-daughter  of  the  same  man.  George  Graham,  Jr., 
of  the  Board  of  1832,  and  later  dates,  was  a  noted 
scientist.  He  early  identified  himself  with  students  of 
natural  history,  and  his  picture  can  be  seen  to-day  in  the 
Society  rooms,  312  Broadway.  When  La  Fayette  visited 
this  city  in  1825,  the  administering  of  the  Masonic 
obligation  devolved  upon  Mr.  Graham.  Peyton  S. 
Symmes,  who  appears  in  1833,  ^^^  ^  brother  of  Captain 
John  Cleves  Symmes,  of  "Symmes  Hole"  fame, 
and  son  of  Timothy  Symmes.  He  was  on  the  Board 
many    years,    and    was    president    from    1833    to     1838. 


Board  0¥  Education  Members. 


47 


Symmes  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  critical  man,  and 
on  one  occasion  was  examining  a  portrait,  as  he 
supposed,  for  the  benefit  of  the  artist,  when  the  figure 
sneezed.  He  is  described  as  a  curious  old  man,  who 
walked  about  with    his  pockets   full  of  leadpencils  and 

papers  that  he  was 
constantly  consult- 
ing. 

Elam  P.  Lang- 
don  was  a  wealthy 
man,  who  lived  at 
Sixth  and  Syca- 
more. He  founded 
the  Langdon  fami- 
lies of  this  city. 
He  was  president  of 
the  Board  1838- 
1842. 

John  P.  Foote 
(1838)  wrote  a  his- 
tory, "  Schools  of 
Cincinnati."  Ed- 
ward D.  Mansfield 
was  an  editor  and 
lecturer.  He  wrote 
several  books  on 
Ohio  history  and 
was  one  of  the 
learned  men  of  the 
city.  In  1843  Charles  Cist,  the  local  historian,  became  a 
member  of  the  Board,  and  in  1843  Dr.  Joseph  Ray's  name 
first  appears.  He  was  at  once  elected  president,  and  his 
influence  seems  to  have  been  very  great.  S.  S.  L'Hom- 
medieu  (1837)  was  a  noted  man. 


Charles  J.  Hunt, 

Winner    Woodward  Mathematical 
(Ray)  Medal,  1877. 


48  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Dr.  John  A.  Warder  (1845)  was  a  physician  and  scien- 
tist. He  loved  forestry  and  botany,  and  had  a  national 
reputation.  He  finally  moved  to  a  farm  at  North  Bend, 
O.,  where  he  spent  his  time  in  cultivating  trees  and  his 
favorite  plants.  Reuben  H.  Warder,  ex-superintendent 
of  parks,  is  a  son.  In  1845  William  Hooper,  the  capitalist, 
was  a  member.  He  was  president  in  1847.  Judge 
Bellamy  Storer  came  in  as  a  member  in  1846. 

It  is  said  of  O.  M.  Spencer  that  he  was  one  of  the  best 
men  ever  on  the  Superior  Court  Bench.  The  Spencer 
house.  Front  and  Broadway,  was  named  after  him. 

Following  will  be  a  partial  list  of  prominent  Board 
members,  showing  when  they  began  to  serve  : 

July  6,  1848,  Cyrus  Davenport,  John  S.  Powers, 
Stephen  Molitor.  Molitor  was  editor  of  the  Volks 
Blatt.  (Molitor  Street  gets  its  name  here.)  Bellamy 
Storer  was  first  elected  president  this  year. 

July  10,  1849,  Robert  W.  Burnet,  Jonathan  Cilley. 
Mr.  Storer  again  president. 

July  2,  1850  (eleven  wards),  B.  Storer,  president ; 
John  Schiff,  Christian  Ziegler.  Mr.  Ziegler  is  still 
living  here  (1902)  and  is  the  oldest  survivor  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  and  Visitors. 

He  was  born  in  Germany.  At  the  age  of  13  became 
to  this  country,  and  while  on  the  way  an  incident 
occurred  that  is  worthy  of  publication .  The  vessel  became 
disabled  in  the  English  Channel  and  put  in  at  Plymouth, 
England,  for  repairs.  Various  persons  visited  her  on 
sightseeing  excursions,  and  one  day  Mr.  Ziegler  said  to 
his  son  : 

"My  boy,  do  you  see  that  little  girl?"  pointing  to 
a  visitor  who  was  accompanied  by  a  gentleman. 

"Yes,"  came  the  reply. 


Board  of  Education  Members. 


49 


"Well,  take  a  good  look  at  her.  She  may  some  day 
be  queen  of  England." 

It  was  the  youthful  Victoria,  and  in*  later  years  Mr. 
Ziegler  discovered  that  his  birthday  was  the  same  as  hers. 

July  I,  1851,  Bellamy  Storer,  president  (16  wards)  ; 


Hiram  Rulison, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  April, 
1883,  to  April,  1887. 


Rufus  King,  probably  the  most  noted  man  ever  on  the 
Board  (he  was  from  the  3d  Ward)  ;  Charles  Anderson, 
who  became  governor  of  Ohio  ;  James  Cooper,  deputy 
sheriff,  superintendent  of  water  works,  etc.  (uncle  of  the 
compiler  of  this  book)  ;  John  Schift*,  noted  man. 

[4] 


50  Schools   of   Cincinnati. 

July  6,  1852,  Rufus  King,  president;  C.  B.  Aspin- 
wall ;  Dr.  David  Judkins,  father  of  the  late  Chas.  P. 
Judkins  and  of  Dr.  William  Judkins. 

July  5,  1853,  Rufus  King,  president;  Joseph  Herron, 
principal  of  Herron's  Seminary,  a  very  learned  man, 
father  of  Dr.  Thomas  G.  Herron;  John  Horton,  Joseph 
Burgoyne,  Dr.  John  Davis,  Rev.  W.  P.  Stratton. 

July  3,  1854,  Rufus  King,  president;  Thomas  Mc- 
Lean, a  noted  squire;  John  C.  Wright,  celebrated  school 
man  and  educator  ;  Absolem  Death  ;  Lyman  Harding  who 
had  a  private  school,  and  who  became  superintendent  of 
schools. 

July  3,  1855,  Rufus  King,  president  (17  wards,  34 
members)  ;  Dr.  W.  B.  Davis,  brother  of  Dr.  John  Davis 
and  fathei  of  Dr.  Clark  W.  Davis,  health  officer  of  city, 
1903;  W.  M.  Hubbell ;  W.  H.  Harrison,  wholesale 
druggist  and  brother  of  L.  B.  Harrison,  president  First 
National  Bank;  F.  H.  Rowekamp ;  Dr.  C.  G.  Comegys, 
the  noted  physician  and  father  of  Attorney  Charles  G. 
Comegys. 

July  I,  1856,  Rufus  King,  president;  John  W. 
Herron,  the  attorney ;  Judge  Charles  P.  James  ;  Charles 
G.  Broadwell ;  John  W.  Dale,  still  (1902)  treasurer  of 
The  Robert  Clark  Company.  August  11,  1856,  the 
minutes  state:  "The  Board  met  for  the  first  time  in 
their  neat  and  commodious  session  room  on  the  first  floor 
of  The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute."  The  room  vacated 
was  in  the  Central  High  School  Building,  52  Center 
(Longworth)  Street. 

July  7,  1857,  R'-if'-is  King,  president ;  Isaac  J.  Allen, 
elected  superintendent  of  schools  August  23,  1858;  H. 
Thane  Miller,  founder  of  a  noted  school  for  girls  ;  James 
F.  Irwin. 


Board  of  Education  Members. 


51 


July  6,  1858,  Rufus  King,  president;  H.  Lackman  ; 
Christ.  Von  Seggern,  still  living  (1902);  James  M. 
Doherty. 

July  5,  1859,  Rufus  King,  president ;  the  late  Dr.  C. 
P.  Brent;  Lemuel  H.  Sargent;  C.  F.  Wilstach  (Wilstach 
Street). 

July  3,  i860, 
Rufus  King,  presi- 
dent ;  Max  Lilien- 
thal,  rabbi;  Dr.  J. 
M.  Scudder,  founder 
Eclectic  Medical  In- 
stitute. 

July  2,  1 86 1, 
Rufus  King,  presi- 
dent; Herman 
Eckel,  an  editor ; 
John  J.  Hooker; 
Lyman  Harding,  a 
m  ember  of  the 
Board,  elected  su- 
perintendent. 

Julyi,i862,Ru- 
fus  King,  president. 

July  7,  1863, 
Rufus  King,  presi- 
dent;  Colonel  S.  S. 
Fisher. 

July  5,  1864,  Rufus  King,  president;  Andrew  J. 
Rickoff;  Robert  Allison;  Thomas  J.  Melish  ;  Jabez  M. 
Waters. 

July  4,  1865,  Andrew  J.  Rickoft',  president;  Bishop 
J.  M.  Walden.  Salary  of  Lyman  Harding,  as  superin- 
tendent, raised  from  $1,750  to  $8  per  day.      i,8  wards. 


Francis  E.   Wilsox, 

Principal    Windsor   School    1888-89. 
Founder"  Public  School  Journal." 


52  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

July  3,  1866,  S.  S.  Fisher,  president;  E.  P.  Brad- 
street. 

July  2,  1867,  S.  S.  Fisher,  president.  Hot  contest 
for  superintendency.  A.  J.  Rickoff  elected,  but  on  July 
22d  he  declined  to  serve.  That  evening  the  salary  was 
raised  to  $3,500.  Eight  or  ten  meetings  were  held,  and 
on  September  the  9th  John  Hancock  was  elected  to  the 
office. 

July  7,  1868,  S.  S.  Fisher,  president.  John  Hancock 
re-elected  superintendent  by  acclamation.  Name  "  Board 
of  Education"  first  used. 

July  6,  1869,  H.  L.  Wehmer,  president;  W.  J. 
O'Neil,  Joseph  P.  Carberry,  S.  A,  Miller,  the  geologist 
(Mr.  Miller  is  really  the  man  who  threw  the  Bible  out  of 
the  schools)  ;  J.  F.  Wisnewski,  father  of  Edward  Wis- 
newski,  manager  of  the  Cincinnati  Enquirer ;  Thomas 
Vickers,  the  librarian.      ( 20  wards,  making  40  members. ) 

July  5,  1870,  Francis  Ferry,  president;  S.  S.  Davis, 
Iter  mayor  of  city  ;  D.  J.  MuUaney ;  Howard  Douglass; 
ReVi'A.  D.  Mayo;  W.  S.  Scarborough.  (24  wards,  48 
mf fibers.) 

*  July  4,  1 87 1,  J.  M.  Waters,  president;  Gustav 
Tafel,  mayor,  1897-1900;  Wm.  Strunk ;  L.  W.  Goss. 
Clerk  W.  F. -Hulbert  resigned,  and  B.  O.  M.  DeBeck 
succeeded  him. 

July  2,  1872,  L.  W.  Goss,  president;  Chester  W. 
Merrill,  later  elected  librarian  ;  Moses  F.  Wilson  ;  Chas. 
H.  Stephens. 

July  I,  1873,  L.  W.  Goss,  president.  (25  wards, 
50  members. ) 

April  20,  1874  (note  change  in  time  of  organization), 
L.  W.  Goss,  president.  June  15th  John  B.  Peaslee  was 
elected  superintendent  on  the  fourteenth  ballot,  after 
exciting  contest. 


Board  of  Education  Members.  53 

April  19,  1875,  W.  J.  O'Neil,  president;  Chas.  W. 
Whiteley;  Drausin  Wulsin ;  Benj.  H.  Cox;  John  Frey, 
manager  Dennison  House. 

April  17,  1876,  W.  J.  O'Neil,  president;  Dr.  W. 
H.  Mussey;  Dr.  J.  W.  Underbill;  W.  H.  Morgan, 
late  superintendent;  Robert  J.  Morgan,  of  U.  S. 
Playing  Card  Co. 

April  16,  1877, 
A.  C.  Sands,  presi- 
dent. 

April     15,    1878, 
A.    C.    Sands    presi- 
dent ;   Samuel  Bailey,  ^^V  ^IF^      W^-^ 
Jr.  ;  Fred  Raine,  late 

county  auditor ;  Tbeo-  ^^^^ib  ^ 

dore  llorstman  (aged 
2  i),  corporation 
counsel,  bead  of  Fu- 
sion movement,  1894, 
as  candidate  for  may- 
or ;  Gideon  C.  Wilson, 
county  solicitor,  1902. 

April  21,  1879, 
Dr.    W.    H.    Mussey,  Ernst    Rehm, 

president ;  Cbarles  A.  Member  Board  of  Education,  April, 
Miller,      late     county  1889,  December  10,  1894. 

treasurer ;     Tbos.     F. 

Shay;  Dr.  W.  H.  Falls;  J.  H.  Rendigs ;  Major  Jacob 
A.  Remley,  father  of  W.  H.  Remley,  principal  Twenty- 
eighth  District  School. 

April  19,  1880,  Dr.  J.  W.  Underbill,  president. 
Board  has  37  members,  12  elected  at  large,  and  i  from 
each  of  the  25  wards.  E.  Cort  Williams  ;  John  Straehley  ; 
Jacob  E.  Cormany  ;  Fred  S.  Spiegel,  now  a  judge. 


54  Board  of  Education. 

April  i8,  1881,  J.  W.  Underbill,  president;  H.  P. 
Boyden,  city  auditor,  1897-1900;  B.  F.  Ehrman ;  G. 
R.  Wahle,  postmaster ;  George  Emig. 

April  17,  1882,  Howard  Douglass,  president; 
Thomas  E.  Matthews,  brother  of  Alex  Matthews,  a 
member  in  1902;  H.  J.  Buntin  ;  Robert  G.  Stevenson, 
clerk. 

April  16,  1883,  Howard  Douglass,  president;  W. 
A.  Hopkins,  assistant  public  librarian  (1902);  J.  D. 
Wells. 

April  21,  1884,  JohnF.  McCarthy,  president;  H. 
H.  Mithoefer;  August  Herrmann;  August  H.  Bode;  H. 
M.  Rulison  ;   John  P.  Dehner ;   George  O.  Deckebach. 

April  20,  1885,  George  Emig,  president;  L.  M. 
Hadden  ;  Samuel  Weil,  Jr. 

April  19,  1886,  L.  L.  Sadler,  president;  Lee  R. 
Keck;  Wm.  Ruehrwein,  superintendent  Work  House, 
1902;  B.  Bettman,  collector  U.  S.  Internal  Revenue, 
1902.  Superintendents  to  be  elected  at  first  meeting 
in  May,  to  take  office  second  meeting  in  August.  Dr.  E. 
E.  White  elected  May  24th;  Wm.  Grautman,  assistant 
clerk. 

April  18,  1887  (members  at  large  abolished),  L.  L. 
Sadler,  president;  Wm.  Rendigs ;  J.  M.  Robinson.  2c^ 
members.  George  R.  Griffiths  elected  clerk.  He  died 
October  i,  1900. 

April  16,  1888  (30  wards,  30  members),  L.  M. 
Hadden,  president;  Chas.  Weidner,  Jr.,  president,  1899- 
1902;  F.  W.  Hartzell;  Herman  Knost.  W.  C.  Ziegler 
elected  clerk  to  superintendent  of  schools  December  3d. 

April  15,  1889,  L.  M.  Hadden,  president;  Ernst 
Rehm ;  A.  L.  Herrlinger.  May  6th  W.  H.  Morgan 
elected  superintendent;    took  office  August  ist. 


Board  of  Education  Members. 


55 


April  7,  1890,  Wm.  Rendigs,  president;  Phillip 
Renner  ;  Jos.  O'Hara  ;  Oscar  Kuhn,  president  University 
Board  (1902). 

April  20,  1891,  Wm.  Rendigs,  president;  Dr.  H.  W. 
Albers ;  J.  C.  Harper;  Joseph  Parker. 

April  18,  1892, 
A.  L.  Herrlinger, 
president;  E.  R. 
Monfort,  postmas- 
ter (1902). 

April  17,  1893, 
A.  L.  Herrlinger, 
president;  John 
Grimm,  Jr.  ;  Wm. 
McCallister  ;  Geo. 
Friedlein ;  Dr.  L. 
J.  Fogel. 

April  16,  1894, 
A.  L.  Herrlinger, 
president;  Alex 
Matthews ;  John 
Schwaab ;  J.  O. 
Woodward. 

April  15,  1895, 
A.  L.  Herrlinger, 
president. 

April  20,  1896, 
E.  R.  Monfort, 
president;  Dr.  J. 
C.  Culbertson.      (31  wards.) 

April  19,  1897,  E.  R.  Monfort,  president;  Theo.  A. 
Fray;  L.  E.  Keller;  Aug.  Meltzer ;  George  Rethman  ; 
Thomas  J.  Whalen. 

April  j8,  1898,  Captain  E.  R.  Monfort,  president. 


John  Marshall  Smeades, 

Chairman  Business  Men's  Club 
Committee  on  Education. 


56  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

April  17,  1899,  Charles  Weidner,  Jr.,  president; 
Dr.  B.  F.  Lyle ;  Dr.  S.  B.  Marvin ;  Nicholas  Long- 
worth ;  J.  G.  O'Connell.  Superintendent  W.  H.  Mor- 
gan resigned  August  14th,  to  take  efiFect  September 
15th;  retired  September  5th,  and  R.  G.  Boone  elected 
at  once. 

April  16,  1900-2,   Charles  Weidner,   Jr.,   president. 

ROLL    OF    MEMBERS. 

Election  April  2,  1900,  for  three  years  (April  16,  1903). 
Ward.  Member. 

1  John  G.  O'Connell,  attorney-at-law. 

2  Dr.  Felix  G.  Cross,  insurance  agent. 

3  Jos.  H.  Toelke,  saloonist. 

4  F.  W.  Hartzel,  agent. 

5  S.  B.  Marvin,  physician,  druggist. 

6  Theo.  A.  Frey,  superintendent,  chemist. 

7  H.  G.  Hauck,  attorney-at-law. 

8  J.  I.  Bonar,  physician,  vice  P.  D.  Spaeth. 

9  H.  W.  Albers,  physician. 
10  John  Grimm,  Jr.,  agent. 

-If  George  Friedlein,  clerk  to  city  auditor. 

12  Wm.  Fahrenbruck,  insurance. 

13  Chas.  A.  Stammel,  physician,  druggist. 

14  Wm.  J.  Klein,  attorney-at-law. 

15  M.  G.  Heintz,  attorney-at-law. 

16  J.  M.  Robinson,  manufacturer. 

17  Jos.  C.  Marcus,  physician. 

18  Dr.  J.  C.  Culbertson,  editor  Lancet- Clinic. 

19  Joseph  J.  Parker,  grocer  and  saloonist. 

20  Dr.  C.  W.  Cullen,  J.  W.  MofFatt,  E.  D.  Bolger. 

21  George  Rethman,  clerk. 

22  Alex  Matthews,  manufacturer. 

23  August  Meltzer,  collector. 

24  J.  E.  Cormany,  deputy  sheriff. 


Board  of  Education  Members.  57 

Ward.  Member. 

35  Louis  E.  Keller,  hardware  dealer. 

26  John  Schwaab,  attorney-at-law. 

27  Chas.  Weidner,  Jr.,  clerk  Court  Common  Pleas. 

28  Fred.  H.  Ballman,  manufacturer. 

29  B.  F.  Lyle,  physician. 

30  Geo.  H.  Morris,  foundryman. 

31  Louis  J.  Dauner,  vice  C.  L.  Nippert,  resigned. 

officers  of  the  board  in   1902. 

Chas.  Weidner,  Jr.,  president;  Jacob  E.  Cormany, 
vice-president;  Wm.  Grautman,  clerk,  third  floor,  City 
Hall ;  Fred  M.  Holder,  assistant  clerk,  third  floor.  City 
Hall. 

Office  of  the  Board,  southeast  rooms  on  third  floor 
of  City  Hall,  Eighth  and  Plum  Streets;   telephone  263. 

OFFICERS    OF    THE    SCHOOLS. 

R.  G.  Boone,  superintendent  of  schools;  F.  B.  Dyer, 
H.  H.  FicH,  assistants,  offices  third  floor.  City  Hall, 
extreme  southeast  rooms;  Henry  Klein,  superintendent 
of  buildings,  office  910  Main  Street ;  Wm.  C.  Ziegler, 
clerk  superintendent  of  schools,  office  third  floor.  City 
Hall ;  A.  B.  Clement,  truant  officer,  office  third  floor. 
City  Hall. 

The  following  are  the  eighteen  regular  standing 
committees  : 

Auditing,  3  ;  boundaries,  transfers,  and  hygiene,  3  ; 
buildings  and  repairs,  5;  course  of  study,  text-books, 
and  apparatus,  5;  deaf-mute  school,  3;  discipline  and 
morals,  5  ;  funds  and  claims,  5  ;  furniture  and  supplies, 
5  ;  german  department,  5  ;  heating,  fixtures,  and  fuel,  5  ; 
law,  3 ;  lots,  3 ;  night  schools,  5 ;  normal  school  and 
Teachers'  Institute,  3  ;  printing,  3  ;  rules  and  regulations, 
3;   special  teachers,  3;  teachers  and  salaries,  5. 


58  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  Board  meets  every  two  weeks,  on  Monday 
evenings  at  8  o'clock.  Committees  usually  meet  in  the 
afternoon  at  4.  Bill  days  occur  once  a  month,  and  the 
Fridays  following  bill  days  are  pay  days  for  teachers, 
clerks,  etc.      The  Board  organizes  on  Monday  afternoons 


Harry  S.  Johnson, 

Hughes  Class,  1887;     Superintendent 
Central  Union  Depot. 

at  3,  previous  to  the  regular  meeting  of  that  evening. 
Organization  day  is  usually  a  gala  affair.  Board  members 
receiving  flowers  and  presents  from  friends  and  constit- 
uents.     At  the  meeting    of  April   16,    1900,   the  session 


Board   of   Education   Members.  59 

room,  City  Hall,  was  crowded  to  suffocation  with  admir- 
ing friends  of  the  Board  members,  while  the  desks  of  the 
members  were  completely  covered  with  great  bouquets. 
The  clerk  administers  the  oath  of  office  to  the  president, 
who  in  turn  swears  in  the  other  officers.  Formerly 
the  mayor  officiated  at  organizations. 

PRESIDENTS. 

July,  1839  (one  meeting),  N.  Guilford  (chairman.) 
April,  1829,  April,  1832,  Oliver  M.  Spencer. 
April,  1832,  July  9th,  Nathan  Guilford. 
July  9,  1832,  July  5,  1838,  Peyton  S.  Symmes. 
July  5,  1838,  July  6,  1842,  Elam  P.  Langdon. 
July  6,  1842,  July  I,  1843,  James  H.  Perkins. 
July  I,  1843,  October  20,  1846,  Joseph  Ray. 
October  20,  1846,  July  6,  1848,  William  Hooper. 
July  6,  1848,  July  6,  1852,  Bellamy  Storer. 
July  6,  1852,  July  4,  1865,  Rufus  King. 
July  4,  1865,  July  3,  1866,  Andrew  J.  Rickoff. 
July  3,  1866,  July  6,  1869,  S.  S.  Fisher. 
July  6,  1869,  July  5,  1870,  H.  L.  Wehmer 
July  5,  1870,  July  4,  1 87 1,  Francis  Ferry. 
July  4,  1 87 1,  July  2,  1872,  J.  M.  Waters, 
July  2,  1872,  April  19,  1875,  Len  W.  Goss. 
April  19,  1875,  April  ]6,  1877,  Wm.  J.  O'Neil. 
April  16,  1877,  April  21,  1879,  A.  C.  Sands. 
April  21,  1879,  April  19,  1880,  Dr.  W.  H.   Mussey. 
April  19,  1880,  April  17,  1882,  Dr.  J.  W.  Underbill. 
April  17,  1882,  April  21,  1884,  Howard  Douglass. 
April  21,  1884,  April  20,  1885,  John  F.   McCarthy. 
April  20,  1885,  April  19,  1886,  George  Emig. 
April  19,  1886,  April  16,  1888,  L.  L.  Sadler, 
April  16,  1888,  April  7,  1890,  L.  M.  Hadden. 
April  7,  1890,  April  18,  1892,  William  Rendigs. 


6o  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

April  i8,  1892,  April  20,  1896,  A.  L.  Herrlinger. 

April  20,  1696,  April  17,  1899,  E.  R.  Monfort. 

April  17,  1899,  April,  1902,  Chas.  Weidner. 

(Note. — The  date  1902  under  pictures,  and  in  the 
foregoing,  means  that  the  parties  are  still  in  office  at 
writing.) 


CHAPTER  V. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

CINCINNATI  has  had  ten  superintendents  of  public 
schools,  only  one  of  whom  came  directly  from  the 
teachers'  ranks.  This  one  was  John  B.  Peaslee.  He  was  a 
principal  when  elected.  The  rest  had  taught  school  some, 
a  few  had  taught  in  this  city,  and  six  of  the  ten  had  been 
members  of  the  Board  of  Education. 

The  act  of  March  23,  1850  (a  special  act),  authorized 
the  election  of  a  superintendent  of  public  schools  by 
popular  vote,  and  Nathan  Guilford  was  chosen  the  first 
Monday  in  April.  He  took  hold  the  week  of  the  24th 
following,  and  served  to  June  30,  1852,  when  Dr.  Joseph 
Merrill  succeeded  him.  Dr.  Merrill  had  been  elected  by 
the  people  at  the  polls.  He  is  described  as  a  "good 
fellow  "  who  knew  considerable  about  the  schools. 

In  President  Storer's  annual  report  of  June  30,  1850, 
is  the  following  : 

"  At  the  spring  election  Nathan  Guilford,  Esq.,  was 
chosen  superintendent  of  the  common  schools.  The  law 
under  which  he  was  appointed  was  passed  by  the  last 
legislature,  and  the  Board  was  authorized  to  prescribe  his 
duties  and  provide  for  his  salary.       His  salary  has  been 


Superintendents. 


6i 


fixed  at  $800  per  annum.  Though  Mr.  Guilford  has 
been  but  a  short  time  in  office,  he  has  visited  all  the 
schools,"  etc. 

That  Mr.   Guilford  had  some  contest  with  his  Board 
is  apparent,  but  what  it  was  cannot  be  learned  from  the 
minutes,  which  are  strangely  silent,  although  they  commend 
Mr.    Guilford   for  his 
scholarship,      success, 
etc.    On  July  5,  1853, 
is  recorded  the  follow- 
ing :       "An    applica- 
tion of  Nathan  Guil- 
ford, to  be  appointed 
superintendent    of 
common  schools,   was 
read  and  filed." 

Mr.  Guilford 
seems  to  have  had 
modern  ideas  on  edu- 
cation. In  his  annual 
report  of  June  30, 
1852,  he  says  : 

"No  one  can 
visit  a  school  in  which 
the    teacher    has    the 

art,  tact,  and  force  of  character  to  govern  without  the  rod, 
and  witness  the  love  and  confidence  existing  between  the 
teacher  and  pupils,  and  the  beautiful  order  and  progress 
in  their  studies,  without  being  convinced  of  the  infinite 
superiority  of  this  kind  of  government,  I  am  happy  to 
say  that  we  have  many  instructors  of  this  kind  in  our 
schools.  Such  teachers  should,  if  possible,  be  retained  and 
well  paid,  and  all  such  as  find  it  necessary  to  have 
frequent   recourse   to   the   rod   and,    like   so   many  petty 


.^^ 

tn^ 

''''flHHH 

^.M^^ 

^ 

^^^> 

George  W.   Oyler, 

Ex-Principal,  after  Whom  the  George 
W.  Oyler  School   Was  Named, 


63  Schools  of  Cincinnati, 

tyrants,  can  govern  only  by  brute  force,  should  be  dis- 
missed as  having  w^holly  mistaken  their  profession." 

Mr.  Guilford  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  1786.  He 
graduated  from  Yale  in  181 2,  and  began  the  practice  of 
law  in  Cincinnati  in  18 16.  He  published  a  letter  on  free 
education,  urging  an  ad  valorem  tax  ( 1822),  which  was 
published  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1823-4.  He  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate  for  the  express  purpose  of 
having  enacted  a  law  providing  for  means  of  education 
(1824).  This  law  provided  for  half  a  mill  on  taxable 
property  and  was  passed  by  the  Senate  January  26,  1825, 
by  a  vote  of  28  to  8,  and  passed  House  February  ist  by 
vote  of  48  to  24. 

April  20,  1852,  Joseph  Merrill  notified  the  Board 
that  he  had  been  elected  and  qualified  as  superintendent 
of  common  schools  and  was  ready  to  begin  service.  The 
matter  was  referred  to  a  committee,  which  reported  a  week 
later  as  follows  : 

"  The  law"  creating  the  ofiice  of  superintendent  has  no 
provision  fixing  the  time  when  his  term  of  office  shall 
commence.  Your  committee  recommends  that  the  official 
term  of  office  shall  commence  annually  on  the  first  day  of 
July,  and  terminate  the  end  of  one  year  thereafter." 
This  was  adopted.  The  schools  were  opened  the  first 
Monday  in  August.  One  year  sufficed  for  Dr.  Merrill, 
who  seems  to  have  received  $600  for  his  services,  or  $50 
less  than  principals.  Mr.  Merrill  was  born  in  Rocking- 
ham County,  New  Hampshire,  the  same  county  John 
B.  Peaslee  was  born  in. 

The  legislature  of  1853  gave  the  Trustees  and  Visitors 
the  power  to  appoint  their  superintendent,  and  on  October 
nth  following  Henry  A.  Barnard,  of  Hartford,  Ct., 
was  elected ;  but  on  December  27th  of  the  same 
year    he    wrote   a   letter    declining   the    position,    owing 


Superintendents. 


63 


probably  to  the  small  salary.  Salaries  were  not  very  high 
at  this  time.  W.  B.  Wheeler  was  a  principal  at  $65  per 
month.  John  Hancock  was  an  assistant  at  $35  per 
month.  Women  teachers  received  as  low  as  $16  per 
month,  and  most  got  only  $20  to  $25.  H.  H.  Barney, 
principal  of  Hughes,  received  $125. 

For  some  months 
the  superintendency 
was  vacant.  April 
II,  1853,  Mr.  Rickoff 
had  resigned  the 
principalship  of  the 
Sixth  District  School, 
to  enter  private  busi- 
ness. (He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Han- 
cock.) The  Board 
tendered  him  the  va- 
cancy, but  he  declined 
until  the  salary  had 
been  fixed  at  $1,200, 
when  he  accepted. 
This  was  March  6, 
1854.  ^^-  Guilford 
was  a  candidate  that 
night,  and  was  nomi- 
nated, receiving  a  few 

votes.  In  a  few  months  Mr.  Rickoff's  salary  was  raised 
to  $1,500  per  annum.  He  served  to  June  30,  1858,  when 
he  declined  re-election. 

No  election  could  be  made  at  once,  but  on  August 
23,  1858,  Mr.  Speer  nominated  for  superintendent 
Lyman  Harding  and  H.  H.  Barney;  Mr.  Miller  nomi- 
nated Isaac  J.  Allen  ;   Dr.  W.  B.  Davis  nominated  Cyrus 


A.  B.  Johnson, 

Principal  Avondale  Schools, 
1854  to  1902. 


64 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Nason  ;  and  Mr.  Hopkins  nominated  John  Hancock.  On 
the  second  ballot  Mr.  Allen  received  19  votes  and  was 
therefore  elected.  He  asked  for  one  week  to  consider, 
and  this  was  granted.  He  was  then  vice-president  of  the 
Board.  August  30th  he  accepted  the  situation  and 
resigned  as  a  member  of  the  Board.  The  salary  was 
raised  that  evening  from  $1,500  to  $1,700. 


J 

1 

(4 

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1, 

1  • 

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J 

I   % 

:'t'  '■?             m 

* 

Windsor  Public  School, 

Wfndsor  Street,  Walnut  Hills ;  erected    1886-92 
cost,  $60,004;   16  rooms,  seats  840  pupils; 
James  E.  Sherwood,  Principal;  Dr.  J. 
C.  Culbertson,  Trustee. 


Mr.  Allen  later  became  a  national  character.  He 
was  a  friend  of  President  Lincoln's  and  had  a  strong 
liking  for  politics.  He  declined  to  serve  after  July  2, 
1861,  and  went  to  Columbus  O.,  where  he  bought  an 
interest  in  the  Ohio  State  yournal.  Later  he  was 
appointed  consul  to  Hong  Kong.  He  is  still  living  at 
Morristown,  N.  J.    The  picture  shows  him  at  the  age  of  86. 


>    2. 

O 

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3 

It        ? 


SuPKinXTENDENTS.  65 

Mr.  Allen  was  succeeded  by  another  member  of  the 
Board,  Lyman  Harding,  who  conducted  a  girls'  seminary 
on  the  south  side  of  Fourth  Street,  between  Race  and 
Elm.  Mr.  Harding  was  elected  July  2,  1861,  and  seems 
to  have  taken  charge  at  once.  He  pushed  reading  and 
elocution  and  was,  from  all  accounts,  a  courtly  and  accom- 
plished gentleman.  He  retired  July  2,  1867,  and  for  a 
year  kept  a  seminary  at  Newberry,  near  Milford,0.  This 
failing,  he  gave  up  the  profession  to  enter  politics  (he 
was  a  Republican,  like  his  predecessor),  and  took  a  posi- 
tion in  the  Post  Office  Money  Order  Division,  where  he  re- 
mained 23  years.  He  died  July  31,  1897.  EdwardC.  Hard- 
ing, the  insurance  man,  is  his  son,  as  was  Lyman  Harding 
Jr. ,  the  late  principal.  Mrs.  Edwin  C.  Peebles  is  a  daugh- 
ter. Mr.  Harding  was  born  in  New  York  State  (1815) 
and  graduated  from  Miami  University,  Oxford,  O.,  with 
Rev.  Monfort,  the  venerable  father  of  Postmaster  Monfort. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  mathematics.  For  some 
years  he  taught  in  the  Cincinnati  College,  when  the 
McGuffeys  were  at  the  head  of  that  famous  school.  As  a 
young  man,  he  taught  country  schools  in  Kentucky. 

The  Board  next  elected  Ex-Superintendent  Rickoff, 
despite  his  protest,  and  raised  the  salary  from  |8  per  day 
to  .$3,500  per  annum,  thinking  he  would  accept,  but  he 
still  refused,  and  so  officially  notified  the  Board  on  July 
2 2d.  John  Hancock  was  thereupon  chosen  September 
9,  1867,  at  a  salary  of  $3,500.  He  retained  the  position 
6  years,  9  months,  and  21  days,  retiring  on  June  30,  1874. 

John  Hancock  was  born  February  18,  1825,  near 
Point  Pleasant,  O.  He  started  to  teach  in  Clermont 
County,  and  was  appointed  first  assistant  in  the  old  Sixth 
District  School  when  Mr.  Rickoff  was  principal.  He 
was  elected  principal  of  this  school  April  11,  1853,  when 
Mr.  Rickoff  resigned.      Later  he  was  }^»^nointed  principal 

[5] 


(6r,) 


Lyman  Hardinc;, 

Superintendent  from  July  8,  1861,  to  July  2,  1867. 
He  Received  $8  per  Day  for  His  Services. 


Superintendents.  67 

of  the  First  Intermediate  School,  Court  and  Baymiller 
Streets. 

April  20,  1861,  the  teachers  of  Cincinnati  organized 
a  military  company  of  home  guards,  and  in  1863  the 
teachers  of  the  public  and  private  schools  were  organized 
into  the  "  Teachers  Rifle  Company,"  which,  May  2,  1864, 
became  part  of  the  138th  Regiment,  O.  V.  I.,  in  camp 
under  Col.  S.  S.  Fisher,  ex-president  of  the  Board. 
Superintendent  John  Hancock  was  a  private  in  this 
regiment. 

After  the  war,  Mr.  Hancock  resigned  the  principal- 
ship  of  the  First  Intermediate  School  and  became  super- 
intendent of  Nelson's  Commercial  College.  In  1866  he 
was  employed  by  Wilson,  Hinkle  &  Co.  (now  American 
Book  Company)  to  collect  material  for  a  ne^v  series  of 
readers.  He  remained  but  one  year,  for  in  September  he 
was  elected  superintendent,  which  office  he  filled  with 
great  success  until  Mr.  Peaslee  was  elected.  Mr.  Hancock 
was  at  once  elected  superintendent  of  the  Dayton,  O., 
schools,  remaining  until  1884  under  Republican  city  rule, 
and  he  was  retired  by  a  strictly  party  vote  when  the 
Democratic  Party  came  in  power.  In  1885  he  was  elected 
superintendent  of  schools  at  Chillicothe,  O.  He  resigned 
in  1889  to  take  the  oflice  of  State  school  commissioner, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Foraker,  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  Eli  T.  Tappan.  November,  1889, 
he  was  elected  commissioner.  He  died  of  apoplexy  June 
I,  1891,  while  sitting  at  his  desk  in  the  State  House  at 
Columbus.  One  of  Mr.  Hancock's  sons  went  recently 
(1901)  lo  the  Philippines  where  he  is  serving  in  the 
army. 


68  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

JOHN  B.  PEASLEE,  aged  33,  was  elected  June  15, 
1874,  but  did  not  take  charge  until  July  ist,  so  as  to 
allow  Mr.  Hancock  to  close  the  schools  properly. 
Mr.  Peaslee's  salary  was  $3,500  through  his  entire  term  of 
12  years,  i  month,  and  15  days.  He  enjoyed  to  a 
remarkable  degree  the  love  and  respect  of  the  teachers 
and  pupils,  and  his  term  might  well  be  called  the  golden 
age  in  Cincinnati  school  history.  He  was  the  only 
teacher  in  Cincinnati  promoted  directly  to  the  superin- 
tendency,  and  his  familiarity  with  details  no  doubt  gave 
him  that  wonderful  hold  which  he  had  upon  his  position. 
Mr.  Peaslee  was  born  at  Plaistow,  Rockingham  County, 
New  Hampshire,  September  3,  1842,  and  he  was,  it  is 
believed,  the  youngest  man  ever  elected  superintendent  of 
so  large  a  system  of  schools  in  this  country. 

He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native  village  ; 
also  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  at  Atkinson  and  Gilmanton 
Academies.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in 
1863.  Soon  after  he  was  elected  principal  of  the  North 
Grammar  School,  Columbus,  O.,  reaching  Ohio  on  his 
twenty-second  birthday.  October  3,  1864,  he  resigned 
and  came  to  Cincinnati  as  first  assistant  of  the  Third 
District  School.  In  1867  he  was  elected  principal  of  the 
Fifth  District  School ;  in  1869,  of  the  Second  Intermedi- 
ate (grammar)  School;  in  1873  the  Ninth  District 
School  was  placed  under  his  charge  also. 

During  the  twelve  years  he  w^as  superintendent,  Mr. 
Peaslee  inaugurated  a  number  of  reforms  and  improve- 


h-l     (J 

•8 


70  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ments,  one  being  a  method  of  teaching  addition  and 
subtraction  in  the  primary  grades,  and  called  by  him  the 
"  Tens  Method,"  published  by  Dr.  John  Mickleborough, 
and  called  the  "  Peaslee  Method."  Mr.  Peaslee  also 
started  the  system  of  ruling  slates  and  paper,  thus  requir- 
ing the  pupils  to  do  neat  work  and  inculcating  habits  of 
carefulness  that  did  not  formerly  prevail  in  school  work. 
He  was  a  strong  advocate  of  moral  instruction,  and  his 
"Memory  Gems"  were  extensively  taught.  Pupils 
committed  to  memory  these  quotations  and  short  poems, 
and  on  stated  occasions  they  were  recited  in  class  rooms 
and  in  public.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Peaslee  inaugu- 
rated the  celebration  of  authors'  birthdays  and  the  cel- 
ebration of  Arbor  Day,  by  planting  and  dedicating  trees, 
by  the  pupils,  in  honor  and  memory  of  American  authors. 

On  October  18,  1889,  the  American  Forestry  Con- 
gress planted  near  Agricultural  Hall,  in  Fairmount  Park, 
Philadelphia,  an  oak  tree,  and  dedicated  it  to  Mr.  Peaslee, 
"  in  recognition  of  his  distinguished  services  in  promoting 
the  cause  of  popular  fores<"ry,  and  especially  in  introducing 
the  celebration  of  Arbor  Day  by  the  public  schools  of 
Cincinnati,  and  thereafter  of  the  country."  (From  the 
resolution  passed  by  the  congress.)  The  "  Peaslee  Oak  " 
is  one  of  five  planted  and  dedicated  at  that  meeting. 

Publications. — First.  A  book  containing  gems  of 
literature  for  young  and  old,  entitled  "  Graded  Selections 
for  Memorizing,  Adapted  for  Use  at  Home  and  in  School," 
published  by  the  American  Book  Company. 

Second.  A  pamphlet  of  64  pages,  entitled  "  Trees 
and  Tree-planting,  with  Exercises  and  Directions  for  the 
Celebration  of  Arbor  Day,"  published  in  1883  by  the 
United  States  Government. 

Third.  An  address,  "School  Celebration  of  Arbor 
Dav,"   delivered  before  the  vSuperintendents'  Section  of 


William  Strunk, 

Attorney-at-law;  former  principal  of  12th  Dist.  and  2d  Int.; 
six  years  school  examiner;  two  years  Public  Library  trustee, 
one  as  president ;  four  years  member  Board  of  Education;  eight 
years  director  University  of  Cincinnati.  Identified  with  Cin- 
cinnati schools  as  teacher  14  years,  as  official  20  years. 
(70A) 


George  Bardes. 

Member  Board  of   Education    1893    to    1900.     Through  Mr. 
Bardes'  efforts  the  Webster  School  was  erected,  1897-8.     He  also 
secured  the  Christian  Moerlein  Library  for  the  same  school. 
(70B) 


bUPERIXTENDKNTS. 


71 


the  National  Educational    Association    at    Washington, 
D.    C,    in    1884,    also    published   by    the    Government. 
Fourth.      An    address,    "  Moral  and  Literary  Train- 
ing   in    Public    Schools,"    delivered   before  the  National 


Wkbster  School, 

Named  after  Noah  Webster,  located  at  Findlay  and 
Bremen;  erected   1898;   cost,  $63,260;  18  rooms, 
seats  1,000  pupils;  George  F.  Braun,  Princi- 
pal; Dr.  Charles  A.  Stammel,  Trustee. 

Educational    Association     at     its     meeting     in     Atlanta, 
Ga.,  in  1 88 1. 

Fifth.  An  address,  "German  Instruction  in  Public 
Schools,  and  Its  Helpful  Influence  on  Public  School 
Education,"    delivered    before    the      National     (lerman- 


72  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

American  Teachers'  Association  at  Chicago  in  1889,  and 
publisiied  by  that  body. 

Sixth.  "  Thouglits  and  Experiences  In  and  Out  of 
Scho(.l"  (1900),  a  book  of  400  pages  of  great  literary 
vahie. 

Seventh.  An  address,  "  History  of  the  Introduction 
of  German  Methods  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Ohio," 
delivered  in  the  German  language  before  the  Ohio  Ger- 
man Teachers'  Association  at  Sandusky,  in  1895  ;  and 
twelve  annual  reports  of  the  Cincinnati    Public  Schools. 

Eighth.  A  volume,  "  Occasional  Verses  and 
Sacred  Songs"  (in  press,  1902).  Besides  the  above,  he 
has  written  many  articles  for  educational  journals  and 
the  public  press,  and  delivered  numerous  lectures  on 
American  authors  and  literature,  and  on  forestry,  etc. 

Mr.  Peaslee  is  director  of  the  University  of  Cincin- 
nati, trustee  of  Woodward  High  School  Funds,  and 
member  of  the  Union  Board  of  High  Schools  ;  was  for 
nine  years  trustee  of  Miami  University,  Oxford,  O.  ;  for 
three  years  trustee  of  Wilberforce  University,  Wilber- 
force,  O.  ;  for  twenty  years  a  director  of  the  Ohio  Humane 
Society  ;  is  life  member  of  the  National  Council  of  Edu- 
cation ;  life  member  of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation, and  ex-president  of  one  of  its  departments  ;  an 
honorary  life  member  of  the  National  German-Ameri- 
can Teachers'  Association  ;  also  honorary  life  member  of 
the  Ohio  German  Teachers'  Association  ;  is  a  member  of 
the  German  Literary  Club  of  Cincinnati ;  treasurer  of  the 
Cincinnati  Free  German  Kindergarten  Association ; 
president  of  the  Ohio  State  Forestry  Bureau ;  an 
ex-member  ('f  the  Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and  in  1890  a  delegate  from  the  same  to  the  National 
Board  of  Trade. 

Mr.  Peaslee  is  a  thirty-second  degree    Mason  ;     Past 


SAMPLE  WORK   IN   ARITHMETIC 


Superintendent  John  B.  Peaslee  Inaue;urated  This  System 
of  Slate  Work    Early  in  His  Administration. 


n^) 


74  Schools  of  Cincixxati. 

Eminent  Commander  of  Hanselmann  Commandery,  No. 
i6,  Knights  Templar;  Past  Master  of  Lafayette  Lodge, 
No.  8i,  F.  and  A.  M.,  the  lodge  of  which  General 
Lafayette  was  created  an  honorary  member,  and  whose 
by-laws  he  signed  in  person,  May  19,  1825;  Past  Noble 
Grand  of  Magnolia  Lodge,  No.  83,  I.  O.  O.  F.  ;  charter 
member  and  Past  Chancellor  Douglass  Lodge,  No.  16, 
Knights  of  Pythias ;  an  associate  member  of  E.  F.  Noyes 
and  R.  L.  McCook  Post,  No.  30,  G.  A.  R.  ;  secretary  of 
the  New  England  Society  of  Cincinnati  ;  and  a  member 
and  ex-president  of  Dartmouth  Alumni  Association,  also 
of  the  Zeta  Psi  Greek  Fraternity. 

In  1888,  and  again  in  1891,  Mr.  Peaslee  was  elected, 
for  the  term  of  three  years  each,  clerk  of  the  courts  of 
Hamilton  County,  Ohio.  In  1895  he  was  candidate  for 
lieutenant-governor  of  Ohio,  on  the  ticket  with  Ex- 
Governor  James  E.  Campbell,  and  in  1900  he  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Congress,  First  District  of  Ohio. 

April  25,  1878.  he  married  Miss  Lew  Wright, 
the  daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  F.  Wright,  and  great- 
granddaughter,  on  her  mother's  side,  of  General  John  S. 
Gano,  of  the  War  of  181 2,  one  of  the  first  thirty-three 
settlers  of  Cincinnati.  On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage  he 
was  presented  by  his  fraters  of  Hanselmann  Commandery, 
Knights  Templar — who  attended  in  a  body  in  full  uniform, 
and  formed  an  "  arch  of  steel,"  under  which  the  bridal 
party  marched  from  the  carriages  to  the  altar — with  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  elaborate  jewels  ever  manu- 
factured in  America. 

Mrs.  Peaslee  died  July  18,  1894.  She  was  a  charm- 
ing character,  a  lady  of  refinement  and  culture,  one  of  the 
most  popular  women  in  Cincinnati.  She  was  associate 
commissioner  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  Cincinnati 
in    1888.       Mrs.    Peaslee  was  one  of  the  orjranizers  and  a 


Superintendents. 


75 


director  for  years  of  the  English  Free  Kindergarten 
Association ;  and  while  she  was  deeply  interested  in 
humane  work,  she  was  at  the  same  time  a  patron  of 
literature,  art,  and  music. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  correct  pronunciation, 
Mr.  Peaslee  introduced,  both  in  the  Cincinnati  and  in  the 


The  Late  H.  H.  Mithoefer, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  1884  to  1897 
also  Member  Public  Library  Board. 


State  Board  of  Examiners  for  Teachers,  orthoepy  as  a 
distinct  branch  of  stjidy,  upon  which  candidates  for 
teachers'  certificates  are  required  to  be  examined.  This 
important  innovation  has  been  largely  followed  by  city 
and   county  boards    of   examiners,  and,   as  a  gratifying 


76  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

result,  there  has  been  a  vast  improvement  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  both  teachers  and  scholars  in  the  Ohio  schools. 
In  this  connection  he  advocated  the  introduction  of  the 
diacritical  marks  into  our  readers,  which  has  been 
accomplished. 

Degrees. — In  1863  Dartmouth  College  conferred 
upon  Mr.  Peaslee  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in 
1866  that  of  Master  of  Arts  ;  in  1866  Cincinnati  College, 
at  his  graduation  from  the  Law  Department,  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Laws  ;  in  1879  the  Ohio  State  University, 
the  degree  of  Doctorsof  Philosophy  ;  and  in  1869  the  Uni- 
versity of  Turin,  Italy,  sent  Mr.  Peaslee  a  diploma  of  life- 
membership  of  that  renowned  institution  of  learning,  in 
recognition  of  the  excellence  of  the  Cincinnati  school 
exhibit  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  .1878.  Mr.  Peaslee's 
degrees  are  therefore  :  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  L.  L.  B.,  and  Ph.  D. 
At  45  Mr.  Peaslee  began  the  study  of  German,  and 
speaks  the  language  with  fluency. 

In  1883  the  educational  commission  appointed  by 
he  French  Government  to  examine  the  various  questions 
:3nnected  with  teaching  in  the  United  States,  reported 
.0  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  : 

"  At  Cincinnati,  the  children  are  intelligent,  amiable, 
cheerful,  natural,  and  properly  disciplined.  The  methods 
and  aims  which  regulate  the  teaching  in  the  different 
branches  give  value,  force,  and  very  great  attraction  to 
the  studies.  It  seem  that  here,  more  than  anywhere  else, 
instruction  is  considered  a  means  of  which  education  is 
the  end.  Hence  the  teaching  is  so  directed  as  to  elevate 
the  mind  and  produce  a  moral  progress. 

"  The  time  given  to  reading  and  literary  exercises  is 
very  considerable.  The  pupils  of  all  the  schools  take  part 
in  this  kind  of  work,  according  to  their  capacity ;  and  in 
the  upper  classes  they  are  sufficiently  familiar  with  the 


Cr/(^^.^^r-  Sy/^-'& 


Ve-<<-t^ 


'ptCc^^^z^^ty^. 


'>t-t7tC^.-d'C'l7t'<Hl^,^C-  op-yt-c^.^ityCi^z^e-'urt^ 


(^yt-crrz^^^U/:.f7-j^tC4..A^^  '^^^'■ 


.~icyf'iC-€^-M/^i>^^^ce^''^^i^cey 


Cc<^6^g.w^A^^^-£^^^>::^^^-c'^i^:;;^<^^:^^>^  ^2C^«^^^=^-i>^^^ . 


A^^l^:^^^^ 


<jrud^li^J^ 


CJo.£<ic^oAy 


^^^ 


A  MODEL   SPELLING  EXERCISE 


Another  Sample  of  Fine  Slate  Work  Begun  During 

Mr.  Peaslee's  Term  of  Office.  •  (71 


8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


great  writers  to  make  quotations  from  their  principal 
works,  and  they  are  able  to  recite  from  memory  many 
fine  passages  from  the  English  and  American  poets.  One 
may  see  on  the  blackboards  entire  pieces  written  by  the 
scholars.  They  are  never  unprepared.  One  may  demand 
from  them  with  confidence  pieces  from  Longfellow,  Bry- 
ant, or  Shakespeare.  The  pupils  take  in  these  literary 
recreations  a  very  lively  interest,  which  everything  else 
contributes  to  increase  and  develop. 

"The  superintendent  has  recently  introduced  into  the 
schools  the  celebration  of  the  birthdays  of  the  great  men 
who  have  made  their  country  famous — useful  citizens, 
poets,  statesmen.  These  festivals,  which  occur  suffi- 
ciently often,  are  genuine  tournaments,  for  which  the 
pupils  who  are  to  figure  in  them  prepare  themselves  in 
advance,  and  here  they  recite,  with  talent  and  almost 
without  pretension,  choice  pieces  from  the  w^orks  of  the 
person  whose  memory  they  that  day  honor.  These 
reunions,  which  have  the  character  of  family  festivals,  are 
also,  to  the  authorities  who  preside,  the  occasion  for 
approving  and  encouraging  words  addressed  to  teachers 
and  pupils,  all  of  whom  contribute  by  their  zeal  and 
devotion  to  these  happy  results." 

As  superintendent,  Mr.  Peaslee  revolutionized  the 
methods  of  teaching  history,  physics,  and  so  called  object 
lessons,  by  discarding  the  memoriter  plan  and  the 
percentage  system,  etc.  He  also  secured  a  shortening  of 
the  hours  in  the  lower  grades. 

On  April  27,  1882,  under  the  direction  of  the 
superintendent,  and  as  a  part  of  the  general  civic 
Memorial  Day,  the  school  children  planted  "Authors' 
Grove,"  a  plat  of  ground  six  acres  in  extent,  in  Eden 
Park.  A  vast  number  of  beautiful  trees,  each  dedicated 
to  some  distinguished  writer,  were  planted  ;  and  granite 


Superintendents. 


79 


tablets,  with  the  names  of  the  several  authors,  were 
afterw^ards  phiced  near  the  trees.  The  visitor  to  Eden 
Park  wnll  now  find  "Authors'  Grove"  one  of  the  most 
delightful  portions  of  the  place.  The  resolution  for  a 
general  Arbor  Day   had  been  adopted  by  the  Ohio  legis- 


joHN  C.  Heywood, 
Principal  Sixteenth  District  School,  1888-1902. 

lature  on  March  i8th  previous,  and  Governor  F'oster  had 
designated  the  37th  as  "  Arbor  Day."  The  Board  of 
Education  unanimously  voted  to  dismiss  the  schools  for 
two  days,   the   27th   and   28th.      The  six  acres  were  set 


8o  Schools  of  CincIxNxati. 

apart  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and  Mr.   Peaslee 
spent  the  greater    part    of    two    weeks    in    Eden    Park 
preparing  the  grounds  and  planting  the  trees  previous  to 
Arbor  Day. 

That  the  part  taken  by  the  pupils  in  the  actual 
planting  may  not  be  misunderstood,  it  should  be  stated  here 
that  the  trees  were  set  out  by  experienced  tree-planters 
previous  to  "  Arbor  Day,"  as  before  indicated,  and  that 
the  pupils  imitated  the  planting  by  filling  around  the  trees 
soil  left  in  heaps  for  this  purpose. 

Battle  Grove  on  this  occasion  was  in  charge  of 
Colonel  A.  E.  Jones.  The  west  half  of  this  grove  consists 
of  oaks,  which  the  Colonel  previously  brought  from  Valley 
Forge  and  planted,  and  which  he  dedicated  on  '"Arbor 
Day"  to  the  heroes  of  the  campaign  of  1777. 

It  it  a  remarkable  coincidence  that  the  great  poet  and 
philosopher,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  died  on  April  27, 
1882,  at  the  time  the  students  of  Hughes  High  School, 
under  the  direction  of  their  principal,  E.  W.  Coy,  were 
planting  a  group  of  sugar  maples  and  an  elm  tree  in  his 
honor. 

This  fact  is  mentioned  by  Rev.  Moncure  D.  Conway 
in  the  preface  to  his  life  of  Emerson. 

John  D.  Philbrick,  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Boston,  Mass.,  in  his  semi-annual  report  to  the 
board  of  education  of  that  city,  March,  1877,  in  speaking 
of  the  Cincinnati  schools,  says  :  "  Every  child,  from  first 
day  of  entering  school,  is  taught  to  rule  his  slate  with  the 
utmost  accuracy,  and,  for  this  purpose,  is  furnished  with 
a  thin,  narrow  rule.  In  all  figuring,  and  in  all  written 
exercises,  whether  on  slate  or  paper,  the  pupils  are 
required  to  make  their  work  as  presentable  as  possible ; 
the  utmost  order  and  neatness  of  arrangement  are 
constantly  aimed  at." 


Superintendents.  8i 

So  beautiful  is  the  slate  work  of  the  Cincinnati 
schools  that  one  writer  says  it  looks  like  engraving  on 
stone.  Dr.  Bicknell,  after  examining  the  work  of  the 
children  in  several  of  the  district  schools,  said,  referring 
to  the  remarkable  uniformity  in  the  beauty  of  the 
execution,  that  it  showed  the  most  astonishing  results  he 
had  ever  seen  in  school  work. 


Thirtieth  District  School, 

Corner  Warner  and  Guy  Streets;  erected  1890; 

cost    $74,987;  18  rooms,  seats  1,100  pupils; 

F.  M.   Youmans,  Principal;  William 

Fahrenbruck,  Trustee. 


The  editor  of  the  Common  School  and  Iowa  Journal 
of  Education,  in  an  article  on  the  educational  exhibit  at 
the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia,  in  1876,  says  : 
"We  give  our  special  attention  to  Cincinnati,  feeling 
quite  assured  that  its  showing  is  the  most  perfect,  all 
things  considered,  of  any  city  represented.  Commencing 
at  the  beginning,  we  find  beautiful  specimens  of  slate  work, 

[6] 


83  Schools   of   Cincinnati. 

in  writing,  drawing,  spelling,  and  arithmetic,  from  the 
lowest  grades,  and  all  arranged  neatly  and  carefully  in 
forms,  which  in  themselves  are  good  grounds  for  disci- 
pline in  accurate  habits  of  thought  and  work." 

Of  the  exhibit  of  the  Cincinnati  Public  Schools  at  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1878,  Dr.  Philbrick,  who  had  been 
for  twenty-five  years  superintendent  of  the  Boston, 
(Mass.,)  Public  Schools,  and  was  United  States  Commissi- 
oner of  Education  to  the  Vienna,  our  own  Centennial, 
and  the  Paris  Exposition,  said:  "No  other  exhibit  of 
scholars'  work  equal  to  that  of  Cincinnati  was  ever  made 
in  the  known  w^orld." 

In  the  "History  of  Cincinnati,"  Dr.  W.  H.  Venable 
says  : 

"Dr.  Peaslee  accomplished  a  distinguished  and 
important  service  for  the  schools  in  the  w^ay  of  literary 
stimulation.  He  introduced  books  to  children,  and  chil- 
dren to  books.  Authors  and  publishers  owe  him  a  debt 
of  gratitude. 

"  Mr.  Peaslee's  ideas  of  literature  differed  from  the  old 
school.  He  contended  that  the  study  of  literature  should 
not  begin,  as  was  the  old  custom,  with  Chaucer  in  the 
high  schools,  but  with  our  American  authors  in  the  district 
schools  ;  that  our  children  should  be  taught  at  an  early  age 
the  love  of  reading  good  books  ;  that  the  only  effectual 
way  to  keep  the  youth  of  our  country  from  reading  the 
pernicious  dime  novel  is  to  interest  them  in  good  literature 
and  its  authors.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  this  great 
literary  movement  has  revolutionized  the  public  schools 
of  our  country  in  regard  to  literature,  so  that  to-day  the 
demand  for  books  by  the  schools,  apart  from  the  regular 
text-books,  is  so  great  that  a  half  dozen  firms  are  publish- 
ing long  lists  of  such  works  for  school  youth,  and  our 
great  American  authors  find  loving  place  in  millions  of 


vSu  PKKl  N  rKNDKN  1' 


«3 


youthful   minds  and   hearts  that   would  otherwise   know 
little  or  nothing  of  them. 

"  The  beginning  of  this  literary  mo\ement  dates  from 
the  introduction  of  '  Peaslee's  Gems  '  as  a  part  of  the 
course  of  education.  These  gems  are  choice  passages  in 
prose  and  verse,  to 
be  learned  by  heart 
and  recited  by  tlie 
pupil  as  a  basis  of 
further  literary 
study.  It  is  claim- 
ed that  Dr.  Peaslee 
was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  intro- 
d  u  c  e  into  the 
schools  a  systematic 
and  graded  course 
of  such  selections 
from  English  lit- 
erature." 

Mr.  Peaslee's 
farewell  to  the 
schools,  taken  from 
his  last  annual 
report  (1886-87)  : 

"  In  concluding 
this,  my  twelfth 
and    1  a  s  t  a  n  n  u  a  1 

report  of  the  condition  and  progress  of  the  Cincinnati 
Public  Schools,  I  wish  to  express  to  all  past  and  present 
members  of  the  Board  of  Education,  who  have  upheld  and 
sustained  me  in  my  work,  to  principals  and  teachers, 
who  have  so  fully  and  effectively  co-operated  with  me  in 
my  earnest  endeavors  to  improve  the  school  system  of  this 


JOSEPH    B.    FORAKER, 

A  Board  Member  at  "  Sharpsburg," 
now  Norwood,  in  the  Seventies. 


84  Schools  of   Cincinnati. 

city  and  to  keep  it  in  the  forefront  of  American  systems, 
my  heartfelt  gratitude,  for,  without  such  support  and  co- 
operation, little  could  have  been  accomplished.  But  now, 
in  reviewing  my  twelve  years'  superintendency  of  the 
Cincinnati  Public  Schools,  I  take  pride  in  the  fact  that 
it  has  been  characterized  by  shortened  hours  of  tuition  ; 
by  lengthened  certificates  for  teachers ;  by  the  impulse 
given  to  beautifying  school-rooms  with  the  portraits  of  the 
great  and  good  in  history  and  literature,  and  with  other 
pictures ;  by  the  greatly-lessened  pressure  of  the  percent- 
age system ;  by  the  development  of  the  '  Cincinnati 
Method '  of  teaching  primary  arithmetic,  now  pursued 
in  many  schools  of  the  country ;  by  the  introduction  of  a 
systematic  course  of  moral,  humane,  and  literary  training, 
through  'Memory  Gems,'  including  in  its  scope  the  in- 
auguration of  authorial  celebrations  and  the  celebration 
of  'Arbor  Day,'  or  memorial  tree-planting ;  and  by  the 
remarkable  neatness  and  beauty  of  execution  of  pupils' 
work  on  slate  and  paper,  accomplished  largely  through 
the  introduction  of  the  systematic  and  attractive  forms 
daily  ruled  by  the  scholars  with  pen  and  pencil. 

"  It  has  been  my  earnest  endeavor  to  make  character- 
building,  in  its  best  sense,  the  great  object  of  my  adminis- 
tration, and  hence  the  question,  ^vhat  would  make  our 
pupils  nobler  and  more  useful  men  and  women,  and  not 
what  would  produce  the  highest  per  cents,  has  been  the 
test  of  all  measures  and  changes  advocated  or  adopted 
by  me. 

"I  now  take  leave  of  trustees,  principals,  teachers, 
and  pupils,  in  the  sincere  desire  that  the  Public  Schools 
of  Cincinnati,  under  the  guidance  of  my  distinguished 
successor,  will  be  brought  to  a  still  higher  state  of  excel- 
lence and  of  usefulness. 

"Respectfully  submitted, 

John  B.  Peaslee, 

Superintendent  of  Schools.'''* 


Superintendents.  85 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

ISAAC  JACKSON  ALLEN,  superintendent  of 
schools  from  August  30,  1858,  to  July  2,  1861,  is  the 
oldest  living  superintendent,  having  on  January  3ist  of 
this  year  (1903)  passed  the  eighty-eighth  mile  stone  in  the 
journey  of  life.  Mr.  Allen  was  born  at  Morristown, 
N.  J.,  January  31,  1814,  and  emigrated  to  Ohio  when 
^n  infant  of  three  months,  and  for  this  long  period 
has  been  identified  with  the  history  of  this  State.  He  is 
the  great-grandson  of  Job  Allen  I,  who  lited  and  died 
in  New  Jersey,  a  subject  of  Great  Britain  before  the  War 
of  the  Revolution,  and  a  grandson  of  Job  Allen  II,  an 
officer  in  the  New  Jersey  line  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  a  son  of  Job  Allen  III,  who  emigrated  to  the  then 
wilderness  of  Ohio,  leaving  New  Jersey  in  1814. 

Mr.  Allen  graduated  from  Kenyon  College,  Gambler, 
O.,  under  the  presidency  of  Bishop  Mcllvain.  He  then 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  in  which  he  graduated; 
but  finding  the  practice  of  medicine  distasteful,  he  took 
up  the  study  of  Uiw  in  tliC  office  of  Mr.  Llenry  B.  Curtis, 
a  distinguished  lawyer  in  Mount  Vernon,  O.  After  two 
years'  study  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  State  Courts, 
and  soon  afterward  to  the  bar  of  the  United  vStates  Courts, 
the  oath  of  office  being  administered  by  Judge  John  Mc- 
Lean, of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  On  Mr. 
Allen's  admission  to  the  bar,  his  preceptor,  Mr.  H.  B. 
Curtis,  proposed  a  partnership  in  law  practice,  Mr.  Allen 
to  take  charge  of  a  branch  office  in  the  adjoining  county 
at  Mansfield,  Richland  County.  O.  And  here  he  began 
his  career  as  a  lawver. 


Isaac  J    Allen, 

Superintendent  from  August  30,  1858,  to  Julj  2,  1861.    Still  living 
at  Morristown,  N.J.     Picture  Taken  at  Age  of  Eighty-seven. 


Superintendents.  87 

He  was  married  on  August  11,  1841,  to  Susan, 
daughter  of  Judge  Peter  B.  Brown,  of  Newfoundland, 
N.  J.  Of  this  union  there  were  three  children,  Theodore, 
Arthur,  and  Caradora. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Allen  was  a  Whig,  and  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  political  campaigns  of  those  days.  He 
was  elected  mayor  of  Mansfield,  serving  one  term,  and 
declined  a  re-election.  He  was  frequently  nominated  for 
office  by  the  Whig  Party,  once  for  states  attorney  and  twice 
for  senator.  He  always  ran  ahead  of  the  Whig  ticket,  but 
could  not  overcome  the  standing  majority  of  the  Demo- 
cratic Party,  which  in  those  days  had  a  strong  hold  in  the 
State  of  Ohio.  By  selection  of  the  bar  and  appointment 
he  served  one  term  as  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Richland  County. 

In  1853  Nelson  Barrere,  a  pro-slavery  Whig,  was 
nominated  for  governor  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  Mr. 
Allen,  an  anti-slavery  Whig,  was  nominated  for  lieutenant 
governor.  At  the  election  that  year  Mr.  Barrere,  the 
head  of  the  ticket,  was  beaten  by  a  majority  of  more  than 
thirty  thousand  votes,  while  Mr.  Allen  was  defeated  by 
the  narrow  margin  of  twenty-seven  hundred  votes. 

Shortly  after  this  campaign  Mr.  Allen  accepted  the 
presidency  of  Farmers'  College,  near  Cincinnati,  and 
joined  the  college  faculty  in  1854,  where  he  remained 
four  years.  The  catalogue  of  the  year  preceding  his  first 
term  showed  an  enrollment  of  less  than  one  hundred, 
while  the  catalogue  of  the  last  year  of  his  administration 
showed  an  enrollment  of  more  than  four  hundred  students. 

Mr.  Allen  was  then  offered  the  professorship  of  law 
and  English  literature  in  Kenyon  College,  his  Alma  Mater, 
but  this  he  declined,  to  enter  upon  the  practice  of  law  in 
Cincinnati.  Soon  after  taking  up  his  residence  in  this 
city  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  School  Board.     Mr. 


88 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Rufus  King,  one  of  Mr.  Allen's  college  mates,  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  and  Mr.  Allen  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent. At  the  close  of  his  term  Mr.  Allen  was  elected 
superintendent  of  the  schools,  but  declined  to  accept.  At 
the  next  meeting  he  was  persuaded  to  reconsider  his 
declination  ;  and,  accepting  the  position,  he  served  for 
three  years. 

Meanwhile  the  Civil 
War  had  broken  out,  and  in 
1 86 1  Mr.  Allen  purchased 
an  interest  in  the  Ohio  State 
yournal,  the  leading  Repub- 
lican newspaper,  published 
at  the  capital  of  the  State, 
and  became  editor-in-chief  of 
this  stalwart  Republican 
journal,  occupying  the  edi- 
torial chair  during  the  four 
stormy  years  of  the  great 
war.  During  these  four 
years  of  turmoil  and  strife. 
President  Lincoln  offered 
Mr.  Allen  several  positions 
of  honor,  but  all  were  de- 
clined, as  the  editorial  control  of  a  great  newspaper  was 
considered  more  desirable.  But,  as  the  end  of  the  war 
came  into  view.  President  Lincoln  offered  Mr.  Allen  the 
appointment  of  United  States  consul  at  the  great  British 
port  of  Hong  Kong,  in  Southern  China,  and  this  appoint- 
ment was  accepted,  the  commission  being  one  of  the  last 
signed  by  Mr.  Lincoln. 

Mr.  Allen  spent  several  years  as  consul  at  Hong 
Kong.  While  there  he  traveled  much  in  China,  and  after 
several  years'  absence  returned   home  by   way   of  Japan. 


Robert  Allison, 

Member  Board  of  Education 
in  1864, 


Superintendents.  89 

He  had  gone  to  China  by  sailing  vessel  and  returned  by 
steam,  and  it  may  here  be  recorded  that  on  the  first  day 
of  January,  1869,  Mr.  Allen,  in  his  official  capacity,  had 
the  honor  of  receiving  the  first  vessel  that  ever  crossed 
the  Pacific  Ocean  by  steam,  this  being  the  Pacific  Mail 
Liner  "Colorado,"  thirty  days  from  San  Francisco,  and 
she  bore  the  United  States  fiag. 

In  1870  Mr.  Allen  returned  to  Cincinnati,  making 
his  home  in  Avondale  until  1886,  when  he  removed  to 
New  Jersey,  his  home  now  being  at  Morristown,  this 
being  the  scene  of  his  birth,  and  to  which  place  he  has 
returned  after  an  absence  of  eighty-eight  years.  Though 
having  lived  far  beyond  the  biblical  allotment  of  three 
score  years  and  ten,  Mr.  Allen  remains  in  excellent  health, 
both  physical  and  mental,  and  by  no  means  lives  in  the 
past,  but  marches  in  the  front  rank  in  all  the  events 
of  to-dav. 


CHAPTER  Vlll. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

T^^MERSON  ELBRIDGE  WHITE,  A.  M.,  L  L.  D., 
1^  was  born  in  Mantua,  Portage  County,  Ohio,  and 
spent  his  boyhood  on  the  farm.  His  father,  Jonas  White, 
was  a  descendant  of  Capt.  Thomas  White,  who  settled  in 
Weymouth,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1632,  and  whose  father 
was  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament,  England. 

He  received  his  early  education  in  country  schools, 
but  at  sixteen  entered  the  Twinsburg  Academy,  where  he 
prepared  for  college,  teaching  in  the  academy  and  two 
winter  district  schools  to  pay  his  expenses.      He  also  took 


Dr.  E.  E    White, 

Superintendent  of  Schools,  Elected  May  24,  1886,  Assumed  Office 
August  Is,  1886,  Retired  August  11,  1889. 


Superintendents.  91 

charge  of  the  academy  at  Mt.  Union,  ().,  now  Mt.  Union 
College,  one  year. 

He  entered  the  Cleveland  University  and  took  extra 
work  as  instructor  in  mathematics.  Early  in  his  senior 
year  he  was  induced  to  take  charge  of  a  Cleveland  gram- 
mar school  for  two  months,  in  place  of  the  principal,  who 
was  ill.  Suspending  his  studies  for  the  time,  he  under- 
took the  double  work  of  teaching  a  large  city  school,  and 
also  two  university  classes  in  mathematics  out  of  school 
hours.  At  the  close  of  this  service  he  was  appointed 
principal  of  a  new  grammar  school  to  be  opened  in 
February.  He  had  planned  to  begin  the  study  of  law 
on  graduating  from  the  University,  but,  needing  money, 
he  accepted  the  position.  At  the  close  of  the  third  year 
he  resigned,  but  was  at  once  appointed  principal  of  the 
Central  High  School  at  an  increased  salary.  He  gave  up 
the  study  of  law  and  continued  school  work.  It  was  in 
the  Cleveland  schools  that  Mr.  White  won  his  spurs  as  a 
superior  teacher. 

In  1856  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  Cleveland 
High  School  to  accept  the  superintendency  of  the  Public 
Schools  of  Portsmouth,  O.,  a  position  which  he  filled  with 
eminent  ability  and  success.  He  introduced  reforms  in 
teaching  years  in  advance  of  prevailing  methods. 

In  1 86 1  he  removed  to  Columbus  to  take  charge  of 
the  Ohio  Ediicatiojial  MoiitJily,  which  he  purchased. 
He  conducted  this  journal  for  fifteen  years,  making  it  the 
leading  educational  journal  in  the  country.  In  1870  he 
published  a  national  edition  of  the  Monthly,  with  the  title 
of  the  National  TcacJier. 

In  1863  Mr.  White  was  honored  by  an  appointment 
as  State  Commissioner  of  Common  Schools  of  Ohio,  and 
in  that  position  he  was  instrumental  in  securing  import- 
ant  legislation   for    the   improvement  of  the  schools,    the 


92 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


more  notable  measures  being  the  law  which  created  the 
existing  institute  system  of  Ohio,  the  law  creating  the 
State  Board  of  Examiners,  and  the  provision  requiring  all 
teachers  to  possess  an  adequate  knowledge  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  teaching.  In  1865  he  prepared  a  codified 
edition  of  the  school  law,  with  opinions,  directions,  etc., 

the  whole  constituting 
a  valuable  manual  for 
school  officers.  His 
last  service  was  the 
submission  to  the 
General  Assembly  of 
a  special  report  (au- 
thorized by  the  previ- 
ous Assembly  by  a 
joint  resolution),  rec- 
ommending a  plan  of 
organizing  needed 
normal  training  for 
the  teachers  of  the 
State.  Possibly  with 
one  exception  he  was 
the  youngest  man  who 
has  been  called  to  this 
important  position. 
He  retired  from  the 
office  in  1866,  and 
the  succeeding  ten  years  he  spent  in  conducting  his  two 
educational  journals. 

In  1876  Dr.  White  was  called  to  the  presidency  of 
Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind.,  bringing  to  the 
position  unusual  qualifications  and  resources.  He  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  young  institution  on  an  original 
plan,  and  so  wisely  that  no  essential  change  has  since 
been  made.      The  institution  has  grown  like  a  tree,  putting 


Fred  W.  Dearness, 

Principal  Twelfth  District  School 
since  September,  1901. 


Superintendents.  93 

out  new  branches.  He  continued  in  this  position  for  over 
seven  years,  during  which  the  number  of  students  increased 
over  sevenfold. 

He  resigned  in  1883  and  removed  to  Cincinnati,  to 
engage  in  literary  work,  and  he  was  thus  employed  when 
elected  in  1886  superintendent  of  the  Cincinnati  schools. 
Dr.  White  introduced  reforms  in  instruction  and  manage- 
ment of  the  most  beneficial  character  (changes  that 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  country).  At  the  close  of 
his  first  term  of  service  he  was  unanimously  re-elected, 
and  his  salary  raised  from  $3,500  to  $4,500  a  year.  He 
retired  from  the  position  in  1889,  and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  literary  work. 

Dr.  White  has  been  the  instructor  and  lecturer  on 
psychology  and  pedagogy  in  several  of  the  leading  summer 
schools  in  the  country,  has  been  called  to  instruct  teachers 
in  scores  of  cities,  and  is  increasingly  in  demand  as  an 
instructor  in  teachers'  institutes  and  other  associations. 
No  educator  in  the  country  has  a  higher  reputation  as  a 
lecturer  on  education,  and  he  has  few  superiors  as  a  plat- 
form orator,  being  often  compared  with  Wendell  Phillips. 

Dr.  White. has  been  prominent  for  many  years  in 
State  and  National  educational  associations.  He  was 
president  of  the  Ohio  Teachers'  Association  in  1863;  of 
the  National  Superintendents'  Association  in  1868;  of 
the  National  EducationalAssociation  in  1873  ;  and  of  the 
National  Council  of  Education  in  1884  and  1885.  He  has 
taken  high  rank  as  a  writer  on  education,  his  papers  and 
addresses  before  associations  and  conventions  are  noted 
for  their  great  excellence. 

Dr.  White  was  early  an  author,  his  "  Class  Book  of 
Geography"  (now  out  of  print)  was  published  in  1853, 
the  "  Bryant  and  Straton  Business  Arithmetic,"  which 
he  largely  prepared  in  1858,  and  his  series  of  arithmetics 


94 


Schools  of  Cin-cinnati. 


in  1870.  He  is  now  the  author  of  a  series  of  niatheniatics, 
his  arithmetics  having  a  wide  and  increasing  use  ;  a  system 
of  pedagogy,  including  the  "  Elements  of  Pedagogy,'" 
"  School  Management,"  and  "  The  Art  of  Teaching,"  and 
other  books.      All  of  his  books  are  regarded  as  standards. 

His  arithmetics  are 
now  in  use  in  this 
city. 

In  1866  Dr. 
White  read  a  paper 
before  the  National 
S  u  p  e  r  n  i  t  e  ndents ' 
Association  at 
^Vashington,  advo- 
cating the  establish- 
ment of  a  national 
bureau  of  educa- 
tion. The  paper 
was  adopted  by  the 
Association,  and 
D  r.  W  h  i  t  e  w  as 
made  chair  m  a  n 
of  a  CO  m  m  i  1 1  e  e 
appointed  to  memo- 
rialize Congress  on 
the  subject.  He 
prepared  an  able 
memorial,  and  at 
the  request  of 
General  Garfield  framed  the  bill  for  the  creation  of  the 
new  department.  Both  the  memorial  and  the  bill  w^ere 
introduced  into  Congress  by  General  Garfield,  and  the  bill 
became  the  law  under  which  the  bureau  has  been 
administered. 


August  Herrmann, 

Member  Board  of  Education  from 

18S4  to   1887. 


v'^  r  1' K  K I  \  r K  \  I )  K  \  rs .  95 

Dr.  ^^'hite  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  the 
Western  Reserve  University,  and  in  1876  the  honorary 
degree  of  L.  L.  D.  was  conferred  by  the  Indiana  State 
University,  and  also  by  Marietta  College,  Ohio.  He  was 
married  in  1853  to  Mary  Ann  Sabin,  of  Hudson,  O.,  by 
w^hom  he  had  five  children.  He  now  resides  in  Colum- 
bus, ().,  still  in  the  prime  of  his  powers.  His  life  has 
been  a  succession  of  high  achievements  and  honors. 

The  late  Superintendent  W.  H.  Morgan,  author  of 
the  "  General  Sketch  of  the  School  System,"  forming  the 
first  chapter  of  this  work,  was  born  in  New  York  State 
in  April,  1837.  His  parents  w^ere  William  G.  and  Eliza 
Garrard  Morgan.  They  were  poor  people,  and  their 
children  did  not  have  the  best  of  educational  advantages. 
But  William,  the  son,  was  studious  and  ambitious,  and  he 
managed  to  overcome  all  obstacles.  The  Morgans  came 
West  in  1840,  when  William  was  but  three  years  of  age. 
They  settled  near  Marietta  at  first,  but  later  came  down 
the  river  to  Cincinnati. 

Here  Mr.  Morgan  was  raised.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  pupils  of  the  Woodward  High  School,  and  was 
graduated  from  that  school  in  1856.  He  had  learned  the 
trade  of  nail-making,  and  followed  that  for  a  short  while 
after  leaving  school.  But  during  the  first  year  following 
his  graduation  he  was  appointed  a  teacher.  He  taught 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  when  he  resigned  and 
enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  Union  Army  as  a  member  of 
Graham  Rifies.  He  saw  much  active  service  during  the 
war,  and  was  a  corporal  in  Company  E,  One  Hundred 
and  Thirty-eighth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  when  mus- 
tered out  in  1864.  He  soon  resumed  teaching,  but  quit  in 
1866  to  take  a  position  as  local  agent  for  an  insurance 
company.  He  followed  this  calling  for  eighteen  years, 
serving  in  the  Board  of  Education  as  a  member  during  a 


96 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


part  of  that  time.  He  was  first  elected  in  1876,  and  later 
was  elected  a  member  at  large.  He  was  elected  superin- 
tendent of  schools  May  6,  1889,  to  succeed  E.  E.  White, 
and  took  the  position  August  12th  of  that  year.  He  held 
it  through  successive  changes  in  the  personnel  of  the 
Board  until  September  5,  1899.      He   was  stricken  with 

paralysis  at  a  Board 
meeting  May  22, 
1899. 

Mr.  Morgan  was 
married  in  1858  to 
Miss  Eliza  Bushnell, 
a  sister  of  Governor 
Asa  Bushnell.  He 
died  January  6, 
1900,  aged  63. 

The  Board  of 
Education  met  in 
special  session  and 
took  cognizance  of 
the  death.  Honor- 
ary pall  bearers 
were  appointed,  and 
the  schools  were 
closed  on  the  day  of 
the  funeral  at  eleven 
o'clock.  Flags  on  the  buildings  were  a  half  mast  for 
thirty  days.  The  Board  attended  the  funeral  in  a  body, 
and  interment  was  at  Spring  Grove.  Mr.  Morgan  left  a 
widow,  one  daughter,  and  two  sons.  Owing  to  in- 
terruption, all  pupils  were  promoted  without  written 
examination,   on   the    recommendation    of  the    teachers. 


Fred  M.  Youmans, 

Principal  Thirtieth  District  School, 
I 890- 1902. 


SuPEltlNTKXDENTS.  97 

Previous  to  this,  written  examination  had  prevailed  for 
fifty  per  cent,  of  the  pupils,  the  rest  being  known  as 
"■  honor  pupils." 

Mr.  Morgan  was  a  great  believer  in  written  work, 
and  he  was  constantly  having  displays  of  "  illustrated 
compositions"  that  caused  considerable  rivalry  in  his 
work.  He  was  ably  assisted  by  his  heads  of  departments 
and  especially  by  Miss  Christine  Sullivan,  superintendent 
of  drawing.  Miss  Sullivan  was  an  untiring  worker, 
and  much  of  Mr.  Morgan's  success  can  be  rightfully 
credited  to  her.  Mr.  Morgan,  as  will  be  seen  on  exam- 
ination of  the  table  on  superintendents,  held  office  over 
ten  years,  he  being  exceeded  only  by  Mr.  Peaslee  in 
length  of  term.  At  the  time  of  his  misfortune  the 
superintendent  had  only  been  re-elected  two  weeks  for  a 
term  of  two  years. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

THE  present  superintendent,  Richard  Gause  Boone, 
was  born  September  9,  1849,  at  Spiceland,  Ind. 
He  is  of  Quaker  descent  and  received  his  early  schooling 
at  the  academy  in  his  native  village.  Later,  after  several 
years  of  experience  in  teaching,  he  pursued  special  studies 
in  psychology  and  educational  science  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  DePauw  University,  and  that  of  Ph.  D.  from  Ohio 
University.  Having  begun  teaching  at  the  early  age  of 
seventeen.  Dr.  Boone,  in  the  course  of  twenty-five  years 

[7] 


98 


Schools  of  Cincinxati. 


has  held  positions  in  schools  of  every  grade,  from  the 
country  district  through  village  and  city  graded  high 
schools,  normal  school,  and  the  university,  an  experi- 
ence of  inestimable  value  to  a  man  w^ho  has  been  at  the 
head  of  institutions  for  many  years. 

In  1886,  while 
holding  the  posi- 
tion as  superintend- 
ent of  city  schools 
in  Frankfort,  Ind., 
Dr.  Boone  received 
the  appointment  as 
professor  of  peda- 
gogics in  the  Indi- 
ana State  Univer- 
sity at  Blooming- 
ton.  This  Univer- 
s  i  t  y  has  been 
known  throughout 
the  country  for  the 
strength  of  its 
courses,  the  thor- 
oughness of  its 
scholarship,  and 
the  care  exercised 
in  the  selection  of 
its  teaching  force. 
Nearly  all  of  its 
chairs  were  filled  by  specialists  of  reputation  in  their 
respective  lines — the  president  of  Leland  Stanford  Jr.. 
University,  professors  in  Harvard  and  other  leading 
universities  have  been  chosen  from  among  its  faculty — 
at  the  time  when  he  was  called  to  the  University. 


W.  J.  O'Neil, 

President   Board   of  Education 
from   1875   to    1877. 


Superintendents.  99 

Dr.  Boone  had  made  an  enviable  reputation  among 
leading  educators  of  the  country — a  reputation  extending 
far  beyond  the  limits  of  his  native  State.  He  is  well 
known  by  his  contributions  to  educational  journals  and 
by  his  courses  of  professional  lectures  in  Indiana,  Ohio, 
Michigan,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  West 
Virginia,  Arkansas,  Kentucky,  and  Texas. 

Dr.  Boone  was  called  to  Michigan  as  president  of 
the  State  Normal  College  in  1893.  He  remained  there 
for  six- years,  bringing  the  institution  up  to  a  higher 
standard  of  excellence  than  it  had  ever  before  attained. 
His  influence  was  felt  throughout  the  State  in  a  very 
forceful  way.  While  thus  doing  great  service  to  the 
cause  of  education  as  a  practical  worker,  and  displaying 
great  interest  and  activity  in  the  spreading  of  sound 
pedagogical  ideas  throughout  the  country.  Dr.  Boone 
was  too  much  of  a  student  and  scholar  to  lose  sight  of  the 
importance  of  thorough  professional  learning  as  the  only 
true  basis  of  successful  practice  of  the  profession. 

Besides  steadily  pursuing  those  psychological  studies 
so  indispensable  to  the  educator,  he  felt  early  drawn 
toward  the  historical  side  of  educational  knowledge, 
feeling,  like  every  true  scholar,  the  want  of  an  acquaintance 
with  the  work  of  others,  in  the  past  and  present,  in  his 
own  chosen  field,  for  it  has  been  truly  said  by  a  world- 
famous  educator  :  "  The  science  of  pedagogy  without  the 
history  of  pedagogy  is  like  a  house  without  a  foundation." 
The  history  itself  is  the  greatest  science.  Confining 
himself  in  his  historical  studies  at  first  to  the  comparatively 
narrow  field  of  the  educational  development  of  a  single 
State,  he  soon  after  commenced  the  preparatory  studies 
for  an  undertaking  of  wider  scope  and  greater  scientific 
importance,  an  account  of  the  original  development  and 
actual  status  of  education  in  this  country.      From  a   vast 


Richard  G.  Boonr, 

Elected  Superintendent  of  School; 
[loo^  September  5,  1899. 


Superintendents.  ioi 

amount  of  material  largely  in  a  chaotic  state,  to  be  found 
only  in  public  documents  and  dusty  files  of  many  libraries, 
the  author  of  "Education  in  the  United  States"  has 
succeeded  in  composing  a  volume  which  in  a  very  short 
time  has  won  the  highest  praise  of  the  profession  and  the 
press — ^the  first  noteworthy  attempt  at  a  general  history 
of  education  in  the  United  States,  an  honor  to  American 
learning,  a  work  involving  much  patience  and  trying 
labor,  and  evincing  strong  powers  of  judgment  and 
reasoning.  The  results  of  his  earlier  studies  ("  Education 
in  Indiana  ")  were  published  at  a  later  date.  Dr.  Boone 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  Cincinnati  schools 
September  5,  1899,  where  he  is  at  the  present  time, 
earnestly  laboring  for  the  good  of  the  educational  cause. 
Since  coming  to  Cincinnati  he  has  been  chosen  editor  of 
Education^  published  in  Boston,  one  of  the  oldest  and 
best-known  magazines  in  the  United  States,  and  no  doubt 
from  time  to  time  his  educational  doctrines  will  be 
declared  from  its  pages. 

Dr.  Boone  is  a  man  in  whom  is  exemplified  in  a  rare 
degree  the  ancient  saying,  "  Mens  sana  in  corpora  sane.'''' 
He  is  a  man  in  whom  love  of  study  goes  hand  in  hand 
with  love  of  educational  work,  a  combination  not  very 
frequent  with  scholars. 


CHAPTER  X. 

BOARD    OF    EXAMINERS. 

Otto  J.  Reiuier. 

THE  Cincinnati  Board  of  Teachers'  Examiners  at  the 
present  time  is  R.  G.  Boone,  D.  F.  Cash,  Henry 
Danziger,  O.  J.  Renner,  Dr.  R.  H.  Whallon,  and  F.  H. 
Williams  ;  Dr.  Boone,  president,  and  O.  J.  Renner,  clerk. 


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8     8 


Board  of  Examineks. 


103 


All  members  are  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Education, 
and  at  least  two  must  have  had  two  years'  practical 
experience  in  teaching,  and  all  shall  be  competent 
for  the  position  and  residents  of  the  city.  The  term 
of  office  is  three  years,  but  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion has  also  the  right  to  revoke  any  appoint- 
ment u  p  o  n  s  a  t  i  s- 
factory  proof  that 
the  appointee  is 
inefficient,  negli- 
gent, or  guilty  of 
immoral  conduct. 

It  is  the  duty 
of  the  Board  of  Ex- 
a  m  i  n  e  r  s  to  d  e- 
termine  the  stand- 
ard of  qualification 
for  the  teachers  and 
it  may  examine  any 
school  in  the  city 
when  such  examin- 
ation  is  deemed 
necessary  to  de- 
termine the  teach- 
ers' qualifications. 
In  order  to  se- 
cure a  thorough  ex- 
amination of  appli- 
cants in  difficult 
branches  or  special 

studies,  the  Board  is  authorized  to  secure  the  assistance, 
temporarily,  of  persons  of  sufficient  knowledge  of  such 
studies  to  perform  the  duty  of  examiner.  Under  the  law 
the  Board  is  required  to  hold  not  less  than  two  meetings 


Otto  J.   Rennek, 

M  ember  Cincinnati  Board  of  Teachers' 
Examiners  Since  1892. 


I04  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

each  year,  and  the  examination  of  each  applicant  shall  be 
in  the  presence  of  at  least  two  members  of  the  Board. 

Each  person  who  applies  pays  a  fee  of  fifty  cents, 
which  goes  to  support  the  Teachers'  Institute.  The  Board 
may  grant  certificates  for  one,  two,  and  three  years,  which 
shall  be  signed  by  the  president,  and  attested  by  the  clerk, 
and  shall  be  valid  in  the  city.  The  examiners  may  grant 
certificates  for  five  years  to  such  applicants  as,  in  addition 
to  the  necessary  qualifications,  have  been  for  tliree  years 
next  preceding  their  application  engaged  in  teaching, 
eighteen  months  of  which  experience  shall  have  been  in 
one  place,  and  such  certificate  for  five  years  shall  be 
renewable  upon  the  same  conditions,  but  without  examin- 
ation, at  the  discretion  of  the  Board. 

Until  recently  the  teachers'  term  of  office  depended 
entirely  upon  the  superintendent,  who  had  the  power  to 
appoint  all  of  the  teachers  ;  and  when,  for  any  reason,  the 
superintendent  did  not  see  fit  to  reappoint  a  teacher,  the 
teacher  was  without  remedy,  and  thereafter  without  a 
position.  To  overcome  this  condition  of  affairs  the  legis- 
lature recently  passed  a  law  to  the  effect  that,  where  a 
Jteacher  has  taught  a  certain  number  of  years,  the  teacher 
cannot  be  removed  except  upon  written  charges  filed  and 
a  hearing  had,  and  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Board  of  Education.  This  law  made  the 
position  of  the  teacher  a  permanent  one,  except  that  it 
still  left  in  the  Board  of  Examiners  the  power  to  decline 
to  renew  the  certificate,  and  this  still  left  the  position  of 
the  teacher  uncertain.  To  overcome  this,  the  legislature 
of  1900  passed  a  law  authorizing  the  examiners  to  grant 
permanent  certificates,  valid  for  life  within  the  city, 
conditioned  upon  the  applicant  therefor  having  had  fifty 
months'  successful  experience  in  teaching,  at  least  thirty 
of  wliich  shall  have  been  in  Cincinnati ;  and  in  addition 


Board  of  Examiners.  105 

to  the  regular  subjects,  the  applicant  shall  give  evidence 
of  [satisfactory  knowledge  of  the  history  of  education, 
science  of  education,  and  psychology.  In  accordance 
with  this  law,  life  certificates  are  being  issued. 


E.    R.    MONFORT, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  April,   1892,   to  April,   1899; 
President,  1896  to  1899. 

The  Board  holds  five  meetings,  the  first  beginning 
on  the  third  Thursday  in  September,  the  second  on  the 
second  Thursday  in  November,  the  third  on  the  second 
Thursday  in  January,  the  fourth  on  the  second  Thursday 


io6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

in  March,  and  the  fifth  on  tlie  second  Thursday  in  May, 
and  the  applicants  are  examined  in  the  session  room  of 
the  Board  of  Education,  City  Hall.  The  sessions  begin 
at  8  130  A.M.  and  at  i  130  p.  m.  Schedules  showing  dates 
of  examination  in  each  subject  can  be  obtained  from  the 
clerk  of  the  superintendent  of  schools. 

Applicants  for  principals'  certificates  are  examined 
in  the  following  branches  : 

1.  Theor}'  and  Practice.  12.   Orthoepy. 

2.  Orthography.  13.   Vocal  Music. 

3.  Reading.  14.   Drawing. 

4.  Writing.  15.   General  History. 

5.  Arithmetic,  M.  and  W.  16.   English  Literature. 

6.  Geography.  17.   Physics. 

7.  English  Grammar.  18.   Chemistry. 

8.  English  Composition.  19.   Algebra. 

9.  U.  S.  History,  Civil  Gov.  20.   Geometry. 

10.  Physiology  and  Hygiene.        21.    Astronomy. 

11.  Narcotics.  22.   U.   S.   Constitution. 

Applicants  for  assistants'  certificates  are  examined  in 
the  first  seventeen  of  the  above  branches. 

Applicants  for  high  school  certificates  are  examined 
in  all  of  the  above,  and  upon  special  request,  in  addition 
thereto,  in  Latin.  Greek,  German,  or  any  other  branch  of 
study  taught  in  the  high  schools. 

Applicants  for  special  certificates  for  French,  music, 
drawing,  penmanship,  etc.,  are  examined  in  the  branch 
or  branches  which  they  expect  to  teach,  and  also  in  the 
first  eleven  branches  named  above. 

The  Board  grants  four  grades  of  certificates  in  each 
class,  the  same  being  respectively  valid  for  two  years, 
three  years,  five  years,  and  for  life.  The  proficiency  of 
the  applicant,  as  determined  by  the  examination,  is  esti- 


Board  of  Examiners.  107 

mated  on  a  scale  of  one  to  ten,  ten  being  the  maximum  ; 
and  as  a  condition  of  receiving  a  certificate,  an  average 
standard  of  eight  or  more  as  thus  determined  will  be 
required,  and  any  applicant  receiving  less  than  eight  in 
any  one  of  the  first  eleven  branches  will  be  denied  a  cer- 
tificate. Teachers  in  the  high  schools  will  be  required  to 
have  a  standing  of  nine  or  more  in  the  branch  or  branches 
which  they  are  teaching,  or  which  they  expect  to  teach. 
All  applicants  for  examination,  re-examination,  or  renewal 
of  certificates  must  pay,  at  the  time  of  making  the  appli- 
cation to  the  clerk  of  the  Board,  the  fee  of  fifty  cents  as 
required  by  law.  Applications  must  be  made  at  least  thirty 
days  prior  to  the  first  day  of  examination.  For  their 
services,  the  examiners  get  a  salary  of  $300;  that  is,  $40 
for  each  examination. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

W^ALNUT    HILLS    HIGH    SCHOOL. 
W.  H.  Venable. 

THE  two  excellent  high  schools  which  for  nearly  half 
a  century  supplied  means  of  advanced  secondary 
education  to  the  ambitious  youth  of  our  city,  becoming 
overcrowded  and  altogether  inadequate  to  the  cultural 
demands  of  greater  Cincinnati,  had  to  be  supplemented 
by  another  institution  of  their  class.  The  urgent  necessity 
for  establishing  another  high  school  was  felt  most  press- 
ingly  by  citizens  of  that  part  of  the  city  spreading  north- 
ward to  the  hill-tops  in  the  townships  of  Columbia  and 
Mill  Creek,  and  taking  in  the  urban  localities  of  Walnut 
Hills.  Mount  Auburn,  Avondale,  and  Clifton. 


io8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


As  early  as  the  year  1890,  members  of  the  Board  of 
Education  and  of  the  Union  Board  of  High  Schools  were 
practically  considering  proposals  which  led  to  the  erection 
of  a  commodious  and  really  magnificent  new  high  school 
building,  on  a  lot  two  hundred  feet  square,  located  on  the 
corner  of  Burdett  and  Ashland  Avenues,  in  the  midst  of 
a  population  desirous  of  the  best  educational  advantages. 

The  school  edifice, 
one  of  the  finest  pub- 
lic buildings  in  the 
city,  admirably  de- 
signed for  the  accom- 
modation of  a  large 
school,  was  completed 
in  the  autumn  of  1895, 
at  a  cost  of  $120,503, 
the  lot  costing  an  ad- 
ditional $24,000.  The 
house  contains  sixteen 
light,  airy  recitation 
rooms,  a  specious  as- 
sembly hall,  a  fine 
gymnasium,  an.d  a 
good  chemical  arid 
physical  laboratory, 
besides  a   general   of- 


J,   Remsen  Bishop, 

Principal    Walnut    Hills    High 
School,  1895  to  1902. 


fice,  a  small  library 
room,  and  various  laboratories.  The  school  was  opened 
in  September,  1895,  with  a  corps  of  twenty  teachers  and 
an  attendance  of  684  pupils.  The  average  annual  enroll- 
ment of  pupils  for  the  succeeding  four  years  has  been  881. 
(The  school  has  always  been  overcrowded.) 

The    building    was   formally    dedicated   on    Friday, 
October    11,    1895,    on   which   occasion    the   rooms  were 


Walnut  Hills  High  School, 

Corner  Biirdett  and  Ashland  Avenues,  W.  H.;  Erected  1895;  Cost  .^120, 503; 
16  Rooms,  Seats  765  Pupils;  J.  Remsen  Bishop,  Principal. 

(109) 


no  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

decorated  with  flags  and  bunting,  and  adorned  with 
flowering  plants  and  palms.  A  Citizens'  Committee, 
comprising  Messrs.  William  Rendigs,  F.  W.  Coppock, 
Robt.  J.  Morgan,  E.  O.  McCormick,  Emil  Pollock, 
Alfred  Mack,  and  Louis  Krohn,  acting  in  co-operation 
with  the  local  committee  of  the  Union  Board  and  the 
Building  Committee,  and  all  in  harmony  with  suggestions 
of  W.  H.  Morgan,  superintendent  of  schools,  managed 
the  program  of  the  day.  Music  was  furnished  by  the 
Music  Teachers'  Orchestra,  G.  F.  Junkermann,  superin- 
tendent of  music,  conducting.  Rev.  Simon  S.  McChesney 
invoked  the  divine  blessing.  A  short  opening  address 
was  made  by  Mr.  Mithoefer,  chairman  of  the  local  com- 
mittee. The  keys  were  then  delivered  by  J.  E.  Cormany, 
chairman  of  the  Building  Committee,  to  A.  L.  Herr- 
linger,  president  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  by  him 
passed  on  to  Drausin  Wulsin,  of  the  local  committee,  with 
appropriate  speeches  by  each  of  these  three  gentlemen. 
An  address  was  then  delivered  by  Superintendent  Morgan 
of  the  public  schools.  His  address  was  followed  by  the 
reading  of  a  dedicatory  poem,  prepared  for  the  occasion  by 
W.  H.  Venable,  teacher  of  English  literature  in  the 
school.  Next  came  the  elaborate  oration  of  the  day,  by 
Hon.  John  A.  Caldwell,  mayor  of  Cincinnati.  The  last 
exercise  of  the  afternoon  was  a  brief  speech  by  J.  R. 
Bishop,  principal  of  the  school,  in  response  to  a  speech  of 
Wm.  Rendigs,  presenting  a  flag  to  the  cadets.  It  is  worth 
while  to  mention,  in  this  connection,  that  on  no  school 
day  since  the  opening  morning  in  September,  1895,  have 
the  cadets  failed  to  raise  the  starry  emblem  on  the  tall  staff 
in  the  front  of  the  building,  or  else  above  the  lofty  roof. 
The  superintendent  and  the  several  school  officers 
upon  whom  devolved  the  function  of  overseeing  the  affairs 
of  the  great  school  their  energy  had  created,   were  equal 


Walnut  Hills  High   School. 


1 1 


to  the  responsibility.  The  organization  and  equipment 
of  the  school  were  completed  with  more  rapidity  than  was 
expected,  so  that  within  a  very  few  weeks  from  the  start 
(although  on  the  opening  day  the  desks  were  not  ready 
for  use)  everything  was  in  running  order,  and  a  zealous 
esp7'it  du  corps  ai- 
re a  d  y  manifested 
itself  among  the 
oupils. 

The  principal, 
Mr.  John  Remsen 
Bishop,  a  Harvard 
g  r  a  d  u  a  t  e — who  i  n 
1882-3  was  teacher 
of  Greek  in  St. 
Paul's  School,  Con- 
cord, N.  H.  ;  in 
1884-7,  principal  of 
Princeton,  Pre- 
paratory School ; 
and  from  1888  to 
1895,  instructor  in 
Greek  and  Latin 
in  Hughes  High 
School — has  stren- 
uously labored  to 
carry  into  success- 
ful operation,  in 
the  new  field  to 

which  his  energies  were  assigned,  the  pedagogical  theory 
and  practice  suggested  by  the  following  words  from  his 
own  pen  :  "  Who  is  it  that  said  :  '  Remember  that  your 
discipline  must  result  in  a  self-governing  being?'  " 


Denis  F.  Cash, 

Member  Cincinnati  Board  of  Teachers' 
Examiners  hince  1892. 


112  ScHooi.s  OF   Cincinnati. 

In  conclusion,  a  brief  account  of  the  material  equip- 
ment of  the  Walnut  Hills  High  School.  Though  a  fine 
building  does  not  make  an  excellent  school,  it  goes  far  to 
facilitate  the  work  of  the  educator.  The  light,  airy, 
cheerful  recitation  rooms  of  this  school,  most  of  which  are 
decorated  with  artistic  and  appropriate  pictures,  are 
themselves  silent  teachers.  The  gymnasium  is  one  of 
the  most  complete  in  the  West.  The  laboratory,  for 
practical  work  in  chemistry  and  physics,  is  fitted  up  in 
accordance  with  modern  requirements.  The  library, 
though  not  yet  large,  is  growing  steadily,  and  it  contains 
a  very  choice  collection  of  standard  books  in  history, 
elementary  science,  literature,  and  especially  in  the  Greek 
and  Roman  classics.  There  is  also,  on  its  shelves,  a 
valuable  series  of  works  in  German  and  in  French.  Add 
to  all  these  a  carefully  suited  assortment  of  cyclopedias, 
dictionaries,  and  other  necessary  reference  books. 

The  school  is  supplied  with  a  complete  set  of  the 
best-made  maps.  A  good  lantern,  with  numerous 
stereopticon  slides  illustrating  vari(.us  branches  of  study, 
has  been  made  useful  by  some  of  the  teachers. 

The  school  paper,  a  monthly  called  The  Gleam,  has 
been  published  since  the  beginning  of  the  year  1896. 

Tliere  has  been  an  organized  body  of  cadets  main- 
tained by  the  boys  ever  since  the  school  was  founded. 
The  Athletic  Committee,  the  "  Gym  Team,"  two  associ- 
ations to  further  the  practice  of  football  and  other  sports, 
have  taken  a  sufficiently  prominent  part  in  competitive 
affairs  to  give  the  school  a  high  reputation  for  systematic 
bodily  training. 

The  Debating  Society  is  of  vast  benefit  to  its  members 
and  is  a  credit  to  the  school.  This  association  was  the 
first  in  Cincinnati  to  challenge  and  encounter  in  public 
discussion  a  rival  body  of  its  kind  from  another  city. 


Nicholas  Longworth, 

Elected  Member  of  Congress,  Tuesday,  No- 
vember 4,  1902.     Member  of  the  Board 
of  Education  from  April  24,  1899, 
to  January  15,  1900.    At  Pres- 
ent a  State  Senator.  [iua] 


Wade  H.  Ellis, 


Hughes  High  School  and  Chickering  Institute. 
Assistant  Corporation  Counsel.     Author 
**  Ellis'  Annotated  Ohio  Muni- 
(ii2B  cipal  Code"  (1902). 


Sign  School  fok   the   D?:af.  113 


CHAPTER  Xll. 

SIGN    school    for    THE    DEAF. 

Carrie  Fesenbeck. 

THE  Sign  School  for  the  Deaf  was  organized  by  the 
Board  of  Education  in  1875,  in  the  Second  Inter- 
mediate building,  with  Robert  P.  McGregor  as  principal. 
It  continued  under  his  supervision  till  1881,  when  Mr. 
McGregor  resigned  to  accept  a  similar  position  in  Colo- 
rado Springs.  Alfred  F.  Wood  then  became  principal,  and 
Miss  Carrie  Fesenbeck  assistant.  In  1890  Mr.  Wood 
was  succeeded  by  his  assistant,  who  is  still  in  charge. 
At  present  there  are  ten  pupils,  varying  in  age  from  six 
to  seventeen  years.  These  are  divided  into  different 
grades,  and  large  classes  can  not  be  handled  successfully. 
The  school  is  known  as  the  Sign  School,  but  the 
methods  employed  are  the  manual,  sign,  and  writing. 

The  manual  is  employed  more  freely  than  the  sign, 
as  it  assists  the  children  in  language,  which  is  always  a 
very  difficult  subject  for  the  deaf. 

The  school  was  supported  by  the  Board  of  Education 
till  1880,  when  the  legislature  appropriated  fourteen 
hundred  dollars  a  year  towards  its  support  for  some  years. 
Now  it  is  supported  entirely  by  the  State,  the  legislature 
appropriating  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  for  each  child 
attending.  It  is,  however,  under  the  direct  supervision 
of  the  superintendent  of  public  schools  and  Board  of 
Education.  J.  W.  Jones,  superintendent  of  the  School 
for  the  Deaf  at  Columbus,   has  been  appointed  inspector 

[8] 


114 


Schools  of  Cixcixnati. 


of  {ill  day  schools  for  the  deaf  in  Ohio,  and  reports  to  the 
State  School  Commissioner. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-seven  pupils  have  attended 
since  organization.  One  young  man,  who  entered  the 
College  for  Deaf  Mutes  at  Washington,  D.  C,  is  teaching 
in  a  State  school  for  the  deaf.      Another,  after  graduating 

at  Washington,  is 
studying  for  the  minis- 
try at  Philadelphia. 
Many,  after  attending 
the  school  at  Colum- 
bus, are  self-support- 
ing, working  at  dif- 
ferent trades  :  print- 
ing, painting,  shoe- 
making,  dressmaking, 
general  housework, 
etc. 

I  think  it  very 
advantageous  for  the 
older  pupils  to  attend 
the  school  at  Colum- 
bus, where  the  higher 
branches  are  taught. 
There  they  also  have 
better  facilities  for 
learning  trades  and 
getting  acquainted  with  deaf  mutes.  There  are  about 
four  hundred  and  eighty-three  pupils  at  Columbus.  No 
matter  how  the  deaf  are  educated,  they  always  seek  the 
society  of  those  similarly  afflicted. 

We  always  occupied  one  room  in  some  public  school 
building  until  1899,  when  the  Goodhue  residence  on 
West  Sixth  Street,  near  Cutter,  was  secured.     The  Sign 


W.  S.  Flixn, 

Principal   W,    H.  Morgan  School 
from  1888  to   1902. 


Sign   School  for  the  Deaf.  115 

School  has  one  room,  while  the  rest  of  the  building  is 
occupied  by  the  Oral  School. 

Several  lines  of  street  cars  pass  the  door  both  ways, 
which  is  very  important,  as  the  legislature  provides  car 
fare  for  those  children  who  live  at  a  distance  and  who  are 
unable  to  pay  their  way  to  and  from  school. 

A  number  of  young  men  organized  a  club  about 
twenty  years  ago  and  named  it  "Anderson  Club,"  in 
honor  of  a  gentleman  who  contributed  a  sum  of  money  to 
it.  This  club  is  still  in  existence,  and  the  young  men 
meet  every  evening  for  mutual  improvement  and  reading. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 
oral  school  for  the  deaf. 

Virg-inia  A.   Osborn. 

ALTHOUGH  the  deaf  had  been  successfully  educated 
by  the  oral  method  for  many  years  in  Germany, 
and  for  twenty  years  in  our  New  England  States,  it  was 
not  until  the  fall  of  1886  that  this  method  was  introduced 
into  our  Queen  City. 

Dr.  Robert  Sattler,  the  aurist  and  oculist,  having 
seen  much  of  the  work  abroad,  was  interested  in  seeing 
it  established  here.  L.  S.  Fechheimer,  whose  son  was  at 
that  time  attending  the  school  for  the  deaf  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  was  anxious  that  the  deaf  children  of  this 
city  be  given  a  similar  opportunity  of  acquiring  speech. 
These  two  interested  other  citizens  in  the  cause,  among 
whome  were  Dr.  C.  R.  Holmes  and  John  O'Brien,  and 
with  them  constituted  guarantors  for  the  Oral  School  of 


ii6 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


this  city,  or,  as  it  was  then  called,  School  for  the  Improved 
Instruction  of  Deaf  Mutes. 

Virginia  A.  Osborn,  who  had  come  from  Philadelphia 
at  that  time  to  establish  a  private  oral  class,  and  Candae 
A.  Yendes,  of  Rochester,  were  engaged  to  take  charge 
of  the  school. 

A  room  was  secured  in  the  Children's  Home  on  W. 


Oral  School  of  Cincinnati. 

Residence  at  Sixth  and  Cutter,  Occupied 
Since  September,  1899. 


Ninth  Street,   and  the  school  opened  September,   1886, 
with  four  pupils,  which  number  soon  increased  to  ten. 

Both  the  Board  of  Directors  and  the  teachers  were 
firm  from  the  beginning  that  the  children  who  entered 
should  be  taught  exclusively  by  speech  and  reading. 
Details  of  the  work  are  given  in  another  paragraph. 


Oral  School  for  the   Dp:af.  117 

By  the  opening  of  the  second  year,  two  rooms  were 
necessary,  therefore  the  second  floor  of  the  building  at 
the  N.  W.  corner  Seventh  and  Race  Streets,  known  then 
as  Stewart's  Hall,  was  rented  and  remodeled  for  this 
purpose.  During  the  year  the  number  of  pupils  increased 
to  seventeen.  The  school  continued  to  grow  until  thirty 
were  enrolled,  that  being  nearly  the  limit  of  deaf 
children  of  school  age  in  the  city.  The  attendance  for 
the  past  three  years  has  been  about  the  same.  Eighty 
have  been  enrolled  since  organization. 

Educators  and  prominent  citizens,  as  well  as  the 
parents,  visited  the  school  frequently  and  pronounced  the 
work  a  success.  Dr.  E.  E.  White,  then  superintendent, 
felt  convinced  that  the  school  should  be  supported  by  the 
commonwealth,  and  through  his  influence  it  was  incorpor- 
ated in  the  public  school  system  in  June,  1888,  and  the 
following  year  a  State  appropriation  was  obtained. 

Accordingly,  in  the  following  September,  the  school 
moved  into  a  room  in  the  Sixth  District  building,  which 
was  partitioned  by  screens  into  two  small  rooms,  which 
satisfied  the  needs  of  the  small  classes.  There  the  school 
remained  one  year,  when  it  moved  to  the  house  on  Ninth 
Street,  where  it  remained  three  years,  until  June,  189:^. 
Then  the  Board  of  Education  rented  a  small  house  in  W. 
Ninth  Street,  east  of  John,  but,  as  that  was  thought  too 
expensive,  it  was  given  up  at  the  close  of  the  year  and 
some  vacant  rooms  were  found  in  the  public  school  build- 
ing on  Court  Street,  west  of  John.  The  school  remained 
there  undisturbed  for  three  years,  when  that  house  was 
wanted  for  one  of  the  larger  schools,  and  it  was  again 
obliged  to  find  another  resting  place.  The  frequent 
changes  (five  in  eleven  years)  were  found  to  be  detrimental 
to  the  interests  of  the  school,  and  after  careful  consideration 
the  Board  of  Education  decided  to  lease  or  buy  a  perma- 


ii8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


nent  home  for  it,  and  accordingly  rented  the  house  now 

occupied. 

In    June,     1897,    Miss    Louise    Karger    resigned    as 

teacher,  and  Ida  Schwegler  took  the   place.      Instructing 

the  deaf  is  difficult. 

The  work  with  beginners  requires  the  most  skillful, 

tactful  teachers,   as  the  children  usually  enter  silent  and 

unawakened.  Their 
minds  seem  blank, 
and  the  anxious 
mothers  eagerly  ask  : 
"Do  you  think  my 
child  can  learn  to 
talk?"  And  when  in 
a  few  days  that  child 
goes  home  saying, 
"mama,"  "papa," 
"home,"  they  are 
highly  gratified. 

September,  1898, 
a  kindergarten  for 
young  children,  three 
to  six  years  of  age, 
was  opened,  with 
Bessie  Aylmer  Tucker 
in  charge.  She  had 
taken  a  course   in 

kindergarten  work  for  hearing  children  in  this  city,  and 

afterwards  entered  the  training  class  for  teachers  at  the 

McCowen  Oral  School,  Chicago. 

Sloyd  and  sewing  were  introduced,  September,  1895, 

with  special  teachers  in  each  department,   whose  salaries 

were  paid  by  patrons  and   friends  of  the  school.      This 

work  prospered  and  proved  a  great  help,  both  directly  and 


J.  C.   Harper, 

Member  Board  of  Education 
from  1891  to  1897. 


Okai.  Scirooi.  Foii  thk  Deaf.  119 

indirectly  to  the  pupils;  but,  when  the  chief  supporter  of 
it  died,  there  were  no  funds  to  carry  it  on,  and,  as  the 
Board  of  Education  was  unwilling  to  use  any  of  the  State 
appropriation  for  that  purpose,  the  classes  had  to  be 
dropped.  It  is  hoped  that  at  an  early  date  the  Board  will 
reconsider  and  provide  for  liberal  manual  training. 

The  Parents'  Association  in  Ohio,  seeing  the  special 
needs  of  deaf  children  and  the  advantage  in  keeping  them 
at  home  during  their  early  school  life,  succeeded  in  having 
passed,  April,  1898,  a  State  law  which  provides  for  the 
establishment  of  a  day  school  for  the  deaf  in  any  county 
or  district  where  there  are  five  or  more  deaf  children  of 
school  age— r-the  State  appropriating  one  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  per  pupil  yearly  for  the  maintenance  of  such 
schools. 

The  Cincinnati  Parents'  Association  to  Promote  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  has  been  a  great  help  to  the  school. 
This  association  was  organized  by  Dr.  Alexander  Graham 
Bell  in  February,  1896.  The  object,  as  set  forth  in  the 
constitution,  is  :  "  To  promote  the  education  and  welfare 
of  deaf  children  physically,  mentally,  and  morally.  To 
this  end  the  association  shall  consult  and  co-operate  with 
the  Board  of  Education  and  the  teachers  of  the  school  for 
the  deaf  in  this  city."  Through  the  interest  shown  by 
the  Parents'  Association,  the  school  is  indebted  for  many 
advantages  which  it  would  not  otherwise  enjoy.  The 
lecture  hour,  which  follows  the  conference  and  business 
session  of  the  association,  has  proved  most  beneficial. 
The  lecturers  have  been  noted  educators,  physicians,  or 
philanthropists,  who  spoke  on  subjects  relating  to  the 
education  of  the  deaf. 

The  eyes,  ears,  and  vocal  organs  of  each  pupil,  upon 
entering  the  school,  are  examined  by  Dr.  Robt.  Sattler  or 
Dr.  C.  R.  Holmes.      The   school   is   greatly    indebted   to 


I20  Scpiooi.s   OF    Cincinnati. 

these  specialists  for  their  long-continued  and  efficient 
service.  The  health  of  the  children  lias  been  exceptionally 
good,  but  one  pupil  having  died  during  the  fourteen  years. 
The  present  teachers  are  :  Virginia  A.  Osborn,  prin- 
cipal;  Emma  Bork,  Ida  Schwegler,  Mabel  Maris  Swope, 


L.  L.  Sadler, 
President  Board  of  Education  from  1886  to  1888. 

Bessie  Aylmer  Tucker;  sign  class,  Carrie  Fesenbeck. 
The  school  numbers  twenty-eight  pupils,  fourteen 
boys  and  fourteen  girls,  with  ages  ranging  from  six  to 
eighteen  years.  The  following  is  an  outline  of  the  clas- 
sification of  the  pupils  and  the  course  of  study  :     Kinder- 


Oral  School  for  the  Deaf.       i3i 

garten,  children  three  to  six  years  of  age  (three  years). 
First,  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth  year,  primary.  First, 
second,  and  third  year,  intermediate. 

In  the  first  year  of  the  child's  school  life,  he  learns 
from  two  to  three  hundred  words,  which  he  reads  from 
the  lips  of  others  and  uses  for  himself.  He  forms  short 
sentences  and  asks  all  such  simple  questions  as,  "  May  I 
go  home?"  "May  I  have  a  drink  of  water .f*"  "Please 
give  me  some  bread."  etc.  By  the  time  he  has  completed 
the  kindergarten  course,  he  has  a  vocabulary  of  from  six 
to  seven  hundred  words,  and  can  express  most  of  his 
thoughts  and  wants  by  speaking.  No  writing  is  now 
used  until  the  child  enters  the  Primary  Department, 
though  the  former  method  was  to  teach  speech  and 
writing  simultaneously. 

Plan  of  work  pursued  in  kindergarten  :  Circle 
activities  and  the  presentation  of  the  thought  for  the  day. 
In  the  development  of  the  thought,  the  actual  doing  of 
things,  excursions,  or  anything  which  brings  the  thought 
before  the  child's  mind  is  employed.  In  the  expression 
of  the  thought,  two  forms  of  representation  are  used,  the 
solid  and  the  surface  representations.  For  the  first,  any 
material  is  used  from  which  the  object  can  be  made.  For 
example,  if  the  house  that  we  live  in  is  the  thought,  the 
children  build  a  little  house  with  wood  and  nails.  For 
the  second  form  of  representation,  drawing  on  the  board 
and  paper  with  charcoal,  pencil,  or  crayon,  cutting, 
paper-folding,  etc.,  are  used. 

The  plan  work  embracing  nature  studies  and  occu- 
pations is  carried  on  through  the  first,  second,  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  primary  classes.  This  work  corresponds 
to  the  course  of  study  pursued  in  the  public  schools,  with 
simpler  language.  It  is  difficult  for  deaf  children  to 
reason;  they  are  less  imaginative  than   hearing  children. 


132  Schools  of  Cincintnati. 

but  excel  in  observation  and  memory.  The  intermediate 
classes  pursue  the  same  studies  as  the  hearing  children  of 
those  grades. 

Special  attention  is  given  throughout  the  eleven  years 
to  auricular  and  voice  training.  If  the  child  possesses  a 
particle  of  hearing,  that  is  utilized  and  developed  as 
much  as  possible  by  the  use  of  the  opera  horn,  auricles, 
speaking  tube,  or  any  instrument  that  will  aid   hearing. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

HUGHES    HIGH    SCHOOL. 

THOMAS  HUGHES,  the  founder  of  Hughes  High 
School,  was  a  man  of  no  exalted  position  in  life. 
Reputed  of  Welsh  descent,  he  was  born  in  Northern 
England  ;  when  he  came  to  this  country,  or  who  came 
with  him,  is  not  known.  A  shoemaker  by  trade,  he  had 
a  farm  near  that  of  his  friend,  William  Woodward. 
There,  in  an  humble  cottage,  he  lived  alone,  save  for  his 
sorrel  dog  and  sorrel  pony  and  some  select  chickens,  for 
the  very  finest  of  which  he  had  names.  The  simple  home 
of  one  of  Cincinnati's  benefactors  was  on  the  north  side 
of  Liberty,  between  Main  and  Sycamore,  outside  the  city. 
On  December  26,  1834,  Mr.  Hughes  died  at  the  home 
of  James  and  John  Melindy,  who  took  care  of  him  in  his 
last  illness.  The  Melindys  lived  on  the  west  side  of 
Main,  just  south  of  Liberty.  He  was  interred  in  the 
Twelfth  Street  Grave-yard,  and  when  this  was  taken  for 
Washington  Park  the  body  was  removed  to  Spring 
Grove  Cemetery,  where  a  very  handsome  monument  was 
erected  in  1871  by  the  Hughes  Alumni.      His  will,  dated 


II.   H.  Barney. 

As  Principal  of  Central  School,  He  Organized  the 
High  School  Sy'stem  of  This  Citj.     He  was  the 

First  Principal  of  Hughes.  (123) 


124  Schools  of  Cixcinxatt. 

December  4,  1834,  gave  considerable  property  ''for  tl.e 
education  of  the  poor,  destitute  children  whose  parents  or 
guardians  are  unable  to  pay  for  their  schooling." 

While  Hughes'  name  is  given  to  the  school,  and  while 
he  is  honored  as  the  father  of  the  institution,  his  bequest, 
so  far  as  the  money  value  is  concerned,  was  small.  "  It 
was  only  twenty-seven  acres  of  hillside  land,  worth  then 
only,  say,  five  or  six  hundred  dollars,  and  it  has  never 
produced  more  than  about  $3,000  annual  income,"  said 
Hon.  Thornton  M.  Hinkle,  in  his  address  on  Founders' 
Day. 

There  has  always  been  an  air  of  mystery  surrounding 
the  memory  of  Thomas  Hughes.  When  he  deeded  his  land, 
no  wife  signed  with  him,  hence  many  concluded  that  he 
was  unmarried.  There  is,  however,  considerable  reason 
for  believing  that  he  had  been  unhappily  married,  and 
had  had  no  heirs.  This  gift  to  the  "  poor,  destitute  chil- 
dren whose  parents  or  guardians  are  unable  to  pay  for 
their  schooling"  is  reported  to  have  been  for  the  purpose 
of  keeping  his  w'ife  from  having  any  share  in  the  estate. 
However,  if  a  wife  existed,  she  was  never  heard  from. 
Hughes'  will  covered  four  pages  foolscap,  and,  as  will  be 
noted,  was  made  22  days  before  he  died.  Hughes  never 
contemplated  a  high  school,  and  the  land  he  gave  cost 
him  originally  less  than  $300.  John  Melindy  was 
executor. 

April  30,  1837,  the  land  left  by  Mr.  Hughes  was  laid 
out  into  lots  by  the  trustees.  This  tract,  covering  about 
ten  squares,  extends  from  Schiller  Street  up  to  Mt. 
Auburn,  and  is  between  Main  and  Sycamore  Streets. 
There  are  also  two  lots  below  Schiller,  and  between  the 
same  streets  as  the  other.  At  first  the  land  was  valuable 
only  for  pasture  and  for  stone  (|uarries. 


E.  W.  Coy, 
Principal  of  Hughes  High  School  from  December  i6,  1873,  to  1902. 


(125) 


126  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  the  year  1833  the  executor  died,  and  between  the 
years  1836  and  1840  this  property  was  given  on  perpetual 
lease  (pay  quarterly),  with  no  revaluation.  On  March  3, 
1845,  a  lot  on  Ninth  Street,  between  Race  and  Vine — 
about  where  the  Baptist  Church  is — was  purchased  for  a 
high  school  at  a  cost  of  $9,000.  In  IVfay,  1851,  this  was 
sold  for  $15,700,  and  a  lot  was  bought  for  $18,000  in 
Park's  Subdivision,  on  Fifth  Street,  opposite  Mound. 

The  Hughes  Fund  was  in  the  meantime  being  used 
for  the  education  of  those  who  could  not  pay  for  "  higher 
learning."  As  early  as  1836  several  boys  were  educated 
at  Woodward  College  by  the  Hughes  Fund. 

In  1847,  in  answer  to  a  demand  for  secondary  educa- 
tion, the  present  system  of  high  schools  was  established, 
and  on  November  8th  of  that  year  the  Central 
School  was  opened  in  the  only  available  place — the  base- 
ment of  the  Lutheran  Church  on  Walnut  street,  below 
Ninth.  H.  H.  Barney  was  the  principal.  February  28, 
1848,  the  school  w^as  removed  to  a  building  purchased  by 
the  Board,  on  Center  Street,  now  Longworth,  between 
Elm  and  Race,  where  the  Murdock  Building  is  to-day. 

For  some  tiuie  there  was  a  feeling  that  the  funds  of 
the  Hughes  and  Woodward  trusts  ought  to  be  united, 
and  then  incorporated  with  the  funds  of  the  city.  On 
the  afternoon  of  July  22,  1851,  the  Union  Board  of  High 
Schools  was  organized,  and  two  days  later  the  contract 
between  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors  of  common 
schools,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Woodward  Fund,  and 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Hughes  Fund  was  made,  and  in 
September  f(»llowing  the  high  schools  opened  under  the 
Union  Board.  Thus  was  consummated  a  plan  that  had 
been  contemplated  for  years,  and  which  was  authorized 
by  an  act  passed  February  u,  1845. 


> 

a> 


IT 
n 
s 

'Z 

O 

o 
3 

t3 


128  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  proposal  to  create  a  new  high  school  in  Cincin- 
nati was  formulated  byP<jytonS.  Symmes,  who,  October 
31,  1845,  offered  in  the  School  Board  a  motion  "  '  to  con- 
sider and  report  on  the  expediency  and  p»-acticability  of 
further  promoting  the  efficiency  and  best  economy  of  the 
common  school  system  of  Cincinnati,  by  the  permanent 
or  experimental  organization  of  a  Central  Common  School 
for  one  or  both  sexes  in  the  said  city,  for"  the  admission 
and  instruction  of  such  portion  of  the  more  advanced 
pupils  of  the  public  schools  as,  either  from  the  small- 
ness  of  the  local  classes,  or  the  want  of  appropriate  rooms, 
maps,  globes,  and  other  apparatus,  can  not  profitably 
nor  without  serious  disadvantage  (often  operating  to  the 
exclusion  of  junior  applicants)  be  continued  and  instructed 
in  their  several  districts.' 

"'  Acting  on  this  prolix  resolution,  the  Board  made  an 
unsuccessful  application  for  rooms  in  the  Cincinnati 
College  in  which  to  start,"  etc.  ("Memoir  of  Hiram 
Howard  Barney,"  by  W.  H.  Venable.)  On  December 
26,  1901,  the  semi-centennial  of  the  founding  of  the  high 
schools  was  celebrated  by  Hughes  and  Woodward  at 
Music  Hall.  The  date  is  the  seventy-seventh  anniversary 
of  the  death  of  Mr.  Hughes,  and  it  is  quite  a  coincidence 
that  it  happened  to  be  selected. 

At  the  opening  of  the  High  Schools,  in  the  fall  of 
185 1,  it  was  decided  that  all  children  east  of  Race  Street 
were  to  go  to  the  Woodward  College  Building,  and  those 
west  of  Race  were  to  remain  at  Central  till  new 
Hughes  was  built.  Thus  the  children  east  of  Race 
made  up  the  Woodward  High  School,  and  those  west 
made  up  the  Hughes.  So  the  two  sister  High  Schools 
began  their  existence  on  the  same  day,  September  16,  1851 . 

The  old  Woodward  Building  was  used  for  the  Wood- 
ward High  School  until  the  completion  of  the  present 


Hughes  High  School. 


building  in  1855.  The  Trustees  of  the  Hughes  Fund 
were  required  to  sell  the  Ninth  tStreet  lot ;  and  upon 
the  newly  purchased  one  on  west  Fifth  Street,  opposite 
Mound,  they  erected  a  handsome  ten-roomed  building  of 
Tudor  architecture.  Its  beauty  was  marred  by  the  plain 
front  constructed  in  1889. 

An  interesting 
feature  of  the  old 
Hughes  building, 
part  of  which  still 
remains,  is  that 
its  towers,  used  as 
cloak-rooms  by  the 
boys  and  girls,  were 
fashioned  after  the 
towers  of  Fotherin- 
gay  Castle,  wherein 
Mary  Q^u  e  e  n  of 
Scots  spent  the  last 
years  of  life.  In 
1888  it  was  decided 
to  remodel  the  build- 
ing, and  this  was 
done  despite  the 
protest  of  the  gradu- 
ates, who  did  not 
want  the  historic  front  destroyed.  The  new  building, 
while  grand  and  imposing,  has  lost  a  great  deal  of  its 
picturesqueness. 

The  new  Hughes  structure  was  begun  March,  1852, 
and  completed  January,  1853.  Immediately  the  Hughes 
School  moved  from  the  Central  building.  It  should  be 
noted  that  the  name  '"  Hughes  High  School  "  was  applied 

[9] 


M.   W.  Smith, 

Late  Teacher  of  English  Literature 
at  Hughes  High  School. 


130  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

to  the  Central  School  from  the  organization  of  the  Union 
Board,  or,  more  properly  speaking,  from  September  16, 
1851,  thus  Hughes  and  Woodward  High  Schools  are  of 
the  same  age. 

When  the  Central  School  was  started,  Mr.  Barney 
had  but  one  assistant,  John  M.  Edwards,  who  had  been 
a  teacher  in  the  common  schools,  and  who  was  present  on 
opening  day,  Monday,  November  8,  1847.  Central 
School  soon  had  more  teachers,  Cyrus  Knowlton  and  a 
lady  being  employed  as  pupils  increased.  Mr.  Barney 
had  been  elected  principal  of  Central  on  September  14th, 
but  he  could  not  close  his  academy  at  East  Aurora,  N.  Y., 
in  time  to  reach  Cincinnati  until  November.  The 
Central  building  was  the  one  occupied  by  Dr.  Charles 
Colton's  Classical  School,  one  of  the  fashionable  private 
high  schools  common  in  those  days,  but  which  are  being 
pushed  out  of  business  by  the  competition  of  the  free 
public  high  schools  of  to-day.  The  first  class  to  graduate 
from  Hughes  (at  Central  building,  1853)  was  composed 
of  four  girls.      In  1853  there  were  no  graduates. 

The  first  class  was  graduated  from  new  Hughes 
Friday,  January  27,  1854,  the  exercises  beginning  at  one 
o'clock.  There  were  ten,  four  boys  and  six  girls.  R.  D. 
Barney,  son  of  the  principal,  and  to-day  a  trustee  of  the 
Hughes  Fund  and  president  of  The  Robert  Clarke 
Company,  was  one  of  the  boys.  In  June  of  this  year  a 
second  class  was  graduated. 

In  Principal  Barney's  report  of  June  38,  1848  (his 
first),  he  states  that  the  Central  School  opened  with  39 
boys  and  58  girls,  of  whom  14  boys  and  8  girls  withdrew 
during  the  year,  leaving  75  pupils. 

"At  first  the  high  schools  encountered  great  oppo- 
sition on  the  part  of  many  prominent  citizens,  who  con- 
sidered   the     movement    altogether    too     aristocratic     in 


Hughes  High  School 


31 


tendency.  I  know  that  father  wrote  a  great  deal  in  those 
times  in  defense  of  the  system  of  high  schools,"  writes 
R.  D.  Barney,  son  of  the  first  principal. 

In    October,    1853,    Mr.    Barney    was    elected  State 
school  commissioner,  the  first  in  Ohio  to  have  this  title. 

H  e  therefore 
resigned  from 
Hughes  in  Febru- 
ary, 1854,  going  to 
Columbus  at  once. 

Hiram  Howard 
Barney  was  born  at 
Leyden,  Vt.,  Oc- 
tober 7,  1804,  and 
graduated  at  Uni- 
on College,  Sche- 
nectady, N.  Y.,  in 
1830.  Later  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar 
and  practiced  the 
profession  for  a 
time.  Next  he  en- 
gaged in  teaching 
at  East  Aurora, 
N.  Y.,  where  he 
remained  for  13 
years  as  principal 
of  the  Au  r  o  r  a 
Academy.    In  1847 

he  came  to  Cincinnati,  by  special  invitation,  to  take  charge 
of  Central  School.  Thus  he  can  rightfully  be  credited 
with  founding  the  high  school  system  of  this  city,  if  not 
of  the  State  of  Ohio.  As  noted,  he  resigned  from  Hughes 
to  become  State  school  commissioner  of  Ohio.     This  office 


Francis  B.  James, 

Member  Union  Board  of  High  Schools. 
He  Introduced  the  Gymnasiums. 


132  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

had  existed  since  March,  1837,  first  as  superintendent 
of  common  schools  for  Ohio,  and  later  (from  March  23, 
1840)  as  a  department  under  the  Secretary  of  State. 
Samuel  Lewis  of  this  city  held  the  position  from  its 
creation  until  its  merger  into  the  secretaryship.  In  1853 
the  separate  office  was  again  created,  w^ith  the  title  of 
State  school  commissioner,  which  is  the  name  to-day. 
Mr.  Barney  was  thus  Ohio's  first  commissioner,  although 
not  the  first  man  to  exercise  the  duties  of  the  office.  He 
remained  as  commissioner  until  1857,  when  he  returned 
to  this  city.  In  September,  1863,  he  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  schools  of  Circle ville,  O.,  where  he  remained 
until  1869.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Ohio 
yournal  of  Education.  Superintendent  Rickoff  next 
appointed  him  professor  of  didactics,  and  he  was  thus  the 
first  to  organize  regular  normal  school  classes  in  Cincin- 
nati. July  28,  1879,  he  died  at  Wyoming,  O.,  at  the 
residence  of  his  son,  R.  D.  Barney.  Howard  Barney, 
also  of  The  Robert  Clarke  Company,  is  his  other  son. 
Mrs.  H.  H.  Barney  was  a  Miss  Mary  Ann  Eliot,  of  the 
New  England  Eliots,  descended  from  the  "Apostle  of 
the  Indians." 

Cyrus  Knowlton  succeeded  Mr.  Barney,  and  at  the 
death  of  Mr,  Knowlton,  in  i860,  Joseph  L.  Thornton  was 
appointed  as  head  of  the  school.  Mr.  Thornton  is  still 
living  at  Middletown,  O.  (1902).  On  December  16, 
1873,  E.  W.  Coy  became  principal.  In  the  assembly 
room  at  Hughes  can  be  seen  pictures  c^f  the  principals. 
Mr.  Barney's  is  over  the  north  door,  Mr.  Knowlton's  is 
to  his  left,  and  Dr.  Thornton's  to  his  right. 

E.  W.  Coy  was  born  at  Thorndyke,  Me.,  graduated 
at  Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1858.  Going 
to  Peoria,  111.,  he  became  principal  of  the  high  school, 
and     was    afterward    elected    superintendent    of    public 


» 


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8   r 


IB 


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134  Schools  of   Cincinnati. 

schools.  He  also  edited  the  educational  magazine, 
Illinois  Teache7'^  published  at  Peoria.  He  practiced  law 
for  three  years.  In  1870  he  took  charge  of  the  high  school 
department  of  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University.  On 
December  16,  1873,  he  came  to  Cincinnati  as  principal  of 
Hughes,  which  position  he  has  since  retained.  He  has 
been  president  of  the  National  Council  of  Education. 
He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Princeton  Uni- 
versity in  1886.  Mr.  Coy  is  the  author  of  "  Coy's  Latin 
Lessons,"  a  book  for  beginners,  used  (1902)  in  the  schools 
of  this  city  and  quite  generally  throughout  the  United 
States. 

There  are  two  mural  tablets  in  the  lower  hall  of  the 
building.  The  one  to  the  south  gives  the  purpose  of  the 
erection  of  the  school,  the  other  reads  as  follows  : 


HUGHES  HIGH  SCHOOL. 

Erected 

Under  the  Direction 

OF  THE  Union  Board  of  High  Schools. 

Samuel  Lewis,  Pres.  Nelson  A.  Britt. 

Elam  P.  Langdon.  George  Crawford. 

Oliver  Lowell.  Robert  Boal. 

D.  Van  Matre.  Charles  Anderson. 

W.  Y.  Gholson.  Cyrus  Davenport. 

Trustees  of  the  Woodward  F"und.     Delegates  of  Common  School  Board. 

William  Green.  William  Hooper. 

Trustees  of  the  Hughes  Fund. 

Building  commenced  in  March,  1852. 

Completed  January,  1853. 

John  B-  Earnshaw,  Architect. 

Daniel  Lowery,  Builder. 


Hughes  High   Sciiooi..  135 

Hughes,  as  will  be  seen,  was  for  two  years  sheltered 
at  the  Central  building.  The  first  class  enrollment  for 
the  school  was  87  boys  and  112  girls. 

The  Hughes  semi-centennial  class  graduated  80,  of 
whom  36  were  boys  and  44  were  girls.  Hughes  has 
enrolled  since  its  opening  about  12,000  pupils,  and  of  this 
number  2,250  have  graduated.  At  Woodward  about 
13,500  have  been  enrolled,  and  2,433  gi"aduated. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

WOODWARD    HIGH    SCHOOL. 

Wn.LIAM  WOODWARD,  born  in  Plainfield,  Conn. , 
March  8,  1870,  was  the  fifth  of  a  sturdy  family  of 
twelve  children.  His  father  was  a  soldier  of  the  patriot 
army  of  the  Revolution,  and  his  mother  was  the  aunt  of 
Lorenzo  Dow.  Thus  Cincinnati's  benefactor  came  from 
a  notable  family,  quite  the  reverse  of  Thomas  Hughes. 
Woodward  came  to  this  city  by  flat-boat  in  1791. 

Having  received  a  course  of  instruction  in  surveying 
in  his  native  town,  he  followed  his  profession  for  a  time 
in  the  new  settlement.  He  soon  after  settled  down  to  the 
life  of  a  farmer,  purchasing  of  his  brother  Levi,  for  the 
sum  of  $400,  a  farm  that  was  the  basis  of  his  fortune. 
This  land  was  originally  bought  of  John  Cleves  Symmes 
for  $11  by  Levi  Woodward.  This  estate  was  increased 
by  property  acquired  through  marriage  to  Abigail  Cutter. 
So  that  Mrs.  Woodward  should  share  in  the  praises 
showered  upon  her  husband,  she  joining  in  the  deed  that 
gave  the  land  to  Cincinnati. 


136  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Woodward  Fkee  Grammar  School. 

(NEVER    ESTABLISHED.) 

For  years  Mr.  Woodward  had  cherishec]  his  desire  to 
establish  an  institution  of  learning  of  a  higher  grade  than 
the  private  schools,  and  from  1819  to  1825  his  views 
gradually  matured  and  finally  crystalized  to  a  definite 
plan.  On  November  34,  1826,  a  trust  deed  was  made 
over  to  Samuel  Lewis  and  Osmond  Cogswell,  conveying 
seven  acres  of  land  on  Sycamore  Street,  north  of  Hunt 
Street.  This  land  was  to  establish  a  grammar  school, 
which  was  Wc'odward's  idea  of  what  was  needed.  The 
school  was  incorporated  January  24,  1827,  by  special  act 
of  the  legislature,  but  was  never  opened. 

The  aged  couple  whose  generosity  made  old  Wood- 
ward possible  had  no  children.  Several  were  born,  but 
all  died  young,  hence  the  good  of  the  city's  youth  came 
first  in  their  thoughts.  The  consideration  in  the  deed 
was  "  the  better  educating  of  the  poor  children  of  Cincin- 
nati and  one  dollar  ($1)."  The  school  was  to  be  known 
as  the  Woodward  Free  Grammar  School. 

Woodward  High  School  of  Cincinnati. 

However,  the  growth  of  the  public  school  system 
established  about  this  time  (in  1829)  was  soon  seen  to  be 
furnishing  what  Woodward  intended,  a  grammar  school 
or  intermediate  education,  so  on  May  25,  1830,  Woodward 
reconveyed  the  same  land,  with  an  additional  tract,  for  a 
building  site  for  a  high  school,  to  be  known  as  the 
"Woodward  High  School  of  Cincinnati." 

This  high  school  was  incorporated  January  15,  1831, 
and  was  successfully  established  and  opened  October  31, 
1831,  in  a  two-story  brick  building  erected  in  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  present  lot  on  Franklin  Street.  Joseph 
Ray  was  a  teacher,   and  Thomas  J.  Matthews  was  made 


Woodward  High  School, 

Franklin  and  Abigail  Streets,  Between  Sycamore  and  Broadway; 
Erected  1854-5-67-80;  Cost  $73,037;  14  Rooms,  Seats  582 

Pupils;  A.  M.  Van  Dyke,  Principal.  ('37) 


138  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

principal,  or  president,  as  the  head  of  the  school  was 
then  often  called.  Mr.  Matthews  served  three  years 
(1832- 1 835)  and  was  noted  for  his  ability  as  a  mathema- 
tician, and  for  his  proficiency  in  English  literature. 
He  was  the  father  of  Stanley  Matthews,  judge  of  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  (Two  grandsons,  Mortimer 
Matthews,  the  attorney,  and  Rev.  Paul  Matthews,  of  St. 
Luke's  Episcopal  Church,  are  living  here  to-day.) 

The  Woodward  College  of  Cincinnati. 

(a  department  only.) 

Mr.  Matthews  was  succeeded  April,  1835,  by  Dr.  B. 
P.  Aydelott,  rector  of  Christ  Church,  this  city.  Dr. 
Aydelott  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1795,  educated 
as  physician  and  surgeon,  and  later  as  Episcopal  clergy- 
man. He  served  ten  years.  Meanwhile  Woodward  had 
died,  and  conditions  were  changing.  January  7,  1836,  a 
college  department  was  authorized  under  the  name  of 
"The  Woodward  College  of  Cincinnati,"  which  name 
supplanted  that  of  the  high  school,  though  it  should  not 
have  done  so.  It  was  used  till  June,  1851,  so  that  the 
popular  term  "Old  Woodward"  refers  to  all  of  that 
period  prior  to  this  date,  June,  1851. 

Woodward  College  and  High  School. 
Woodward's  College  Department  was  opened  January 
25,  1836,  in  the  same  building  with  the  high  school,  which 
now  became  the  preparatory  department  under  the  princi- 
palship  of  John  W.  Hopkins,  who  served  until  December, 
1839-,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Lewis  P.  Harvey,  who 
served  two  years. 

In  1841,  the  two-story  brick  being  too  small,  a  third 
story  was  added,  and  preparations  were  begun  for  the 
building  now  standing,  which  was  opened  in  September, 

J  855- 


A.  M.  Van  Dyke, 
Principal  of  Woodward  High  School  Since  June,  1900.     ^Hq) 


140  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  1845  Dr.  Thomas  J.  Biggs  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  college,  and  remained  until  the  reorganization 
of  the  present  system  in  June,  185 1.  He  was  born  in  1787 
in  Philadelphia,  and,  like  Dr.  Aydelott,  was  educated 
for  the  ministry.  He  came  to  Cincinnati  in  1833  to 
accept  a  professorship  in  Lane  Seminary. 

Among  others  who  taught  at  Old  Woodward  were  : 
Henry  Snow,  a  graduate  of  Miami  University,  who  came 
to  Woodward  in  1838. 

Charles  E.  Matthews,  son  of  the  first  president,  a 
pupil  at  the  same  time  his  father  entered  upon  the  presi- 
dency, graduated  in  1842.  In  1847  he  was  selected  to 
assist  in  the  department  of  mathematics.  After  the  death 
of  Dr.  Ray  he  edited  several  editions  of  the  Ray  text- 
books. 

William  Holmes  McGuffey,  a  man  of  commanding 
genius  as  a  teacher  and  scholar,  served  two  years  (1843  to 
1845)  as  a  teacher  of  languages. 

The  College  disbanded  June  27,  185 1. 

July  21,  1847,  Central  School  was  provided  for,  and 
it  soon  made  its  influence  felt.  H.  H.  Barney,  the  princi- 
pal, agreed  that  Woodward  High  School  should  cease, 
and  so,  after  a  series  of  dinners  and  diplomatic  tilts,  this 
was  resolved  upon,  as  the  following  quotation  from  the 
minutes  shows  : 

Woodward  High  vSchooi.  Discontinued  (1850). 
"  March  17,  1850,  the  high  school  was  discontinued  by 
the  unanimous  resolution  of  the  Board,  because  the 
common  schools  were  then  furnishing  substantially  the 
same  educational  advantages,  so  that  there  no  longer 
existed  any  necessity  for  such  a  school  separate  from  the 
common  schools ;  and  by  discontinuing  it,  the  college 
department  would  have  the  benefit  of  the  money  so  saved." 


Woodward  High  School. 


141 


Woodward  College  Suspended   (1851). 

So  Woodward  High  School  disappeared,  but  only 
for  a  brief  period.  The  college  struggled  on,  and  in  the 
minutes  is  found  this  statement  : 

"March  20,  1851,  in  consequence  of  lack  of  funds 
to  properly  maintain  it,  the  Board  resolved^  to  suspend 
the  college  after 
next  commence- 
ment day  until  the 
funds  could  ac- 
cumulate sufficient- 
ly to  warrant  a  re- 
opening." 

However,  the 
college  never  re- 
opened. The  fol- 
lowing minutes  tell 
the  story  of  what 
followed  : 

"  The  lack  of 
funds  continuing  to 
to  embarrass  the 
Board,  it  was 
thought  best  by 
many  of  the  mem- 
bers, and  finally 
determined  by  the 
Board,  to  attach  the 
school  to  the  school 

system  of  Cincinnati,"  etc.  This  was  done,  and  the  name 
was  changed  from  -'The  Woodward  High  School  of 
Cincinnati"  to  the  "Cincinnati  Woodward  High 
School,"  the  name  to-day.  The  legislative  act  under 
which  this  was  done  had  been  passed  February  11,  1845. 


Andrew  Hickenloopek, 
A  Student  at  Woodward  College,  1848-9. 


142  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Union  Board  was  July  23, 
1851,  when  the  contract  was  approved.  Speaking  of  the 
struggle  of  Woodward  High  School  and  the  Woodward 
College  to  maintain  their  separate  and  distinct  existence, 
apart  from  the  city,  a  friend  of  Woodward  remarks 
that,  when  Woodward  left  his  fortune,  he  thought  it  ample 
to  maintain  a  school.  He  never  dreamed  that  the  city 
would  attain  its  present  size  and  importance.  The  revenue 
derived  to-day  is  about  $12,000  per  annum.  Woodward's 
grant  provides  for  a  revaluation  of  the  property  every 
15  years,  so  the  school  gets  the  benefit  from  increased 
values.  In  the  case  of  Hughes,  this  is  different,  as  the 
Hughes  lease  is  perpetual,  with  no  revaluation. 

Old  Woodward  Club. 

September  27,  1855,  the  graduates  of  Old  Woodward 
effected  a  permanent  organization.  The  first  board  of 
officers  consisted  of :  President,  George  H.  Pendelton ; 
Vice-President,  R.  B.  Pullan ;  Corresponding  Secretary, 
E.  A.  Ferguson;  Recording  Secretary,  Daniel  G.  Ray; 
Treasurer,  Horatio  N.  Hatch. 

At  the  reunion  held  October  24,  1898,  the  officers 
were  :  President,  James  Powell ;  Vice-President,  R.  W. 
Richey ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Henry  L.  Kemper ; 
Recording  Secretary,  Col.  Joseph  M.  Locke  ;  Treasurer, 
James  M.  Glenn. 

Woodward  of  To-day  (1902). 
The  Woodward  High  School  building,  as  known  to- 
day, was  erected  in  1854-5,  being  completed  and  first 
occupied  in  September,  1855.  It  was  added  to  in  1867  and 
again  in  1880.  The  high  school  was  begun  September, 
1*85 1,  in  the  old  building,  which  did  not  interfere  with  the 
building  of  the  new.  Dr.  Joseph  Ray  was  the  first 
principal,   but  he  died  in  April,  1855,  and  so  did  not  get 


Woodward  High  School. 


143 


into  the  new  building.  As  a  young  man  of  34,  Dr.  Ray 
began  teaching  in  the  original  Woodward  High  School 
(November,  1831).  He  taught  continuously  and  wrote 
text-books  on  mathematics.  In  1843  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the.  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors  (Board  of 
Education),  and  the  night  he  took  his  seat  was  made 
president  (July  i, 
1843).  He  served 
as  president  until 
he  resigned  (Octo- 
ber 20,  1846), 
owing  to  a  readop- 
tion  of  his  text- 
books coming  up. 
He  did  not  want  to 
vote  on  the  readop- 
tion. 

Dr.  Ray  was 
born  November  35, 
1807,  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Pa., 
now  Ohio  County, 
W.  Va.  As  a  child 
he  had  an  unusually 
active  mind.  He 
began  to  teach  at 
16.  He  entered 
Ohio  University  at 
Athens,     but,     not 

having  the  means  to  prosecute  a  college  course,  began  the 
study  of  ijiedicine  and  graduated  at  the  Ohio  Medical 
College,  this  city,  in  1829.  He  located  in  Cincinnati  and 
built  up  a  remunerative  practice,  but  yielded  to  his  incli- 
nation for  mathematical  studies  and  accepted  the  position 


John  L.  Shuff, 
Chairman  of  the  Floral  Parades,  1900-] 


144  Sciiooi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

at  Woodward.  From  the  first  he  made  himself  felt.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church.  During  his  college 
life  he  supported  himself  by  teaching.  He  passed  some 
months  at  Washington  College,  Pennsylvania,  but  never 
took  a  degree.  He  died  April  i6,  1855.  Dr.  Ray  always 
identified  himself  with  the  leading  teachers,  and  was 
prominent  in  their  gatherings.  In  1852  he  was  president 
of  the  Ohio  State  Teachers'  Association.  The  high  esti- 
mation in  which  his  arithmetics  and  algebra  were  held 
gave  him  a  commanding  position  among  the  teachers  in 
the  Western  States.  He  left  one  son,  Hon.  Daniel  Gano 
Ray,  who  was  the  father  of  the  late  Mrs.  (Maud)  Dr. 
Sattler.  The  grandchildren  of  the  celebrated  teacher  are  : 
Dr.  Victor  Ray,  the  specialist,  of  this  city  ;  John  Stites 
Gano  Best  Ray,  mining  engineer,  of  Colorado  Springs, 
Col.  ;  and  Sergeant  Joseph  Ray,  who  died  of  fever  at 
Santiago  during  the  late  (1898)  Spanish  War. 

Dr.  Ray  was  succeeded  by  Daniel  Shepardson,  who 
was  filling  the  pulpit  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  on 
Wesley  Avenue  when  elected.  He  served  until  June, 
1862,  when  he  resigned  to  take  charge  of  a  girls'  high 
school  at  Dennison  University,  Granville,  O.  This 
school  is  now  known  as  Shepardson's  College,  and  is  still 
a  part  of  Dennison  University. 

Moses  Woolson,  who  succeeded  to  the  principalship 
in  1862,  was  at  the  head  of  a  girls' high  school  at  Portland, 
Me.,  when  elected.  On  retiring  in  1865  he  went  to 
Boston,  where  it  is  reported  (1902)  he  is  teaching  Latin  in 
a  high  school. 

George  W.  Harper,  principal  from  1865  to  1900, 
graduated  from  Woodward  High  School  in  1853 
(was  valedictorian)  and  began  teaching,  there  that  fall. 
He  taught  at  W^oodward  continuously  for  the  next  47 
years.       He    was    born    August    21,    1832,  at  Franklin, 


George  W.  Harper, 

Principal  of  Woodward  High  School,  1865  to  1900;    a  Teacher 
there,  1853-65;  Total,  47  years. 

(145) 
[10] 


146  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Warren  County,  O..  of  Quaker  stock.  Educated  in 
country  schools,  also  at  Central  School.  Started  to  read 
law,  but  was  advised  to  teach  by  Dr.  Joseph  Ray,  his 
instructor  in  mathematics.  Traveled  in  Europe  on  leave 
of  absence.  In  1873  Mr.  Harper  organized  the  University 
(see  chapter  on  University),  which  was  conducted  at 
Woodward  for  a  time,  until  permanent  organization  was 
effected.  Mr.  Harper  is  best  known  by  reason  of  his  work 
and  publications  on  geology.  He  has  made  eight  expedi- 
tions in  the  South,  studying  and  exploring.  One  expedi- 
tion he  made  as  far  west  as  Utah  and  the  Yellowstone. 
The  results  of  these  researches  have  been  published  in 
pamphlet  form.  His  catalogue  of  the  silurian  fossils 
(700  specimens)  is  accepted  by  the  scientific  world  as  the 
best  out.  There  are  three  catalogues  of  local  and  fresh 
water  shells,  gathered  w^ithin  a  radius  of  50  miles  of  Cin- 
cinnati. A  second  edition,  with  descriptions,  has  been 
published.  Another  catalogue  is  that  of  all  bivalve  shells 
of  the  Mississippi  drainage.  For  twenty-five  years  Mr. 
Harper  was  assistant  editor  of  the  Natural  History 
Review.  He  has  since  1855  been  making,  under  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  guidance,  a  series  of  meteoro- 
logical observations  for  this  region.  Since  1869  he  has 
been  president  of  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery.  In  1861  Dennison  University  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  Mr.  Harper  is  an  active  school  man, 
and  stands  high  in  the  community.  His  scholarship  is 
varied  and  his  accomplishments  many,  but  he  is,  strictly 
speaking,  a  scientist. 

In  June,  1900,  Prof.  A.  M.  Van  Dyke  succeeded  Mr. 
Harper.  For  years  Mr.  Van  Dyke  was  teacher  of  English 
literature  at  Woodward.  Born  at  Mt.  Healthy,  O.,  1838. 
Graduated  from  Hughes,  class  1857.  Taught  in  the  in- 
termediate school  one  year,  then  moved  to  Indiana,  where 


Woodward  High  School. 


147 


he  graduated  and  practiced  law.  The  war  breaking  out, 
he  enlisted  as  aprivate  in  1861,  with  14th  Ind.  V.  I., 
and  served  through  the  war,  having  seen  four  and  a  half 
years'  service  and  having  participated  in  over  fifty  battles. 
For  six  years  Prof.  Van  Dyke  was  superintendent  of  the 
public  schools  of  Ironton,  O.,  but  for  the  past  twenty-five 


James  Powell, 
A  Student  at  "  Old  Woodward  "  in  1846-7-8. 


years  he  has  been  at  Woodward.  His  published  works 
are:  "Annotated  Editions  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man," 
"  Selected  Poems  of  Gray  and  Chaucer's  Prologues  and 
Knight's  Tale."  These  editions  were  used  in  the  high 
schools  of  the  city. 


148  Schools   of  Cincinnati. 

His  military  training  led  Prof.  Van  Dyke  to  organize 
(1893)  at  Woodward  the  Woodward  Cadets.  These 
cadets  are  uniformed  and  drilled  and  provided  with  guns. 
They  are  very  popular  and  respond  to  calls  made  by 
organizations,  and  they  always  appear  in  public  parades, 
such  as  Decoration  Day  and  other  military  or  political 
demonstrations.  Hughes  and  Walnut  Hills  High  Schools 
followed  Woodward,  and  organized  their  cadets. 

Woodward — Farmer,  Tanner,  Trader. 

Mr.  Woodward  lived  in  the  house  (erected  18 16, 
most  of  which  is  still  standing)  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  Main  and  Webster  Streets.  The  old  cellar  is  intact,  as 
is  the  rear  portion  of  the  house,  just  as  it  was  when  Mr. 
Woodward  lived  there.  It  was  into  this  cellar  that  Mr. 
Woodward  stepped  one  day,  falling  clear  to  the  bottom, 
breaking  his  leg,  and  bringing  about  the  complications 
that  caused  his  death,  January  24,  1833. 

When  Mr.  Woodward  abandoned  the  flatrboat  that 
brought  him  down  the  Ohio,  he  dismantled  it  and  used 
the  lumber  to  build  his  modest  home.  One  of  the  wooden 
pins  that  came  from  the  boat  went  into  the  house,  and 
when  that  was  torn  down  the  pin,  or  nail,  became  the 
property  of  George  W.  Harper,  principal  of  Woodward, 
who  still  (1902)  retains  it.  Mr.  Harper  has  also  two 
wooden  chairs  that  belonged  to  Mr.  Woodward,  one  a 
parlor  chair,  and  the  other  a  dining-room  chair.  Both 
were  made  from  timber,  hickory  and  ash,  cut  from  the 
forests  that  then  filled  what  is  now  Third  Street.  Mr. 
Harper  secured  the  chairs  from  Mr.  Kessler  Smith,  son  of 
Ex-mayor  Amor  Smith.  When  the  famous  flat-boat  was 
abandoned  the  owner  gathered  from  the  bottom  some 
apple  seeds.  These  were  planted  that  year  at  Main  and 
Webster,  and  later  became  an  orchard  about  Mr.  Wood- 


Woodward  High  School, 


149 


ward's   residence.     Orchard    Street    received    its    name 
from  its  cutting  through  this  orchard. 

Woodward  was  a  Presbyterian.  It  is  related  of  him 
that  he  often  scolded  the  schoolboys  for  jumping  over  the 
fence  into  his  wheat  field,  by  remarking  :  "  Boys,  didn't 
I  give  you  enough  play  ground  without  you  spoiling  my 
wheat?"  At  one  commencement  (1831)  Woodward  was 
present,  and  was 
moved  to  tears  by 
compliments  of  a  boy 
orator.  It  is  related 
of  Mrs.  Woodward 
(the  second)  that  she 
was  cross-eyed  as  the 
result  of  a  whipping 
she  got  at  school 
when  a  young  girl. 

The  Woodward 
property  was  ap- 
praised July,  1833, 
as  follows:  Real 
estate,  $179,675; 
personal,  $38,088. 
Mr.  Woodward  in 
addition  to  his  other 
business  had  a  tan- 
nery on  the  south 
side  of  Liberty,  east 

of    Sycamore,    and    the    stone    upon    which    he    curried 
leather  is  now  in  Woodward  High  School. 

Grave  and  Monument  of  William  Woodward. 
January  3,  1859,  the  Woodward  Trustees  received  a 
petition  from  students  of  Old  Woodward,  and  this  is  what 
the  minutes  record  : 


Theodore  B.  Pflueger, 

Principal  Twentieth  District  School 
from  1896  to  1902. 


150  .  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

"  Resolved — That  the  request  of  the  students  of  Old 
Woodward,  etc.,  asking  'the  use  of  a  ten  foot  circle  of 
ground  opposite  the  central  entrance  to  the  building  now 
situated  on  the  Woodward  College  lot,  at  equal  distances 
between  the  line  of  the  street  and  the  steps  in  front  of  the 
building,  for  the  deposit  of  the  remains  and  the  erection  of 
a  monument  to  William  Woodward,'  be  granted,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Union  Board." 

The  approval  was  secured. 

The  Couple  had  been  Interred  in  the  Twelfth 
Street  Burying  Grounds  (now  Washington  Park). 
August  3,  i860,  their  remains  were  removed  to  a 
stone  vault  in  the  school  lot.  On  September  24,  1878, 
the  corner-stone  of  the  monument  was  laid,  and  on 
October  34th  following  the  monument,  completed  and 
erected  by  the  Old  Woodward  Club  and  the  Woodward 
Alumnal  Association,  was  unveiled  and  transferred  to  the 
care  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Woodward.  [Abigail 
Street,  which  Woodward  faces  on  the  south,  was  named 
after  Mrs.  Woodward  (Woodward's  second  wife). 
Cutter  Street  was  named  after  Mrs.  Woodward's  father, 
Joseph  Cutter,  who  was  killed  by  Indians  while  he  was 
at  w^ork  near  what  is  now  Twelfth  and  Elm.  For  years 
a  monument  marked  his  grave,  and  in  it  was  a  glass 
receptacle  containing  a  lock  of  the  unfortunate  man's  hair. 
The  monument  read  that  Cutter  was  ' '  killed  on  this  spot. ' ' 
One  day  the  hair  was  missing,  some  vandal  having  broken 
the  glass  and  stolen  the  contents.] 

Woodward  Monument  Fund. 
June  35,  1881,  the  Old  Woodward  Club  and  the 
Woodward  Alumnal  Association  offered  to  give,  each, 
a  $100  U.  S.  four  per  cent,  bond  to  keep  the  statue  in 
good  order  and  repair.  The  two  bonds  were  turned  over 
and  form  a  permanent  fund. 


Woodward  High  School. 


15" 


Portrait  of  Mr.  Woodward. 
March  5,    1845,  the  Woodward  Trustees  received  a 
present  of  a  life-size  portrait  of  Wm.  Woodward,  which 
was  placed  in  the  school  hall.     No  one  knows  who  gave 
the  portrait. 


Henry  B.  McClure, 

Graduate   Miami  University,  Oxford,  O.,  1871. 
Principal  Glendale  Schools,  1875-80. 

The  David  Gallup  Fund. 
In    1883    David    Gallup,    of   Plainsfield,    Conn.,    a 
nephew,  by  marriage,  of  Woodward,  gave  the  school  one- 
fifth  of  his  estate,   to  be  used  the    same    as   the   Wood- 


152  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ward  estate.       The    total    from    this    source    was    about 
$10,000. 

Presidents  of  Woodward  College. 
Thomas  J.  Matthews,  A.  M.  ;   Benj.  P.  Aydelott, 
M.  D.,  D.D.  ;  Thos.  J.  Biggs,  D.  D. 

Principals  of  Preparatory  (High  School)  Dept. 
John    L.    Talbott,    Timothy     S.     Pinneo,     Roswell 
Howard,  Fred  W.  Prescott,  Lewis  P.  Harvey,  John  W. 
Hopkins,  Elias  Yulee. 

Principals  Wooward  High  School. 
Joseph   Ray,    Daniel  Shepardson,  Moses  Woolson, 
George  W.  Harper,  A.  M.  Van  Dyke. 

[Note. — It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  present 
Woodward  building  was  erected  by  the  city  Board,  and 
not  by  the  Woodward  College  Trustees,  as  is  popularly 
supposed.  As  to  which  man  influenced  the  other  in 
making  the  gifts,  that  is,  Thomas  Hughes  or  William 
Woodward,  it  is  generally  accepted  that  Woodward, 
being  the  brighter  man,  gave  Mr.  Hughes  the  idea  of 
founding  a  school.  This  is  born  out  by  the  fact  that  Mr. 
Woodward  was  one  of  the  first  Hughes  Trustees.] 

Wm.   Woodward's  Birthday. 
Mr.  Woodward  was  born  March  8,  1770,  and  his  birth- 
day is  celebrated  annually  by  what  is  called  "Founders' 
Day."      On  this  occasion  the  oldest  graduate  present  rings 
the  old  school  bell. 

For  a  more  extended  account  of  Old  Woodward  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  Old  Woodward  Memorial^ 
published  in  1884  by  the  graduates  of  the  school,  edited  by 
John  W.  Dale,  Benj.  St.  James  Fry,  Daniel  Gano  Ray, 
Peter  Rudolph  Neff,  and  Staats  G.  Burnet,  from  which 
much  of  the  above  sketch  was  secured. 


Domestic  Science.  153 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

DOMESTIC    SCIENCE. 
Carrie  C.   Hull. 

DOMESTIC  SCIENCE  has  been  taught  in  the  Wood- 
ward and  Hughes  High  Schools  for  about  1 1  years, 
(since  September,  1893).  All  the  girls  who  desire  to 
study  are  in  the  classes,  w^hich  are  arranged  for  every  day 
in  the  week.  The  lessons  are  free  to  the  pupils,  though 
they  pay  ten  cents  each  lesson  for  the  food  used.  This  is 
prepared  and  cooked,  and  then  served  as  lunch.  The 
classes  are  composed  of  the  brightest  girls  in  the  schools, 
the  brightest  girls  and  the  most  womanly  realizing 
that  their  education  is  incomplete  without  understanding 
something  of  housekeeping. 

We  often  hear  people  say  :  "  Cooking  in  the  public 
schools  !      Why  can't  their  mothers  teach  them  cooking?" 

You  might  as  well  ask  :  "  Why  can  they  not  teach 
them  mathematics,  German,  or  music,  etc. .?"  They  might 
be  able  to.  They  may  have  a  good  knowledge  of  all  the 
subjects  their  children  are  taught,  but  yet  not  be  able  to 
impart  it  as  well  as  teachers  who  carefully  prepare  each 
lesson,  and  who  have  made  a  special  study  of  the  subject. 
Teachers  make  a  study  of  chemistry,  physiology,  psychol- 
ogy, and  hygiene,  and  devote  time  and  thought  to  the 
cooking  in  order  to  make  it  a  science. 

The  lessons  begin  with  the  preparing  of  stale  bread 
into  dried  crumbs,  to  be  used  later  for  croquettes  and 
cutlets,  the  poaching  of  eggs,  the  toasting  of  bread,  and 
the  baking  of  potatoes.     During  the  year  each  class  has 


154 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


thirty-five  lessons,  one  each  full  study  week.  In  these 
thirty-five  lessons  they  learn  how  to  cook  and  prepare 
everything  that  naturally  comes  on  a  well-appointed 
table  :  All  breads,  breakfast  foods,  vegetables,  baked 
and  broiled  meats,  omelets,  light  puddings,  cakes,  and 
ice  creams.     They  are  taught  the  principles  of  cooking, 

so  that  they  may  be 
able  to  prepare  dishes 
which  they  have  not 
had.  Each  lesson  is 
opened  with  a  talk 
on  the  composition  of 
some  food  that  is  to 
be  used,  how  it  affects 
the  body,  etc.  Little 
talks  and  hints  are 
given  on  hygiene. 
The  recipes  are  then 
discussed,  and  each 
girl  is  given  her  task 
to  perform,  or  the 
teacher  prepares  the 
lesson  as  a  demonstra- 
tion. Three  dishes 
are  given  at  each  les- 
son, and  when  the 
lunch  is  cooked  the 
pupils  are  seated  and  immediately  proceed  to  test  it. 
There  is  rarely  anything  that  the  girls  refuse  to  eat  in 
the  cooking  school.  Foods  that  they  have  always  re- 
fused to  eat  at  home  are  eaten  with  relish  in  the  class, 
and   almost   every   week   is   heard  the  remark : 

"Well,  I've  never  eaten  that  before,  but  I  like  it  now." 
A  great  many  girls  learn  to  like  housework  and  cook- 


George  F.  Braun, 

Principal  Webster  School, 
I 892- I 902. 


Domestic  Science.  155 

ing  who  never  cared  for  it  before,  as  association  with 
classmates  and  success  in  the  work  encourages  them.  If 
pupils  find  they  can  go  home  and  bake  a  good  loaf  of 
bread  or  cook  a  veal  cutlet  to  a  turn,  make  a  fine  soup  or 
a  dainty  pudding,  and  the  family  approve,  they  are  de- 
lighted and  try  again.  The  recipes  given  are  plain 
and  have  been  tried  so  often  that  pupils  are  almost  sure 
to  succeed. 

Of  all  the  lessons  in  the  schools,  none  are  more  im- 
portant, nor  more  useful,  than  domestic  science,  and  all 
girls  should  take  at  least  a  one-year's  course.  The  study 
would  reach  a  class  that  really  need  it  more,  if  it  were 
put  in  the  last  year  of  the  intermediate  schools.  Many 
girls  leave  school  after  the  intermediate,  and  many  of 
these  could  be  very  helpful  in  the  home,  or  perhaps  made 
self-sustaining  by  learning  the  science  thoroughly.  If 
girls  would  ennoble  the  profession  of  cooks  and  house- 
maids, by  being  capable  and  energetic,  and  by  showing 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  their  subject  in  all  its  details, 
they  would  be  respected ;  they  could  command  higher 
wages,  and  more  would  be  offered  more  comfortable 
homes,  and  soon  all  would  win  the  esteem  of  employers. 

After  the  girls  in  the  classes  have  disposed  of  the 
menu,  three  or  more  w^ash  the  dishes,  scrub  the  tables, 
and  rinse  the  towels.  It  never  takes  more  than  thirty 
minutes  for  this  cleaning  up,  and  often  it  is  finished  in 
twenty.  This  watchfulness  teaches  them  not  to  despise 
the  more  homely  tasks  of  housekeeping.  At  the  end  of 
the  year  we  have  contests  in  bread  and  cake  baking.  I 
am  sure  the  girls  enjoy  it  all,  and  that  in  years  to  come 
they  will  be  thankful  for  the  training  they  have  had, 
when,  perhaps,  the  declensions  in  Latin  are  a  dream, 
and  botany  and  zoology  "  are  as  if  they  were  not."  We 
have    had    two    interesting    classes   of  boys  at   Hughes, 


Julius  Fleischmann, 

President  College  of  Music;  Director  (ex-officio)  Universitj 
(156)  of  Cincinnati;  Elected  Mayor,  April,  1900. 


Domestic  Science.  157 

bright,  good,  helpful  boys — "mothers'  boys" — and  I  am 
sure  their  lessons  have  done  them  no  harm,  but  much  good, 
and  that  they  will  not  be  the  less  men  because  they  can 
broil  a  steak  or  make  coffee  and  light  biscuit,  and  know 
the  best  way  to  cook  all  foods.  Owing  to  lack  of  room, 
no  classes  have  ever  been  started  at  the  Walnut  Hills  High 
School. 


CHAPTER  XVn. 

WOODWARD    IN    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 
George  W.  Harper. 

THE  military  spirit  has  always  been  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  history  of  Woodward,  even  in  the 
old  college  days,  and  many  of  the  boys  from  the  old 
school,  w^ho  afterwards  took  a  prominent  part  in  our 
country's  struggle,  received  their  first  lesson  in  the  mili- 
tary art  on  the  Woodward  play-grounds. 

About  ten  years  before  the  Civil  War  the  military 
fever  went  through  the  school  like  an  epidemic.  The 
school  building  seemed  converted  into  a  barracks,  the 
play-grounds  into  a  camp.  At  recess  and  at  noon  time 
all  games  were  neglected,  and  the  entire  grounds  were 
covered  with  squads  of  incipient  soldiers,  marching  and 
counter  marching,  filing  right  and  filing  left,  the  scene  a 
complete  counterpart  of  what  was  witnessed  upon  a  larger 
scale  among  our  soldier  boys  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war. 

The  boys  soon  mastered  the  squad  drill  and  formed  a 
full  company,  electing  Fred  C.  Jones  their  captain. 
Other  companies  were  afterwards  formed,  and  finally  a 
battalion  consisting  of  four  companies  was  organized,  and 
Fred  C.  Jones  was  made  commander.    With  the  occasional 


158 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


association  of  Col.  Guthrie,  who  resided  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, and  who  gave  the  boys  instruction  in  the  more  com- 
plicated movements,  they  soon  preformed  like  veterans. 
Hardly  a  decade  of  years  passed  when  the  play-ground 
was  changed  for  the  battle  ground,   and  these  incipient 


City  Hall. 
Board  of  Education  Headquarters  Since  March  20,  1893. 

soldiers  became  the  heroes  of  Shiloh,  of  Stone  River,  and 
of  Chickamauga. 

Of  the  number  who  formed  Col.  Jones'  battalion,  we 
can  call  to  mind  one  general,  three  colonels,  eight  captains, 
and  twelve  lieutenants  who  took  part  in  the  Civil  War. 


Woodward  in  the  Civil  War.  159 

The  boyhood  militaty  career  of  Col.  Jones  seemed  pro- 
phetic. He  was  first  commissioned  a  captain  in  his 
country's  service,  and  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh  received 
a  telegram  from  Gov.  Tod,  promoting  him  to  the  position 
of  colonel,  for  gallantry  on  the  field  of  battle. 

Of  those  in  the  school  during  the  period  from  1853 
to  1861  who  responded  to  their  country's  call  in  her  hour 
of  peril,  I  can  only  recall  the  following  names  :  Richard 
Ayers,  Harry  Browne,  Theodore  F.  Allen,  Lewis  G. 
Brown,  Henry  V.  N.  Boynton,  J.  Milton  Blair,  Milton 
B.  Chamberlain,  Geo.  G.  Cox,  Jesse  De  Beck,  Adolphus 
Frey,  Milton  Graff,  Wm.  A.  Gibson,  James  C.  Horton, 
Alexander    Humphreys,    Edward    Heaton,  Rezen  Hall, 

D.  J.  Ireland,  Fred  C.  Jones,  Edward  Kirman,  Wilson 
A.  Kendall,  William  H.  Morgan,  Henry  Meader,  Peter 
S.  Michie,  Jas.  G.  Morgan,  Wm.  E.  Orr,  Edward  H. 
Prichard,  Gifford  Parker,  Edwin  H.  Rowe,  Isaac  Simon, 
George  W.  Smith,  William  Strunk,  John  B.  Scheide- 
mantle,  Robert  S.  Schultz,  Wm.  S.  Trevor,  Abner  Thorp, 
Wm.  C.  Urner,  Andrew  Van  Bibber,  Chas.  F.  Wehmer, 

E.  Cort  Williams. 

The  following  names  are  copied  from  the  Old  Wood- 
ivard  Memorial : 
,     Lansing  V.  Applegate,  Capt.  Co.  H.,  O.  V.  I. 
Andrew  Avery,  Drum  Maj.  12th  and  61  st  O.  V.  I. 
John  M.  Baldwin,  on  staff  Gen.  Pemberton,  C.  S.  A. 
David  M.  Barr,  Quartermaster  Sergeant  5th  O.  V.  C. 
Leslie  Bassett,  ist  Lieut.  13th  Iowa  Infantry. 
John  R.  Baylor,  Brigadier  Gen.,  C.  S.  A. 
C.  Beecher,  Brevet  Brig.  Gen.,  U.  S.  A. 
John  C.  Bickham,  private  in  79th  O.  V.  I. 
Henry  W.  Biggs,  Chaplain  in  Union  Army. 
Thomas  Brainerd  Bodley,  Major  Artillery,  C.  S.  A. 


i6o 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Frederick  Brasher,  ist  Lieut.  59th  111.  V.  I. 
Dr.  Columbus  P.  Brent,  Surgeon  54th  O.  V.  I. 

Benjamin    L.    Brisbane,    ist  Lieut.,   Adjutant,   and 
Chaplain  U.  S.  A. 

Wm.  H.  Brisbane,  ist  Lieut.  2d  Reg.  Wis.  Cavalry. 

Jacob  Broadwell,  Captain  29th  O.  V.  I. 

Hunter  Brooke, 
Aid  and  Judge  Adv. 
staff  Gen.  McCook. 

Henry  Van  Ness 
Boynton,  Maj.  and 
Lieut.  Co.  35th  O.  V. 
I.,  and  Brig.  Gen. 

A.  J.  M.  Brown, 
Maj.  2d  Infantry  Ky. 
Vols. 

John  L.  Burtt, 
Surgeon  U.  S.  N. 

David  C.  Challen, 
Surgeon  2d  Ky.  Inf. 

James  R.  Challen, 
Lieut.  Colonel  69th 
O.  V.  I. 

Geo.  F.   Chester,  ^^^^^  "'  Turrell, 

Col.  in  U.  S.  A.  Principal  Fourth  District  School, 

AlexC.'christo-  1879101901. 

pher,  Lieut.  Col.  6th  O.  V.  I. 

Chas.  H.  Cristopher,  Eng.  Miss.  Squadron,  M.  S.  A. 

John  W.  Cunningham,  Capt.  42d  N.  Y.  I. 

Wm.  B.  Davis,  Surgeon  137th  O.  V.  I. 

Erasmus  B.  Dennison,  Major  O.  V.  Cavalry. 

Wm.  G.  Dewire,  Second  Lieut,  ist  O.  V.  I. 

Augustus  Eberle,  Surgeon  30th  Missouri  Vols. 


Woodward  in  the  Ciyii.  Wai{.  i6i 

Edmund  Eberle,  Private  5th  O.  V.  Cavalry. 

Curtis  O.  Edwards,  on  staff  Gen.  Granville  Moody. 

Wm.  H.  Fagley,  Capt.  5th  O.  V.  Cavalry. 

Wm.  E.  Fay,  Gen.  in  Union  Army. 

Geo.  L.  Febiger,  Officer  in  U.  S.  A. 

George  M.  Finch,  Lieut.  Col.  O.  V.  I. 

Henry  E.  Foote,  Surgeon  23d  O.  V.  I. 

Chas.  Freeman,  killed  in  battle  of  Winchester. 

Henry  C.  Freeman,  Chief  Eng.  13th  Army  Corps. 

Benjamin  St.  James  Fry,  Chaplain  63d  O.  V.  I. 

Chas.  L.  Gano,  Lieut.  Col.  69th  O.  V.  L 

Daniel  Gano,  Capt.  C.  S.  A. 

Wm.  H.  Gano,  Quartermaster  of  Army  of  Tenn. 

Chas.  Gilpin,  Maj.  8th  O.  V.  I. 

Chas.  Goodman,  Capt.  and  Qiiartermaster  in  U.  A. 

Alban  O.  Goshorn,  Capt.  8th  O.  V.  I. 

Alfred  T.  Goshorn,  Maj.  137th  O.  V.  I. 

Caleb  T.  Goshorn,  Capt.  37th  O.  V.  I. 

Robt.  M.  Graham,  Lieut,  on  staff  Gen.  L  I.  Stevens. 

Solomon  L.  Green.  Maj.  7th  O.  V.  I. 

Francis  H.  Gregory,  Capt.  91st  Penn.  Vols. 

Justus  A.  Gregory,  Capt.  91st  Penn.  Vols. 

Wm.  S.  Grimes,  Surgeon  29th  Iowa  Vols. 

John  B.  Groesbeck,  Col.  39th  O.  V.  I. 

Joseph  C.  Harding,  Major  in  Union  Army. 

Joseph  G.  Haven,   Sergeant  5th  Rhode  Island  Vols. 

Edwin  W.  Hedges,   Capt.  39th  New  Jersey  Vols. 

Archibald  E.  Heigh  way,  Surgeon  in  U.  S.  A. 

A.  Hickenlooper,  Lieut.  Col.  and  Judge  Advocate 
on  Gen.  McPherson's  staff. 

Andrew  C.  Kemper,  Captain  and  Asst.  Adj.  Gen. 
U.  S.  A. 

Benjamin  E.  Hopkins,  Lieut.  137th  O.  V.  I. 

[II] 


l62 


Schools  of   Cincinnati. 


Benjamin  J.  Horton,  ist  Lieut.  34tli  O.  V.  I. 

Silas  H.  Hubbell,  Adjutant  107th  111.  Vols. 

Chas.  J.  James,  2d  Lieut.  41st  O.  V.  I. 

David  Judkins,  Surgeon  West  End  Militar}^  Hospital. 

Henry  G.  Kennett,  Col.  79th  O.  V.  I.,  Brevet  Brig. 
General. 

Chas.  C.  Kil- 
burn.  First  Master 
in  Miss.  Squadron 
under  Admiral 
Davis. 

Joseph  K  i  r- 
kup,  Captain  in 
Union  Army. 

Geo.  W.  Lan- 
drum,  ist  Lieut.  2d 
O.  V.  I. 

E.  B.  Lang- 
don,  Col.  ist  O. 
V.  I.,  Brevet  Brig. 
General. 

Chas.  H.  Lar- 
rabee,  Colonel  24th 
Wisconsin  Vols. 

J.  B.  Leake, 
Lieut.  Col.  20th 
low^a  Vols.,  Brevet 
Brig.  Gen. 

George  W. 
Leonard,  Capt.  4th 
O.  V.  Cavalry. 

Wm.  G.  W.  Lewis,  Chaplain  24th  C).  V.  I. 

Francis  Link,  Major  9th  O.  V.  I. 

Jonathan  F.  Linton,  Qiinrtermaster  39th  111.  \\)ls. 


James  B,  Kemper, 

First  Lieutenant  6th  Infantry  U.  S.  A. 
Woodward,  1895. 


Woodward  in   the  Civil  War.  163 

Nathan  Linton,  Qjiartermaster  57tk  111.  Vols. 
John  Locke,  Jr.,  Surgeon  U.  S.  A. 
John  M.  Locke,  Lieut.  Col.  in  Reg.  Army  U.  S.  A. 
Chas.  L'H.  Long,  Lieut.  Col.  5th  O.  V.  I. 
Cyreneus  Longley,  ist  Lieut,  nth  O.  V.  I. 
Tillinghast  L'Hommedieu,  ist  Lieut.  U.  S.  Cavalry. 
John  O.  Marsh,  Surgeon  153d  O.  V.  I. 
Stanley  Matthews,  Col.  51st  O.  V.  I. 
Robt.  J.  McGrew,  Capt.  of  Artillery. 
Francis  F.  Merrilees,  Qiiartermaster  U.  S.  A. 
John  H.  Maloney,  Ensign  in  U.  S.  N. 
Christopher  H.  Morgan,  Col.  U.  S.  A.  Cavalry  and 
Inspector-General  on  Gen.  Pope's  staff. 

Edward  H.  Morgan,  Lieut,  in  Union  Army. 

Geo.  W.  Neff,  Col.  88th  O.  V.  I. 

Henry  Nold,  Capt.  of  Cavalry  C.  S.  A. 

Wm.  Owens,  Capt.  50th  Vol.  Cav. 

Legh  R.  Page,  Vol.  C.  S.  A. 

John  J.  Palmer,  Major  U.  S.  A. 

Addison  H.  Sanders,  Col.  i6th  Iowa  Inf. 

D.  W.  C.  Sawyer,  Col.  in  Union  Army. 

Wni.  A.  Seiter,  Chief  Sig.  Officer  14th  Army  Corps. 

Clarence  A.  Seward,  Col.  in  Union  Army. 

Edward  W.  Shands,  Col.  in  C.  S.  A. 

Edward  McC.  Shoemaker,  Quartermaster  6th  O.  V.  I. 

Samuel  Silsbee,  Surgeon  U.  S.  A. 

Thos.  K.  Smith,  Brevet  Major  Gen.  O.  V.  I. 

David  W.  Snyder,  ist  Lieut.  O.  V.  I. 

Warner  Spencer,  Lieut.  Col.  U.  S.  A. 

Chas.  Stevens,  Adjutant  U.  S.  A. 

Geo.  L.  S.  Stuff,  Chaplain  42d  111.  Inf. 

Gustavus  A.  Sturm,  Midshipman  U.  S.  Navy. 

Chas.  W.  Sullivan,  Corp.  nth  Iowa  Vols. 

Thos.  S.  Tappan,  ist  Lieut.  U.  S.  Navy. 


64 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Joseph  H.  Taylor,  Capt.  in  U.  S.  A. 

Mathew  P.  Taylor,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  S.  A. 

Wesley  C.  Thorpe,  Inspector-Gen.  U.  S.  A. 

Wm.  Threlkeld,  Lieut.  Col.  U.  S.  A. 

Jas.  S.  Thropp,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 

David  W.  Tolford,  Chaplain  nth  Iowa  V^ols. 

Wm.  I.  Torrence, 
Capt  138th  O.  V.  I. 

Wm.  S.  Trevor, 
Capt.  Merrill's  Horse 
Comp.  U.  S.  A. 

Thos.  C.  Tullis, 
Capt.  4th  Iowa  Vols. 

Philip  P.  Turpin, 
Brig.  Gen.  O.  V.  I. 

Daniel  H.  Valen- 
tine, Capt.  6th  Minn. 
Vols. 

Augustus  C.  Van 
Dyke,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 

Lawrence  Waldo, 
Capt.  88th  O.  V.  I. 

Jas.  M.  Walker, 
Master  Mate  U.  S.  N. 

Moses  B.Walker, 
Brevet  Brig.  General 
U.  S  A. 

J.  W.  Wartmann,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 

Wm.  B.  Williams,  Surgeon  U.  S.  A. 

Wm.  C.  Williams,  Sergeant  Cavalry  U.  S.  A. 

Henry  Wilson,  Capt.  2d  Mo.  Cav.  U.  S.  A. 

Lewis  Wilson,  Capt.  19th  Inf.  U.  S.  A. 

John  F.  Wiltsee,  Col.  2d  O.  V.  I. 

Wm.  P.  Wiltsee,  Col.  O.  V.  I. 

Samuel  M.  Woodruff,  Lieut.  U.  S.  A. 


Alan  Sanders, 

Teacher  of  Mathematics  at  Hughes 
1881-1902. 


Woodward  in  the  Civil  War.  i6 


From  these  records  it  appears  that  Woodward  con- 
tributed to  the  war  one  major  general,  fifteen  brigadier 
generals,  twenty  colonels,  nine  lieutenant  colonels,  three 
adjutants,  eleven  majors,  thirty-five  captains,  twenty-one 
lieutenants,  seven  corporals,  three  sergeants,  seven  quarter- 
masters, three  judge  advocates,  five  chaplains,  twelve 
surgeons,  and  to  the  navy  eight  officers.  Many  of  these 
officers  enlisted  as  privates,  but  won  promotion  by  their 
brave  deeds  and  honorable  service  in  the  army.  Besides 
these  were  a  large  number  of  the  rank  and  file,  whose 
names  can  not  now  be  recalled,  and  many  of  them  left  no 
other  record  than  an  honored  grave  in  one  of  our  national 
cemeteries. 

Woodward  Guards. 

In  1861  a  company  styled  the  Woodward  Guards 
was  formed,  composed  largely  of  students  of  the  school. 
Before  their  departure  for  the  war  they  assembled  in  the 
hall  of  Woodward  and  received  a  handsome  silk  banner 
made  by  the  young  ladies  of  the  school.  Four  years  later 
a  remnant  of  this  noble  band  returned  with  the  banner 
intrusted  to  their  keeping.  Though  tattered  and  torn 
with  shot  and  shell,  it  now  hangs  in  the  halls  of  Wood- 
ward, carefully  protected  under  glass,  to  be  kept  forever 
as  a  memorial  of  the  gallant  boys  who  so  bravely  fought 
under  its  folds  to  preserve  our  country  from  dissolution. 
Before  the  company's  organization  was  completed,  Ohio's 
quota  of  troops  was  filled,  so  the  boys  applied  and  were 
received  into  the  3d  Reg.  Ky.  Inf.  This  regiment  was 
soon  after  sent  to  West  Virginia,  and  their  first  battle 
was  at  Barbourville,  which  place  they  took,  and  the 
Woodward  boys  hung  out  their  flag  from  the  cupola  of 
the  court  house  to  signal  their  first  victory.  After 
driving  the  rebels  out  of  the  Kanawha  Valley,  the  army 
of  West  Virginia  was  divided,  and  a  part,  including  the 


i66  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Woodward  Guards,  was  sent  to  Louisville,  and  thence 
they  marched  across  Kentucky  and  joined  Gen,  Nelson's 
division  in  Tennessee,  and  soon  after  they  reached 
Shiloh's  dreadful  battlefield.  After  the  battle  of  Corinth 
they  moved  on  to  luka,  Miss.,  and  later  to  Athens,  Ala. 
Their  faces  were  then  turned  north  again.  Returning  to 
Nashville,  they  were  ordered  to  Murfreesbo rough  and 
again  back  to  Nashville,  where  they  joined  Buell's  army. 
This,  I  believe,  completes  the  itinerary  of  the  Woodward 
Guards. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MUSIC    IN    THE    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS. 
G.  F.  Junkermann. 

THE  teaching  (-f  vocal  music  was  introduced  into  the 
public  schools  more  than  half  a  century  ago  (1844). 
The  system  used  was  the  movable  do,  the  same  that  is 
used  now.  Charles  Aiken,  W^m.  F.  Colburn,  Elisha 
Locke,  Luther  Whiting  Mason,  and  Joseph  P.  Powell 
were  among  the  first  music teachers  employed. 

Concerning  the  movable  do  system,  still  used  in  spite 
of  the  many  attempts  to  supplant  it,  I  take  the  liberty  to 
state  that  there  has  never  been  anything  better  offered  to 
to  take  its  place.  I  believe  in  the  use  of  the  tonic  solfa 
system  for  beginners,  because  it  is  the  movable  do  facili- 
tated, using  no  staff*  notation.  No  matter,  however,  what 
system  is  used,  there  is  the  fact,  not  to  be  denied,  that 
our  pupils  can  sing,  and  that  they  learned  the  art  of 
singing  in  the  public  schools. 

Again  and  again  attempts  have  been  made  to  do 
away  with  music,  the  claim  being  made  that  it  did  not 


^NIi'sic   IX  THK  Public   Schools.  167 

amount  to  anything  in  the  end,  and  that  its  abolition 
would  save  a  great  deal  of  money,  and  that  those  who 
wanted  to  become  singers  should  pay  for  the  same  by 
engaging  the  services  of  special  teachers.  Music  being 
an  art  and  a  science  both,  its  rudiments  cannot  be  com- 
menced at  too  early  an  age,  and  one  reason    why    people 


G.    F.    JUNKERMANN, 

Superintendent  of  Music  from  1879  to  1900. 

do  not  accomplish  much  in  the  art  of  it  is  because  they  do 
not  commence  at  the  time  when  the  mind  and  body  are 
in  their  flexible  state,  or  do  not  practice  it  in  the  most 
approved  way,  as,  for  instance,  was  done  in  our  schools, 
w^ien  the  course  of  study  in  music  compelled  the  teachers 
to  use  nothing  but  the  key  of  C   major  for  the  first  five 


1 68  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

years  after  entering  the  first  grade.  This  mistake  is  well 
expressed  by  the  old  German  saying  (Sprichwort)  : 
' '  Was  Haenscheii  nicht  lei'nt^  lernt  Hans  nimmer. ' '  The 
sooner  the  different  keys  are  practised  in  the  lower  grades, 
or  even  in  the  lowest  grade,  the  better  the  result,  for  it 
has  been  proven  by  tests  and  experiments  that,  when 
pupils  practise  one  key  only  for  a  number  of  weeks  or 
years,  their  minds  become  incapacitated  from  chang- 
ing to  the  different  key  notes.  This  accounts  for  the 
unwillingness  of  teachers  who  have  taught  the  key  of  C 
major  exclusively  for  five  years  to  adopt  the  change  of 
key  note  in  accordance  with  newer  text-books. 

Music  requiring  the  cultivation  of  the  ear,  our  pupils 
are  taught  simple  songs  and  the  scales  before  any  notes 
are  presented  to  their  eyes.  When  they  can  sing  the  in- 
tervals of  the  scale,  ascending  and  descending,  they  are 
shown  the  notes,  as  being  the  pictures  of  the  tones  they 
are  familiar  with.  There  is  nothing  that  can  take  the 
place  of  music  as  a  cultivator  of  the  heart.  As  a  mind 
study  it  is  on  a  par  with  other  subjects,  if  not  superior  to 
many,  because  three  functions  of  the  mind  are  occupied 
in  the  proper  accomplishment  of  the  reading  at  sight  of 
a  musical  composition,  viz.  :  the  meter,  the  naming  of 
the  notes  by  syllable  or  word,  and  the  pitching  or  striking 
of  the  intervals. 

On  the  old  and  true  principle  that  the  teacher  makes 
the  school,  depends  the  success  of  any  subject  that  forms 
the  curriculum  of  any  educational  institution.  Music 
certainly  is  not  an  exception  to  this  rule.  Should  not 
then  the  greatest  car«  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  the 
music  teacher.?  Should  not  the  music  teacher  know 
something  else  than  to  play  a  few  pieces  on  an  instrument 
or  to  sing  his  part  in  a  choir  or  a  chorus  .f*  Since  he  is 
expected  to  handle  tlie  pupils  of  the  lowest  grade  as  well 


Jamks  Cooper, 
Member  Board  of  Education  in  i8:;i 


( J^'*^)) 


170  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

as  those  of  the  upper,  he  should  be  a  gentleman  or  lady 
of  culture  and  refinement  to  the  highest  degree. 

On  the  other  hand,  can  the  local  teacher  replace  the 
specialist?  I  am  aware  that  a  great  many  of  the  new 
text-books  encourage  the  local  teacher  to  instruct  in  music 
as  best  they  can,  and  many  claim  that  this  can  be  done  by 
them.  This  niay  all  be  true  in  a  few  cases,  but,  as  a  rule, 
music  can  only  be  taught  by  those  who  are  especially 
trained  teachers. 

In  June,  1900,  Walter  H.  Aiken  became  superin- 
tendent of  music.  He  is  a  son  of  the  second  superintend- 
ent of  the  department,  Mr.  Charles  Aiken.  Mr.  Aiken, 
Sr.,  graduated  in  1838  from  Dartmouth.  He  graduated 
also  for  the  ministry,  but  devoted  his  life  to  music.  He 
retired  from  active  service  in  1879,  and  died  October 
4,  1882. 

The  first  music  teacher  was  Wm.  F.  Colburn,  who 
was  also  superintendent  for  three  years  previous  to  1848 
(when  Mr.  Aiken  took  charge).  A  bust  of  Mr.  Aiken 
occupies  the  niche  south  of  the  Springer  monument  in 
Music  Hall  vestibule.  The  teachers  contributed  about 
two-thirds  of  the  cost  of  this  memorial.  Preston  Powers, 
of  Florence,  Italy,  was  the  sculptor. 

Superintendents. 

William  F.  Colburn,  1845-1848;  Charles  Aiken, 
1848-1879;  G.  F.  Junkermann,  1879-1900 ;  Walter  H. 
Aiken,    1900- 1902. 

[Note. — On  Mr.  Junkermann's  retirement,  he  was 
given  a  testimonial  at  Music  Hall,  and  upon  the  proceeds 
he  and  Mrs.  Junkermann  were  sent  on  a  visit  to  Germany.] 


*       Wai^ter  H.  Aiken, 
Superintendent  of  Music,  since  June,  1900. 


Penmanship. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

PENMANSHIP. 

Howard  Chaiiiplin. 


THE  first  special  teacher  of  penmanship  in  the  public 
schools  was  James  Bowers,  employed  1841.  At 
that  time  there  were  no  copybooks  containing  engraved 
copies  in  use  in  any  of  the  grades,  and  the  writing  was 
done  in  blank  books,  consisting  of  ruled  paper.  Qiiill 
pens  were  still  in  use  in  many  of  the  schools.  To  be  able 
to  mend  them  was  one-  of  the  necessary  qualifications  of 
the  writing  master,  and  also  to  make  them  from  the 
goose  quills  brought  to  school  by  the  pupils.  The  copies 
were  all  written  by  hand,  both  upon  the  blackboard  and 
at  the  heads  of  the  pages  in  the  blank  books. 

In  the  yearly  report,  printed  June  30,  1842,  appears 
the  following  :  "  James  W.  Bowers  is  engaged  as  teacher 
of  penmanship  at  forty-five  ($45)  dollars  per  month, 
giving  lessons  of  one  and  one-half  hour  each,  at  least 
twice  a  w^eek,  to  select  classes  in  all  the  districts  (visiting 
four  hours  each  day),  and  aiding  the  principals  and  in- 
structors, as  far  as  practicable,  in  the  superintendency  of 
all  the  writers  under  their  immediate  charge." 

By  reference  to  these  yearly  reports,  it  appears  that 
the  penmanship  department  had  the  distinction  of  being 
the  first  special  department  organized. 

In  1847  Root's  penmanship,  or  copybooks,  came  into 
use,  but  in  1850  the  department  was  abolished,  the  pen- 
manship having  attained  such  a  degree  of  excellence  that 
the  Board  of  Education  thought  that,   with  the  help  of 


7^ 


Schools   of   Cincinnati. 


Root's  copybooks,  the  regular  teachers  could  maintain  it 
without  any  special  assistance.  A  marked  decline  in  the 
writing  of  the  pupils  set  in  at  once,  and  continued  until 
it  became  evident  that  something  must  be  done. 

In    1854    Miss   Lucina   S.    Barrett   was   engaged    as 
superintendent.      Miss  Barrett  had  no  special  help  until 


James  M.  Glenn, 
A  Student  at  Old  Woodward. 


1857,  when  one  regular  teacher  in  each  building  was 
assigned  to  teach  penmanship  at  an  additional  salary  of 
five  dollars  per  month.  These  special  assistants  were 
required  to  attend  a  Saturday  morning  class  for  self- 
improvement.      Miss  Barrett  filled  the   position  very  ac- 


Penmanship.  173 

ceptably  until  her  marriage  to  Gen.  R.  D.  Mussey,  in 
i860,    when    the   superintendency    was   again   abolished. 

With  the  resignation  of  Miss  Barrett,  the  idea  of 
marking  copybooks  and  counting  penmanship  as  a 
regular  subject  began,  and  the  practice  has  continued 
until  the  present.  By  reference  to  the  yearly  report  of 
1861,  it  appears  that  a  rule  was  adopted  by  the  Board  of 
Education  specifying  the  points  to  be  considered  in 
marking   the    penmanship.      This    rule    was   as    follows  : 

"They  shall  take  into  consideration  the  general 
correctness  as  to  the  use  of  capital  letters,  cleanliness  of 
books,  proper  division  of  words,  punctuation,  and  general 
correctness  of  appearance." 

For  several  years  penmanship  was  allowed  to  deterio- 
rate, and  it  became  quite  a  lost  art,  until  the  appointment 
of  E.  A.  Burnett  as  superintendent  in  1870.  At  that 
time  the  Scribner  system  of  copybooks  was  in  use.  In 
1872  the  penmanship  attracted  much  favorable  attention 
at  the  Vienna  Exposition.  At  the  Centennial  Exposition 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1876,  there  were  ninety  volumes 
alone  of  English  and  German  penmanship.  One  of 
these  volumes  was  composed  entirely  of  specimens  of 
penmanship  from  the  special  and  regular  teachers.  In 
1874  Charles  W.  Bell  (colored)  Was  appointed  for  the 
colored  schools,  which  were  then  separate  from  the  white 
schools.  This  arrangement  was  changed  as  Soon  as 
colored  pupils  were  admitted  to  all  schools,  and  Mr.  Bell 
took  charge  of  penmanship  in  an  entire  section  of  the  city. 

In  1887  the  superintendency  was  abolished  for  the 
third  time.  In  1892,  however,  it  was  revived,  and 
Howard  Champlin  was  made  head  of  the  department. 

In  his  report  of  1895-6,  Superintendent  Morgan  says  : 

"The  department  of  penmanship  never  was  so 
carefully  conducted,  nor  has  there  been  at  an}^  time  more 


174  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

satisfactory  work.  The  'arm  movement,'  insisted  upon 
by  the  superintendent,  is  creating  a  better,  more  independ- 
ent class  of  writers,  and  is  overcoming  that  old  but  serious 
objection,  the  'cramped  hand'  style,  about  which  our 
business  men  have  so  justly  and  persistently  complained." 

In  1899  the  vertical  system  was  adopted,  and  A.  H. 
Steadman  was  elected  to  take  charge  of  its  introduction. 
Mr.  Steadman  is  still  superintendent. 

In  1 90 1  the  vertical  system  was  displaced  by  the 
"natural  slant."  Business  men  objected  to  vertical 
writing,  which,  it  was  claimed,  killed  individuality,  and 
which  in  time  would  make  forgery  almost  impossible  of 
detection. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

DRAWING     DEPARTMENT. 

Christine  G.  Sullivan. 

INTERNATIONAL  expositions  of  Europe  had  demon- 
strated to  the  world  the  fact  that  those  nations  ex- 
celling in  manufactures  were  those  that  had  furnished 
their  artisans  with  the  opportunity  of  learning  the  ele- 
ments of  industrial  art. 

At  these  expositions  the  United  States  stood  lowest 
in  respect  to  artistic  excellence  of  manufactures.  The 
experience  of  European  nations  suggested  the  remedy, 
and  a  movement  to  make  drawing  a  part  of  public  school 
courses    became    general    throughout  the  United  States. 

As  early  as  1862  members  of  the  Board  of  Education 
urged  the  introduction  of  drawing  into  the  public  school 
curriculum.       In    this   year  an   outlined   course    was   in- 


D  R  A  W I X  Ci     D K  PA  K  T  M  E  N  T . 


/? 


troduced,  the  regular  teachers  instructing.  The  results 
secured  were  very  encouraging,  and  this  arrangement  was 
continued  until  1864.  In  this  year  Superintendent 
Harding  makes,  in  his  report,  this  mention  of  the  work 
done  in  drawing:  "Specimens  of  drawings  are  now  in 
my  office,  which  the  members  of  the  Board  would  do  well 
to  examine,  showing  much  skill  in  the  teachers  and  decided 
talent  in  the  chil- 
dren. If  so  much 
has  been  done  by 
the  limited  facili- 
ties possessed 
by  our  teachers, 
what  might  we  not 
expect  if  profes- 
sional teachers  of 
drawing  should  be 
employed,  as  pro- 
posed by  your  com- 
mittee   on    draw- 

ing?" 

The  Board  of 
Education,  acting 
upon  the  advice  of 
the  superintendent, 
this  year  provided 
two  special  teachers 
of  drawing,  one  for 

the  eastern  half,  and  one  for  the  western  half  of  the  city. 
These  two  teachers  gave  two  lessons  weekly  to  all  their 
classes.       The  second  year,   perspective  was  introduced. 

In  1867  Bartholomew's  drawing  books  took  the 
place  of  the  drawing  course  previously  followed.  The 
work  was  from  the  flat  exclusivelv. 


W.     H.    VOGEL, 

Superintendent  of  Drawing  since 
September,  1899. 


76 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


In  1868  Arthur  Forbriger  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent, and  the  Demcker  system  of  drawing  was  intro- 
duced into  the  A,  B,  and  C  grades,  the  special  teachers 
instructing.  The  lower  grades  were  taught  by  the 
regular  teachers,  who  received  instruction  from  the 
superintendent  once  a  month. 

In  1870  the 
Board  appointed 
three  additional 
teachers,  one  of 
whom  was  H.  H. 
Fick.  In  June  of 
1 87 1  Jthere  was  in 
Greenwood  Hal  Tan 
exhibition  of  pu- 
pils' work,  show- 
ing the  plan  of  the 
Demcker  system. 
The  following  Sep- 
tember the  Barthol- 
omew Revised 
System  of  Draw- 
ing was  introduced, 
and  one  more 
teacher  was  added. 
In  1872  adraw- 
ing]exhibit  was  sent 
to  the  Vienna  Exposition,  The  report  of  the  Commission- 
er of  Education  showed  that  Cincinnati  had  gained  an 
enviable  reputation  in  this  branch. 

In  1873  model  drawing  was  introduced  into  the 
Normal  and  recommended  for  the  high  schools.  Previous 
to  this  time  drawing  in  the  high  schools  (which  comprised 
drawing  from  the  tlat  and  mechanical  drawing)  was 
taught  by  the  regular  teachers. 


Richard  C-   Yowell, 

Principal  Lincoln  School  and  President 
Teachers'  Club  (1902). 


Drawing  Department.  177 

In  1874  Miss  Christine  G.  Sullivan  joined  the  de- 
partment. 

In  1875  Forbriger's  Tablet  took  the  place  of  the 
Bartholomew  System. 

In  1876  an  elaborate  exhibit  was  sent  to  the  Centen- 
nial Exposition  at  Philadelphia.  The  progressive  char- 
acter of  the  Forbriger  Drawing  Tablet  was  shown  in 
mounted  specimens,  representing  every  school  in  the  city. 
The  work  elicited  the  highest  encomiums,  and  Cincinnati 
was  recognized  as  among  the  foremost  cities  in  America 
in  respect  to  industrial  art  education. 

Upon  the  death  of  Superintendent  Forbriger,  No- 
vember, 1878,  Mr.  Fick  succeeded  to  the  superintendency. 

It  will  be  noted  that  from  the  date  of  the  introduction 
of  drawing,  there  has  been  a  steady  advancement  in  regard 
to  both  the  scope  of  the  work  and  the  character  of  the 
pupils'  execution.  Under  Dr.  Fick  this  advancement 
continued.  Exhibits  of  drawing  were  frequent  at  insti- 
tutes and  at  meetings  of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation, and  Cincinnati  continued  to  hold  her  reputation 
as  a  leader  in  this  branch  of  education.  The  course  for 
the  high  schools  was  enlarged,  perspective  and  drawing 
from  the  object  receiving  more  attention.  During  the 
superintendency  of  Mr.  Forbriger  a  limited  knowledge  of 
drawing  was  made  one  of  the  qualifications  for  a  regular 
teachers'  certificate.  Dr.  Fick  raised  the  standard  of  this 
requirement  and  elaborated  the  course  previously  followed 
in  the  Normal  School. 

In  1879  the  scope  of  the  Forbriger  Tablet  being  con- 
sidered inadequate  to  the  growing  demands  of  industrial 
art  education,  Mr.  Fick  was  called  upon  to  revise  it. 
The  revised  edition,  which  gave  less  space  to  designs  for 
surface  decoration  and  introduced  perspective  and  mechan- 

(12) 


78 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


ical  drawing,  was  adopted  in  1881.  Dr.  Fick  further 
raised  the  standard  of  drawing  by  extending  the  use  of 
paper,  instead  of  slates,  even  in  the  lowest  grades. 

In  1883  John  Hauser,  the  artist,  joined  the  department. 
In  answer  to  the  demand  for  a  more  comprehensive 
system  of  drawing,  the  Eclectic  System,  prepared  by  Miss 
Christine  G.  Sullivan,  was  adopted  September,  1884. 
The  following 
October  Mr.  Fick 
resigned,  and  Miss 
Sullivan  was  elec- 
ted to  the  superin- 
tendency. 

In  1885  the 
sc  hools  sent  an 
exhibit  to  the  New 
Orleans  Exposi- 
tion. The  display 
attracted  general 
attention,  both  the 
work  of  the  pupils 
and  the  plan  of  the 
system  receiving 
the  highest  com- 
mendation. At 
the  request  of  the 
French  Commis- 
sioner of  Educa- 
tion, the  entire  exhibit  was  presented  to  the  Paris  Pedagog- 
ical Museum,  where  it  still  occupies  a  prominent  place. 

In  1886  Mr.  John  Hauser  withdrew  from  the  depart- 
ment, and  W.  II.  Vogel  was  appointed  to  the  vacancy. 
An  exhibit  of  drawing,  comprising  work  from  all  grades, 
was  a  feature  of  the  educational  department  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Exposition  of  this  year. 


W.  C.  Washburn. 

Principal  Eleventh  District  School;  nlso 
West  Side  Night  High  School. 


Drawing  Department.  179 

At  the  Ohio  Valley  Centennial  Exposition  in  1888  a 
display  consisting  of  over  3,000  mounted  drawings, 
representing  every  school  in  the  city,  occupied  a  prominent 
place  on  the  walls  of  the  educational  department.  As 
an  attractive  and  instructive  feature,  it  was  awarded  a 
diploma  by  the  commissioners. 

In  1893  the  largest  display  of  drawings  ever  collected 
from  our  schools  was  sent  to  the  World's  Fair.  The 
diploma  we  received  is  sufficient  testimony  as  to  its 
excellence. 

In  1895  we  exhibited  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition,  and 
received  the  highest  award  granted  to  exhibitors  in  the 
educational  department. 

The  exhibits  at  the  National  Educational  Associations 
and  in  the  educational  departments  of  our  larger  exposi- 
tions, have  shown  that  Cincinnati  holds  a  place  in  the  front 
rank  as  regards  education  in  industrial  art.  For  several 
years  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  department  to  widen  the 
scope  and  extend  the  usefulness  of  its  subject.  We  have 
wished  to  see  drawing  used  as  a  means  of  illustration  in 
connection  with  the  other  branches  of  the  curriculum,  and 
hoped  that  our  work  should  include  the  study  of  pictures, 
with  a  view  to  ethical  development.  I  am  pleased  to 
recognize  the  beginning  of  work  in  this  direction.  On 
account  of  the  added  responsibilities  of  the  department, 
the  requirements  for  a  special  certificate  have  been  in- 
creased ;  a  liberal  general  education  being  now  required  in 
in  addition  to  the  special  art  education. 


i8o  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

CINCINNATI    MUSEUM    ASSOCIATION. 
J.  H.  Gest. 

THE  Cincinnati  Museum  Association,  which  embraces 
two  departments,  the  museum  department  and  the 
academy  department,  was  incorporated  in  1881,  as  the 
result  of  a  proposition  on  the  part  of  the  late  Charles  W. 
West  to  give  $150,000  toward  the  erection  of  a  museum 
building. 

The  condition  Mr.  West  imposed  was  that  others 
should  give  as  much  more.  This  occurred  in  the  autumn 
of  1880,  and  within  a  month  the  funds  had  been  raised. 
The  Museum  building  was  completed  and  opened  on  the 
17th  of  May,  1886,  having  cost  $334,416.11.  In  the 
meanwhile  Mr.  West  had  given  a  second  sum  of  $150,000 
toward  an  endowment  fund.  Other  citizens  increased 
this  until  the  aggregate  endowment  fund  of  the  museum 
department  is  now  $352,178.80.  Next  to  Mr.  West,  the 
largest  contributor  to  this  fund  was  the  late  Reuben  R. 
Springer,  who  left  by  will  $40,000. 

The  school  department,  known  as  the  Art  Academy 
of  Cincinnati,  has  separate  and  distinct  endowment  funds 
amounting  to  $393,002.40,  and  occupies  a  building  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $97,175.58.  The  principal  patron  of  the 
school  was  the  late  Joseph  Longworth,  who  was  really 
the  founder  of  the  department.  He  had  for  many  years 
contributed  to  the  support  of  the  School  of  Design  while 
it  was  connected  with  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  and 


Cincinnati  Museum  Association. 


i8i 


had  actually  established  a  small  endowment  for  its  benefit. 
At  the  time  of  the  incorporation  of  the  Museum  Associ- 
ation, he  resolved  to  place  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees  of 
the  association  a  much  larger  fund  for  the  endowment 
of  a  thoroughly-equipped  art  school.  He  died,  how- 
ever, before  having  completed  the  arrangement,  and 
shortly  after  his  death  his  son,  the  late  Nicholas  Long- 
worth,  proposed  to  the  trustees  of  the  Museum  to  carry 
out  the  wishes  of  his  father.  An  arrangement  was  then 
entered   into   with  the   city  of  Cincinnati  by  which  the 


Art  Museum  and  Academy, 

The  Museum  was  Completed  and  Dedicated  May  17,  1886;  Cost,  $334,416: 
Charles  W.  West,  Founder, 


School  of  Design  was  transferred  from  the  University  to 
the  Museum  Association,  whereupon  Nicholas  Longworth 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees,  in  fulfilment  of  his 
father's  intention,  investments  and  ground  rents  of  the 
value  of  $371,631. 

The  late  Reuben  Springer  left  the  school,  by  will, 
$25,000.  During  the  lifetime  of  Mr.  Springer  there  had 
been  conferences  between  him  and  David  Sinton  on  the 
subject  of  providing  a  suitable  building  in  Eden  Park  near 


i82  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

the  Art  Museum,  but  nothing  was  definitely  concluded 
before  Mr.  Springer's  death.  Subsequently  Mr.  Sinton 
offered  to  put  up  the  building  at  an  outlay  of  $75,000. 
The  ultimate  cost  of  the  school  building  being  $97,175.58, 
a  part  of  Mr.  Springer's  bequest  and  also  some  of  the  in- 
come was  added  to  the  gift  of  Mr.  Sinton. 

The  next  gift  to  the  school  came  in  it599  from  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  M.  E.  Ingalls,  in  memory  of  their  daughter,  and 
is  known  as  the  Louise  Ingalls  Scholarship  Fund.  It 
amounts  to  $10,000,  so  invested  in  a  ground  rent  as  to 
produce  $600  a  year.  The  income  from  this  fund  is  de- 
voted to  the  aid  of  students.  The  object  of  these  endow- 
ments is  to  provide  so  far  for  the  running  expenses  of  the 
Academy  that  it  shall  be  necessary  to  charge  only  nomi- 
nal fees  of  tuition.  Accordingly,  while  the  institution 
expends  between  eighty  and  one  hundred  dollars  annually 
on  each  pupil,  it  charges  only  twenty-five  dollars  for  a  full 
season's  tuition.  The  school,  with  its  present  equipment, 
is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  the  country,  and  affords 
opportunity  for  advanced  work  in  the  study  of  art  as  well 
as  preparatory  training  for  the  beginner.  If  space  were 
allowed,  one  might  go  into  the  interesting  earlier  history 
of  the  old  School  of  Design,  which  was  established  here 
in  January,  1869,  as  the  first  part  of  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  Cincinnati  University,  under  the  will  of  Charles 
McMicken. 

The  Museum  Association  was  incorporated,  not  merely 
to  provide  an  art  museum,  but  for  the  broader  "  purpose 
of  establishing  and  maintaining  in  Cincinnati  a  museum 
wherein  may  be  gathered,  preserved,  and  exhibited 
valuable  and  interesting  objects  of  every  kind  and  nature, 
and  for  the  further  purpose  of  using  the  contents  of  said 
museum  for  education  through  the  establishment  of  classes 
and  otherwise,  as  may  be  found  expedient." 


Melville  E.  Ingalls, 

President  Cincinnati  Museum  Association  and  Founder  of 
the  Technical  School.  (183) 


184  Schools  of  Cincinnti. 

The  growth  of  the  collections,  in  the  main,  has  been 
in  the  direction  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  decorative  art, 
including  various  art  industries,  and  somewhat  in  the 
direction  of  ethnology.  A  plan  was  formulated  last  year 
for  the  inauguration  of  a  natural  history  department, 
the  execution  of  which  awaits  the  receipt  of  funds  required 
for  that  purpose. 

A  Natural  History  Museum,  arranged  and  installed 
like  the  other  departments  of  the  Museum,  will  have  an 
influence  upon  popular  education  that  will  be  of  great 
value  to  the  city. 

The  Emma  Louise  Schmidlapp  Building,  about  to  be 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  will  provide  for  the  library 
of  the  Museum,  containing  books,  prints,  and  drawings, 
photographs,  or  other  reproductions  of  objects  of  art. 
Until  the  growth  of  these  collections  shall  require  the 
entire  building,  parts  of  it  will  be  given  to  the  exhibition 
of  sculpture  and  other  works. 

To  General  A.  T.  Goshorn,  director  from  the  begin- 
ning until  his  death  on  the  19th  of  February,  1902,  tlie 
Museum  is  indebted  for  its  admirable  organization. 

Early  History  of  Art. 

Of  early  art  history  the  late  A.   T.   Goshorn   wrote  : 

"  1836,  Prof.  Eckstein,  a  native  of  Berlin,  founded  an 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  and  gave  instructions  in  drawing 
and  painting.      Hiram  Powers  was  one  of  his  pupils. 

"  1828,  Frederick  Franks  opened  a  Gallery  of  Fine 
Arts. 

"  1835,  a  second  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  was  or- 
ganized by  an  association  of  artists;  Godfrey  Franken- 
stein, president. 

"  The  department  or  section  of  the  fine  arts  in  the  Cin- 
cinnati Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Useful  Knowledge 


Cincinnati  Museum  Association. 


85 


was    another  short-lived  effort  in   behalf  of  art  culture. 

"  1855,  a  Gallery  was  projected  by  Mrs.   Peter. 

"  The  School  of  Design  opened  the  first  Monday  in 
January,  1869.  February  i,  1884,  this  School  of  Art  and 
Design  was  transferred  to  the  Cincinnati  Museum  Asso- 
ciation." 

The  temporary  quarters  of  the  Museum,   in  the  art 


Occupied  October  10,  il 


Art  Academy, 

Cost,  $97,175;  Joseph  Longworth,  Founder. 


rooms  of  the  Music  Hall,  were  opened  to  the  public  on  the 
loth  of  February,  1882.  The  paintings,  drawings,  and 
other  objects  exhibited  at  that  time  were  mostly  deposited 
on  loan.  The  chief  motive  in  this,  the  first  step  toward 
the  foundation  of  the  Museum,  was  to  bring  the  plan  and 
intentions  of  the  association  prominently  to  the  notice  of 
the  public.  The  collections  were  removed  to  their  present 
quarters  the  last  of  December,   1885. 


i86  Schools  of  Cincinnati 

Trustees. 

J.  G.  Schmidlapp,  Nathaniel  Henchman  Davis,  L. 
A.  Ault,  W.  W.  Taylor,  M.  E.  Ingalls,  E.  C.  Goshorn, 
R.  H.  Galbreath,  Charles  P.  Taft,  L.  B.  Harrison,  D. 
H.  Holmes.  Trustees  on  behalf  of  the  city — Julius 
Fleischmann,  Mayor  \  Edward  Goepper,  William  Von 
Steinwehr. 

President,  M.  E.  Ingalls;  Vice-President,  L.  B: 
Harrison;  Treasurer,  W.  W.  Taylor;  Director,  J.  H. 
Gest ;    Secretary^  J.  H.  Gest ;    Cashier,  Henry  J.  Koch. 

Instructors. 

Frank  Duveneck,  painting  from  life. 

Thomas  S.  Noble,  drawing  and  painting  from  life. 

Vincent  Nowottny,  drawing  and  painting  from  life. 

L.  H.  Meakin,  drawing  and  painting  from  life. 

J.  H.  Sharp,  drawing  and  painting  from  life. 

Caroline  A.  Lord,  drawing  and  painting  from  still- 
life,  etc. 

Henrietta  Wilson,  drawing  and  painting  from  still- 
life,  etc. 

Kate  Reno  Miller,  drawing  and  painting  from  still- 
life,  etc. 

C.  J.  Barnhorn,  modeling. 

William  H.  Fry,  wood  carving. 

Anna  Riis,  china  painting. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

UNIVERSITY    OF    CINCINNATI. 

THE  University  of  Cincinnati  was  organized  in  the 
Woodward  High  School  building  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Principal  George  W.  Harper,   in  October,    1873. 


University  of  Cincinnati. 


187 


There  was  a  class  of  15  in  mathematics ;  one  of  13  in 
chemistry  and  natural  philosophy  ;  one  of  6  in  Latin  and 
Greek;  two  classes  in  French  (29  students);  and  two 
classes  in  German,  with  28  students  ;  a  total  of  58,  of  which 
40  were  females.  ' 

The  courses  began  where  the  high  school  instructions 
left  off,  and  were  strictly  continuous  of  the  high  school 
courses.      Sessions  were  held  in  the  afternoons. 

This  arrangement 
was  only  temporary, 
as  the  proposed  build- 
ing on  the  McMicken 
homestead  site  liad  not 
been  completed.  In 
a  few  months,  how- 
ever, the  academic 
department  was  reg- 
ularly organized,  and 
in  September,  1874, 
three  courses  were  of- 
fered, and  there  were 
appointed  three 
professors  ,  viz.  :  of 
mathematics  and  civil 
engineering ;  of  Latin 
and  Greek  ;  and  of 
physics  and  chemistry . 
During  the  year  1874- 

1875  work  was  carried  on  in  the  Third  Intermediate 
School  building  on  Franklin  Street,  a  square  away  from 
the  Woodward  building.  This  year  the  School  of  Draw- 
ing and  Design    (see  page   182)    registered  405  students. 

October,  1875,  saw  the  north  wing  of  the  new  (and 
at  that  time  proposed  to  be  permanent)  building  completed 


Caleb  Kemper, 
A  Cincinnati  School  Teacher  of  1792. 


i88  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

and  occupied  by  the  academic  department,  with  the  three 
courses' mentioned.  Two  instructors  were  appointed  this 
year. 

The  will  of  Charles  McMicken  directed  that  the 
college  buildings  should  be  erected  out  of  the  rents  and 
income  of  his  estate,  and  on  the  premises  on  which  he 
resided  at  the  time  of  his  death.  More  precise  directions 
were  added  : 

"The  said  buildings  shall  be  erected  on  different 
parts  of  the  said  grounds,  to-wit :  That  for  the  boys  on 
the  north,  and  that  for  the  girls  on  the  south  of  the  road 
lately  cut  through  the  said  grounds. 

"And  I  direct  that  the  plot  of  ground  on  which  the 
college  for  the  boys  shall  be  built  shall  comprise  not  less 
than  from  five  to  six  acres,  and  that  on  which  the  college 
for  the  girls  shall  be  built  shall  comprise  all  below  said 
road,  which  plot  may,  I  suppose,  contain  about  three 
acres." 

But  the  income  of  the  estate  proving  insufficient  to 
enable  the  directors  to  erect  buildings  and  establish 
colleges,  these  provisions  were  not  carried  out.  When  at 
length  the  University  was  established,  as  the  result  of  an 
effort  to  unite  the  several  educational  trusts  of  the  city, 
an  issue  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $150,000  was  author- 
ized by  the  General  Assembly  (April  27,  1872),  "to 
provide  for  the  buildings  and  apparatus  necessary  for 
such  University. 

Under  this  act  bonds  were  issued,  and  a  building 
erected  for  both  boys  and  girls  "on  the  south  of  the  road 
(Clifton  Avenue)  lately  cut  through  the  grounds  "  of  the 
McMicken  homestead.  This  building  was  ready  for 
occupancy  in  September,  1875,  and  was  occupied  a  month 
later. 


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190  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

For  twenty  years  this  building  was  occupied  by  the 
academic  department,  except  from  November,  1885,  to 
June,  1886,  when  instruction  was  given  in  the  building 
of  the  Hebrew  Union  College,  No.  724  West  Sixth  Street, 
owing  to  the  University  having  been  gutted  by  a  fire 
(which  broke  out  in  the  laboratory). 

It  was  soon  evident  that  the  homestead  site  was  not 
suitable  for  a  growing  university.  A  narrow  strip  of 
land  on  a  steep  hillside  offered  no  room  for  expansion, 
and  the  surroundings  were  not  suitable.  Application 
was  therefore  made  to  the  Common  Council,  which  passed 
an  ordinance  on  September  20,  1889,  directing  the  mayor 
to  execute  an  agreement  with  the  University  by  the  terms 
of  which  buildings  for  university  purposes  might  be 
erected  and  maintained  on  a  tract  of  about  43  acres  of 
land  at  the  southern  end  of  Burnet  Woods.  This  agree- 
ment was  executed  October  22,  1889,  and  by  its  provisions 
the  construction  of  the  main  building  was  to  be  com- 
inenced  within  three  years. 

The  new  site  made  possible  under  the  agreement 
was  eminently  suited  to  the  purpose.  It  was  geograph- 
ically well  situated  with  reference  to  the  city  and  the 
surrounding  suburbs.  The  ground  was  high,  with  an 
unimpeded  outlook  on  the  west  toward  the  hills  above 
the  Millcreek  Valley,  while  northward  stretched  away 
the  remaining  one  hundred  and  twenty  acres  of  Burnet 
Woods  Park,  a  fine,  undulating  tract  of  w^oodland,  pro- 
vided with  good  roads  and  footpaths.  But  there  were 
legal  obstacles,  imposed  by  the  will  of  Charles  McMicken, 
which  stood  in  the  way  of  removal.  A  "  certain  proceed- 
ing (from  the  oration  of  Judge  Samuel  F.  Hunt) 
was  therefore  instituted,  under  Section  6202  of  the 
Revised  Statutes  of  Ohio,  to  obtain  the  opinion  and 
direction  of  the  court  as  to  whether  the  University  could 


<V     en 


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u  2 

O      ClH 


192  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

be  removed  to  the  site  in  Burnet  Woods  Park,  donated 
by  the  city  of  Cincinnati." 

After  a  full  hearing  of  the  case,  "the  Circuit  Court 
for  the  Judicial  Circuit  of  Ohio  decreed  that  the  city  and 
the  directors  were  permitted,  by  the  terms  of  the  will  of 
Charles  McMicken,  to  expend  such  funds  arising  from 
the  estate  devised  to  the  city,  in  trust,  as  might  be  neces- 
sary to  erect  buildings  for  the  colleges  in  Burnet  Woods 
Park,  or  upon  other  suitable  grounds  acquired,  or  which 
might  be  acquired  for  that  purpose  ;  that  if  such  building 
or  buildings  be  erected,  the  directors  might  maintain  the 
colleges  provided  for  by  the  will  with  the  funds  derived 
from  the  estate  of  Charles  McMicken  wholly  in  buildings 
erected  in  Burnet  Woods  Park,  or  they  might,  with  such 
funds,  maintain  any  part  or  departments  of  the  colleges, 
or  either  of  them,  in  the  buildings  so  situated." 

In  March,  1893,  the  Supreme  Court  affirmed  the 
decree  of  the  Circuit  Court. 

By  an  act  of  General  Assembly,  passed  on  April  20, 
1893,  an  issue  of  bonds  was  authorized,  not  exceeding 
$100,000,  to  provide  for  the  building  and  apparatus 
necessary  for  the  University. 

In  the  preceding  year  (April  13,  1892)  authority 
had  been  obtained  from  the  same  source  for  the  appropri- 
ation of  public  grounds  for  university  purposes,  and  for 
an  extension  of  time. 

Everything  being  now  arranged,  the  work  proceeded. 
On  September  22,  1894,  the  corner-stone  of  VicMicken 
Hall  was  laid  in  Burnet  Woods  Park,  and  in  September, 
1895,  the  building  was  ready  for  use,  and  was  occupied 
by  the  academic  deparcment. 

In  the  same  year  Henry  Hanna  gave  $^5,000  to  build 
the  north  wing,  known  as  Hanna  Hall.  Mr.  Hanna  later 
added  $4,091.07  to  complete  the  building,  and  in  1896  he 


University  of  Cincinnati. 


^93 


provided  $20,000  to  fit  and  furnish  Hanna  Hall  for  the 
departments  of  chemistry  and  civil  engineering. 

In  1898-99  Briggs  S.  Cunningham  erected  the  south 
wing  of  the   University  building,   at  a  cost  of  $60,000. 


Frank  J.  Jones, 

Director  of  the  University  and  Founder  of  the 
Jones  Prizes  for  English  Orations. 

This  wing,  named  Cunningham  Hall,  is  occupied  by  the 
departments  of  physics  and  biology. 

In  1898  Asa  Van  Wormer  gave  1,000  shares  of  stock 

[13] 


194  Schools  of   Cincinnati. 

of  the  Cincinnati  Street  Railway  Company  (par  value, 
$50,  000),  the  proceeds  of  which  were  to  be  expended  in 
the  erection  of  a  library  building.  This  building  stands 
south  of  Cunningham  Hall,  and  is  known  as  the  Van 
Wormer  Library.  It  was  completed  and  occupied  May 
I,  1901. 

In  the  summer  of  1901  $22,500  was  given  by  an 
anonymous  benefactor,  through  M.  E.  Ingalls,  to  be  ex- 
pended in  the  construction  of  a  building  adapted  to  shop 
work,  as  part  of  the  equipment  of  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing.    The  building  was  at  once  begun. 

The  University  also  acquired,  by  gift,  the  equipment 
of  the  shops  of  the  Technical  School  of  Cincinnati,  and 
before  the  present  year  (1902)  ends,  the  College  of  En- 
gineering will  be  in  possession  of  an  extensive  and  sub- 
stantial shop  structure,  fully  equipped  with  tools  and 
machines. 

Benefactors  of  the  University. 

Besides  Charles  McMicken,  Henry  Hanna,  Briggs 
S.  Cunningham,  Asa  Van  Wormer,  John  Kilgour,  and 
the  Astronomical  Association,  the  persons  named  below 
have  contributed  to  the  endowment  or  to  the  equipment 
of  the  University  : 

In  1873  Julius  Dexter  (attorney  and  capitalist)  gave 
$1,000  as  an  endowment  for  the  Observatory,  the  interest 
to  be  used  for  its  support. 

During  his  life  Joseph  Longworth  (horticulturalist 
and  grape  grower)  gave  to  the  city,  for  the  support  of  the 
School  of  Design,  then  a  part  of  the  University,  $100,000. 

In  1875  Prof.  S.  Lilienthal,  of  New  York  City,  in 
memory  of  his  son,  a  talented  mining  engineer,  gave  a 
collection  of  minerals,  with  the  inscription,  "  Donated  by 
Benjamin  Lilienthal." 


196  ScHOOi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

In  1801  Mrs.  Nannie  Fechheimer,  of  this  city,  gave 
a  geological  and  mineralogical  collection,  in  memory  of 
her  husband,  Marcus  Fechheimer. 

The  late  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Browne  bequeathed  $150,- 
000  to  establish  a  university.  But  his  will  was  set  aside, 
and  his  heirs,  by  an  agreement,  gave  $1,000  to  the  Cin- 
cinnati Orphan  Asylum,  $1,000  to  the  Widows'  Home, 
and  a  certain  amount  of  property  for  educational  pur- 
poses, of  which  the  Lane  Theological  Seminary  received 
one-third  and  the  University  two-thirds,  to  be  known  as 
the  "  Browne  Endowment  Fund."  At  present  the  Board 
holds,  invested  in  bonds,  $17,650,  and  uninvested 
$2,516.01.     The  interest  only  is  to  be  expended. 

Matthew  H.  Thoms  (attorney  and  student)  died 
1890,  and  bequeathed  property  valued  at  $130,000.  Heirs 
having  proceeded  to  test  the  will,  a  compromise  was 
agreed  upon,  by  which  they  received  $20,000. 

In  1891  A.  G.  Wetherby,  a  former  professor  of 
natural  history,  gave  a  collection  of  specimens  valued  at 
more  than  $2,000. 

In  1892  Frank  J.  Jones  (attorney-at-law  and  presi- 
dent Little  Miami  Railroad  Company)  founded  a  prize 
consisting  of  $40,  to  be  awarded  annually  to  that  member 
of  the  senior  class  of  the  academic  department  who  shall 
write  and  pronounce  an  English  oration  in  the  best 
manner.  In  1901  he  founded  a  second  prize  of  $20. 
Both  of  these  prizes  are  established  upon  a  permanent 
endowment,  a  lot  on  Central  Avenue  opposite  Dayton 
Street  having  been  deeded  December  19,  1901. 

In  1894  the  late  Laura  Seasongood  bequeathed  $800, 
and  there  is  established  "  The  Laura  Seasongood  Alcove," 
for  which  books  are  purchased  with  the-  interest  derived 
from  the  legacy. 


Matthew  H.  Thoms. 

Matthew  Hueston  Thoms,  who  gave  his 
fortune  to  the  University  of  Cincinnati  (see 
page  196),  was  the  second  son  of  William 
Thoms,  a  Scotchman,  who  married  Eliza- 
beth Martha  Hueston,  daughter  of  Col. 
Matthew  Hueston,  of  Butler  County,  Ohio. 
Mr.  Thoms  was  graduated  at  Yale  and  at 
Harvard  Law  School.  He  never  married. 
He  died  in  Cincinnati,  December  15,  1890. 
Mr.  Thoms'  father  was  a  native  of  Blair- 
Gowrie,  a  village  near  Perth.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  lived  the  life  of  a  student. 
He  is  buried  in  Spring  Grove  Cemetery. 

[196A] 


Amor  Smith,  Jr., 

Major  of  the  City  of  Cincinnati  for  Two  Terms,  from  1885  to  1889. 
Director  (Ex  Officio)  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati 
(196B;  During  Those  Years. 


University  of   Cincinnati. 


197 


In  1897  Christian  Moerlein  (the  brewer)  gave  $1,000 
for  equipping  the  department  of  physics. 

In  1898  W.  A.  Procter,  president  The  Procter  & 
Gamble  Co.  (soap  manufacturers),  gave  the  Robert 
Clarke  Library,  consisting  chiefly  of  Americana,  and 
numbering  6,759  volumes.  In  1899  he  gave  the  Enoch  T. 
Carson  Shakespeare  Library,  comprising,  together  with 
a  collection  of  books 
on  the  drama,  1,420 
volumes;  in  1900, 
the  chemical  library 
of  T.  H.  Norton 
(992  volumes). 

In  1898  Lewis 
Seasongood  (cap- 
italist) gave  $500  to 
the  Latin  depart- 
ment, for  equipping 
an  alcove  in  the 
library  with  the 
latest  Latin  and 
Semitic  works. 

In  1898  Charles 
F.  Windisch  (the 
brewer  and  director) 
gave  a  collection  of 
500  micro-photo- 
graphs of  snow 
crystals. 

In  1899  David  Sinton  (capitalist  and  manufacturer) 
gave  $100,000,  and  thus  founded  the  Sinton  Chair  of 
Economics  and  Civics. 

In  1899  the  Endowment  Fund  Association,  consist- 
ing of  alumni  of  the  University,  established  the  Cornelius 


Dr    John  Lewin  McLeish, 

Hughes.  1890,  Princeton,  1894. 
Author  of  "  Iturbide." 


198  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

George  Comegys  Scholarship,  with  a  $50  stipend,  in 
honor  of  the  late  Dr.  Comegys. 

In  1901  the  sum  of  $5,000,  made  up  of  contributions 
from  many  persons,  was  expended  in  grading  and  fitting 
the  grounds  of  an  athletic  field. 

The  Cincinnati  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society 
recently  began  negotiations  to  transfer  their  collections 
of  materials  to  the  fire-proof  library  building.  These 
plans  are  now  fully  matured,  and  the  collections  housed 
in  the  Van  Wormer  Library. 

C.  T.  Webber  gave  a  portrait  in  oil  of  the  poet 
Joaquin  Miller;  the  Rev.  P.  Robertson,  a  portrait  of  the 
poet  Burns. 

Other  gifts  :  A  model  stamp  machine  for  crushing 
gold-bearing  quartz,  given  by  the  Lane  &  Bodley  Co.  ;  a 
twenty  horse-power  Westinghouse  gas  engine,  given  by 
the  Cincinnati  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company. 

Endowment  of  the   University. 

The  following  table  shows  total  endowment  and  all 
sources  of  revenue  : 

Real  estate  (and  income)  Charles  McMicken,  $700,- 
000. 

Buildings,  apparatus,  furniture,  etc.,  paid  for  by 
bonds,  $178,411. 

Cincinnati  Astronomical  Society  (instruments,  etc.), 
$8,000. 

Real  estate  John  Kilgour,  $10,000. 

Cash  John  Kilgour,  $11,000. 

Endowment  for  Observatory  Julius  Dexter,  $1,000. 

The  Browne  endowment,  $20,166.01. 

Devise  of  Matthew  H.  Thoms,  $130,000. 

Gift  Henry  Hanna,  $49,091. 

Gift  Henry  Hanna,  equipment  Hanna  Hall,  $20,000. 


Alphonso  Taft, 

A  Woodward  Trustee,  1852-1876;  Chairman  Universitj 
Board,   1881-1882,  When  He  Was  Appointed 

Minister  to  Austria.  (199) 


200  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Gift  Laura  Seasongood,  $770. 

Gift  Briggs'S.  Cunningham  for  erection  and  equip- 
ment of  Cunningham  Hall,  $60,000. 

Gift  x\sa  Van  Wormer,  $50,000. 

GiftW.  A.Procter  (Robert  Clarke  Library),  $50,000. 

David  Sinton,  $100,000. 

Gift  for  erection  of  shops  for  College  of  Engineering 
and  Technical  School,  $22,500. 

Gift  equipment  for  shops,  $50,000. 

Gift  funds  for  athletic  field,  $5,000. 

Tax  levy  for  1900,  $57,699.12. 

Less  sinking  fund  and  interest  on  bonds,  $7,546. 

Net  revenue  from  taxes  for  support  of  the  University 
and  Observatory,  $50,153.12. 

Which,  capitalized  at  three  per  cent.,  represents  an 
endowment  of  $1,671,771. 

Total  endowment,  3,136,709.01. 

Personal. 
Charles  McMicken,  trader  and  merchant;  Henry 
Hanna,  capitalist;  Briggs  S.  Cunningham,  banker;  Asa 
Van  Wormer,  merchant  and  shipper  (  butter  and  eggs)  ; 
John  Kilgour,  president  Cincinnati  Street  Railway  Co., 
also  Telephone  Co. 

CHAPTER  XXm. 

HOWARD    AYERS. 

THE  following  is  from  the  29th  annual  report  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  : 
To  the  Honorable  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the    Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati : 

Gentlemen — Your  committee  appointed  to  recom- 
mend a  fit  and  competent  person  for  the  presidency  of  the 


203  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

University  beg  leave  to  recommend  Professor  How^ard 
Ayers,  B.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  for  that  office.  Dr.  Ayers  was 
born  in  1861  in  Olympia,  Washington  Territory.  While 
he  was  still  an  infant  his  father,  a  hardware  merchant, 
moved  from  Olympia  to  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  where 
young  Ayers  received  his  primary  and  secondary  educa- 
tion in  the  common  schools  and  high  school  of  that  city. 
His  father  sent  him  to  Michigan  University,  where  he 
took  a  scientific  course,  and  developed  a  strong  taste  for 
biology  and  kindred  subjects.  He  left  Ann  Arbor  after 
three  years'  stay  and  went  to  Harvard,  where  he  found 
better  opportunities  for  biological  study.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  in  1883  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Science  and  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class. 
While  at  Harvard  he  won  the  first  Walker  prize,  offered 
by  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  and  open  to 
contestants  from  all  parts  of  the  world  for  the  best  sci- 
entific memoir.  After  receiving  his  degree  he  went 
abroad,  and  studied  for  two  years  at  the  Universities  of 
Heidelberg,  Strassburg,  and  Freiberg.  At  Freiberg  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  magna  cum 
laude.  Subsequently  he  pursued  his  studies  and  work  of 
original  research  at  the  Marine  Zoological  Station  of 
Vienna  University  at  Trieste,  and  at  the  Station  Mari- 
time of  the  University  of  Paris  at  Banyal-sur-Mer,  France, 
and  attended  lectures  at  the  College  de  France  and 
Sarbonne. 

On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  became  in- 
structor in  biology  at  the  University  of  Michigan  for  one 
year.  The  next  year  he  was  called  to  Harvard,  where  he 
taught  for  two  years  both  in  the  University  proper  and 
in  Radcliffe  College.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  director 
of  the  Allis  Lake  Laboratory  of  Biology  at  Milwaukee, 
succeeding  C.  O.  Whitman,  now  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  biology  in  Chicago  University.  He  remained 
for  four  years  at  the  head  of  the  Lake  Laboratory,  an  in- 
stitution founded  by  Mr.  Allis,  a  wealthy  gentleman  of 
Milwaukee,  for  original  biological  research.  Mr.  Allis 
then  transferred  his  laboratory  work  to  Menton,  and  in- 
vited  Dr.    Ayers  to  take   charge   of   it.     The  offer  was 


Howard  Ayers, 
President  University,  of  Cincinnati.    Elected  May  15,  1899. 


(203) 


204  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

declined.  In  the  fall  of  1893  Dr.  Ayers  was  called  to 
take  the  chair  of  biology  in  the  University  of  Missouri, 
at  Columbia,  Mo.  This  is  an  institution  with  some  sixty 
members  of  the  faculty  and  about  eleven  hundred  students. 
Dr.  Ayers  became  a  member  of  the  academic,  the  medical, 
and  the  agricultural  faculties.  He  reorganized  the  de- 
partment of  biology,  and  has  made  it  one  of  the  promi- 
nently successful  departments  of  the  University.  Since 
his  graduation  at  Harvard  Dr.  Ayers  has  published  many 
memoirs  on  biological  and  kindred  subjects,  in  English, 
German,  and  French.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
leading  scientific  societies  of  the  country  and  of  many  in 
Europe.  Since  1889  he  has  been  continuously  in  charge 
of  biological  research  at  the  Marine  Biological  Laboratory 
at  Wood's  Holl,  Mass. 

While  in  Europe  he  gave  special  attention  to  the 
methods  of  education  prevailing  in  the  German  gymnasia 
and  universities.  Since  he  became  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri  he  has  had  much  opportunity  to  show 
his  capacity  for  guiding  the  policy  of  that  university  in 
raising  the  standard  of  collegiate  education  and  improving 
its  methods.  He  has  impressed  his  colleagues  and  the 
governing  body  of  that  institution  as  a  leader  of  men.  He 
is  always  selected  by  them  to  represent  them  in  their 
dealings  with  the  public,  and  has  spent  much  time 
visiting  the  high  schools  and  other  preparatory  schools  of 
the  State  in  a  successful  effort  to  secure  more  thorough 
secondary  education.  As  an  active  and  leading  member 
of  three  faculties,  he  has  had  much  to  do  in  bringing 
about  progressive  changes  in  the  curricula  and  methods 
of  study.  It  is  the  unanimous  verdict  of  his  colleagues 
with  whom  he  has  been  associated  for  the  last  six  years 
that  he  possesses  the  executive  and  administrative  faculty 
in  a  high  degree.  He  is  a  man  of  fine  physique,  of 
tremendous  energy,  and  unwavering  fixity  of  purpose. 
His  ideals  of  education  are  high  and  broad,  and  he  is 
ambitious  to  realize  them.  When  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  and  at  Harvard  he  was  a  member  of  the  uni- 
versity foot  ball  teams,  and  he  rowed  on  the  class  crew  at 
the  latter  place.     This  experience  has  given  him  an  open 


Howard   Ayers. 


205 


sympathy  with  the  student  boy,  and  as  a  consequence  he 
wields  more  influence  with  them  than  any  other  member 
of  the  faculty.  He  is  a  forcible,  lucid,  and  direct  speaker, 
and  is  generally  chosen  to  speak  for  the  University  at 
public  meetings  and  elsewhere. 

Dr.  Ayers'  position  in  the  very  front  rank  of  biologists 
in  this  country  has  already  been  won,  though  he  is  but 
thirty-eight  years  of  age.  His  power  and  capacity  as 
the  executive  head  of  a  great  university  is  yet  to  be  proven 
by  the  fact,  but  we  believe  from  the  evidence  which  we 
have  been  able  to  accumulate  that  he  has  in  him  the 
elements  which  insure  his  becoming  a  great  educational 
leader  and  administrator. 

Your  committee  have  had 
personal  interviews  with  Dr. 
Ayers,  and  have  discussed 
with  great  candor  the  situa- 
tion. Dr.  Ayers  is  inclined 
to  think  that  your  Board 
should  pay  to  one  worthy  of 
the  presidency,  in  order  that 
he  may  be  as  useful  as  possi- 
ble, the  annual  salary  of 
$6,000.  After  consultation 
with  the  heads  of  several 
Eastern  universities,  we  can 
not  advise  the  Board  at  the 
outset  to  pay  to  a  new  presi- 
dent a  larger  salary  than 
$5,000.  If  he  shall  prove  to 
be  successful,  and  shall  build  up  the  University  as  we 
hope,  we  feel  assured  that  your  honorable  Board  will  show 
yourselves  not  to  be  niggardly  in  recognizing  his  worth 
by  increasing  his  compensation.  If  your  Board  shall  be 
pleased  to  approve  of  your  committee's  recommendation, 
we  advise  that  the  salary  of  Dr.  Ayers  begin  with  the 
first  day  of  July,  1899.  We  so  advise  because  we  think 
it  but  fair  thus  to  make  provision  for  the  necessarily  heavy 
expenses  of  moving  a  large  family  from  Columbia  to  Cin- 
cinnati and  settling  them  in  a  new  home. 


Brent  Arnold, 

Director  University  from 
1892  to  1902. 


2o6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

We  therefore  respectfully  report  to  the  Board  that  it 
adopt  the  following  resolution  : 

Resolved,  That  Professor  Howard  Ayers,  B.  S., 
Ph.  D.,  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  be  invited  to 
become  the  president  of  this  University  at  a  salary  of 
$6,000,  the  same  to  begin  July  i,  1899,  and  that  the 
Secretary  of  the  Board  be  directed  to  transmit  a  copy  of 
this  resolution  to  Professor  Ayers  with  the  request  that 
he  make  answer  hereto  as  soon  as  he  can  conveniently. 
Respectfully  submitted, 


Wm.  H.  Taft, 
Oscar  W.  Kuhn, 
Frank  J.  Jones, 
E.  W.  Hyde, 
Charles  A.  L.  Reed, 


>  Committee. 


This  was  submitted  May  15,  1899.     Dr.   Ayers  was 
immediately  elected  and  took  charge  in  July. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE    OBSERVATORY. 

THE  Cincinnati  Astronomical  Society,  founded  in 
1843,  was  the  first  institution  to  surrender  its  prop- 
erty for  the  benefit  of  the  University. 

The  agreement  between  the  society  and  the  city  is 
contained  in  the  first  annual  report  March  i,  1872  : 

The  property  on  Mt.  Adams,  which  was  donated 
by  the  late  Nicholas  Longworth  for  an  observatory, 
having  become  unsuitable  for  that  purpose,  his  heirs  have 
joined  with  the  Astronomical  Society  in  an  agreement  to 
give  and  convey  the  ground  to  the  city,  upon  the  specific 
trust   that  it  shall   be   leased   or  sold,  and  the   proceeds 


The  Observatory. 


207 


applied  toward  endowing  the  School  of  Drawing  and 
Design,  which  is  now  established  in  connection  with  the 
University ;  the  city  agreeing,  as  a  condition  of  the  gift, 
to  sustain  an  observatory,  also  to  be  connected  with  the 
University.  To  en- 
able the  city  to  com- 
ply with  the  latter 
engagement,  M  r. 
John  Kilgour  has 
agreed  to  give  four 
acres  of  land  as  the 
site  for  a  new  ob- 
servatory, and  also 
the  sum  of  ten  thou- 
sand  dollars  for 
building  and  equip- 
ping it.  The  As- 
tronomical Society 
also  gives  to  the 
city,  for  the  same 
object,  the  equato- 
rial and  other  in- 
struments, with  all 
the  apparatus  and 
astronomical  rec- 
ords and  books 
belonging  to  the 
present  observa- 
tory, the  latter  val- 
ued at  $8,000. 

Mr.  Kilgour  gave  the  land  (value  $10,000)  and  $1,000 
additional.  Later  he  gave  $10,000  more  for  the  building. 
Julius  Dexter  gave  $1,000  the  same  year. 

The   original    observatory   was  located  on   Celestial 


J     William  Luhn, 

Chairman  Committee  on  Observatorj 

(1902)  and  a  Spectator  at  the  First 

Dedication,  November  9,   1843. 


2o8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Street,  Mt.  Adams,  where  now  stands  the  Monastery  of 
the  Passionist  Fathers.  It  was  a  stone  structure,  and 
was  finally  condemned  by  the  city  as  unsafe,  although 
only  completed  in  1844.  Prof.  O.  M.  Mitchel,  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati College,  was  the  first  director,  remaining  up  to 
i860,  when  he  took  charge  of  the  Dudley  Observatory, 
Albany,  N.  Y. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  first  building  was  laid  Novem- 
ber 9,  1843  by  Ex-President  John  Quincy  Adams,  then 
over  77  years  of  age.  Prof.  Mitchel  raised  the  money 
through  organizing  a  stock  company  (shares  $25)  and  had 
great  trouble  in  getting  the  amount  needed,  $10,000. 
However,  he  purchased  in  Munich,  for  $10,000,  the 
present  telescope  and  made  a  success  of  his  enterprise. 

As  the  city  grew,  dust  and  smoke  annoyed  the 
astronomers,  and  the  building  was  far  from  satisfactory, 
hence  the  removal  to  Mt.  Lookout.  When  the  present 
building  was  erected  (1873)  the  original  corner-stone 
laid  by  Mr.  Adams  was  relaid  in  it.  Prof.  Mitchel  (who 
became  a  noted  general  during  the  war)  was  on  this 
occasion  honored  as  the  founder  of  the  Observatory. 

The  object  glass  of  the  present  telescope  is  11  inches. 
It  was  originally  12,  but  was  reground  some  years  ago 
and  reduced  in  size.  March  24,  1902,  the  University 
Board  decided  to  purchase  a  16-inch  telescope,  and  on 
April  loth  of  the  same  year  a  contract  was  made  with 
Alvin  Clark  &  Sons,  of  (Boston  Mass.)  Cambridgeport, 
to  complete,  in  two  years,  the  new  instrument.  The 
price  to  be  paid  is  $9,500.  J.  Wm.  Luhn,  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  observatory  (1902),  as  a  lad  of  19  years 
heard  John  Quincy  Adams'  dedicatory  speech  of  Novem- 
ber 9,  1843.  Speaking  (1902)  of  the  dedication,  Mr. 
Luhn  said  :  "I  recall  the  occasion  very  well,  but  I  could 
not  understand  Mr.  Adams,  as  my  knowledge  of  English 


* 
2IO  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

was  very  limited  at  that  time.  To  Mr.  Luhn's  efforts 
it  is  mainly  due  that  the  new  instrument  has  been  ar- 
ranged for.  The  Observatory  is  supported  by  a  levy  of 
.03  of  a  mill  on  all  taxable  property  of  the  city. 

Besides  Prof.  Mitchel  there  have  been  the  following 
directors  : 

Henry  Twitchell,  1 860-1 861. 

Cleveland  Abbe,  1868-1870. 

Armand  Stone,  1875-1882. 

Herbert  C.  Wilson  (pro  tern),  1882- 1884. 

Jermain  G.  Porter,  1884- 1902. 

Everett  I.  Yowell,  assistant  director,  February,  1893, 
to  March  i,  1901. 

Note. — ''Mt.  Adams"  has  been  so  called  ever  since 
the  first  Observatory  was  dedicated,  that  is,  since  Novem- 
ber 9,  1843.  At  that  time  only  seven  families  lived  there, 
and  the  region  was  a  barren  stonequarry. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

CHARLES    MC'mICKEN. 

(CHARLES  McMICKEN,  founder  of  the  University 
.  of  Cincinnati,  was  of  Scotch  ancestry.  His  grand- 
father brought  two  sons  to  this  country  in  1732,  and 
settled  upon  a  700  or  800  acre  tract  of  land  in  Bucks 
County,  Pa.  On  a  farm  of  this  land  Charles  was  born 
November  23,  1782.  His  schooling  was  limited,  and  he 
never  became  a  scholar  as  that  term  is  used.  He  studied 
civil  engineering  and  taught  a  country  school  for  several 
months,  but  he  was  practically  a  farmer  boy. 


Charles  McMicken. 


211 


Leaving  Home. 
One  day  while  plowing  he  turned  up  a  bumble-bees' 
nest.  The  insects  stung  him  severely  and  caused  his 
team  of  horses  to  run  away.  Both  horses  were  injured 
by  the  plow,  and  his  father  reprimanded  him  for  allowing 
them  to  escape.  His  elder  brother  Andrew  joined  in 
blaming  Charles  for  the  accident,  which,  according  to 
Charles,  was  unavoidable.    The  father  sided  with  Andrew 

and    in    his  discomfiture  Charles 

expressed  a  desire  to  leave  home. 
His  father  said  if  he  did  leave, 
he  could  have  a  horse,  saddle, 
and  bridle,  or  $ioo  in  cash, 
according  to  a  custom  of  that 
day.  Charles  chose  the  former 
and  set  out  for  the  West.  Ac- 
counts differ  as  to  how  he  came 
West.  Some  say  he  sold  the 
horse  in  the  neighborhood  and 
came  across  the  mountains  by 
stage.  Others  say  he  rode  the 
horse  through.  At  any  rate  he 
seems  to  have  reached  Chilli- 
cothe,  O.,  where  he  followed  for  several  months  the  busi- 
ness of  civil  engineering.  In  the  spring  of  1803  he 
reached  Cincinnati  with  a  horse,  saddle,  and  bridle,  which 
outfit  he  sold.  John  Smith,  then  United  States  Senator 
from  Ohio,  employed  him  as  a  clerk,  and  soon  Mr. 
McMicken  decided  to  trade  with  New  Orleans  on  his 
own  account.  He  loaded  two  flat  boats  with  flour  and 
reached  New  Orleans  (this  was  before  the  Louisiana 
purchase  had  been  made).  He  tied  his  boats  above  the 
city  to  save  wharfage,  and  on  returning  found  they  had 
both  sunk,  only  his  horse  remaining.  He  had  lost  all 
but  three  eleven-penny  bits. 


Rankin  D.  Jones, 

Graduate  of  Hughes 

in  1864. 


212  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

New  Orleans  then  had  eleven  stores.  Nine  of  these 
refused  him  employment,  but  at  the  tenth  he  was  engaged. 
After  six  months  he  left,  being  paid  $80  per  month,  with 
a  suit  of  clothes  additional.  He  resumed  employment  at 
increased  wages,  and  from  then  on  prospered.  Soon  he 
went  up  the  Mississippi  to  Bayou  Sara,  near  what  is  now 
the  town  of  St.  Francisville  (then  New  Valencia),  a 
region  of  cotton  fields.  There  he  engaged  in  cotton 
shipping  and  general  merchandising  till  1837,  when  he 
seems  to  have  become  wealthy.  From  1837  his  time  was 
given  to  caring  for  his  property.  He  acted  also  as  a 
promoter  and  backer  to  some  extent  of  large  enterprises. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  his  first  cotton  venture  failed  and 
lost  him  his  all.  James  Clay,  a  brother  of  Henry  Clay 
of  Kentucky,  failed  and  pulled  down  Mr.  McMicken, 
who,  however,  regained  his  standing  in  a  short  time.  In 
1837  Mr.  McMicken  left  Bayou  Sara,  returning  to  New 
Orleans. 

A  Cincinnati  Purchase. 

The  northeast  corner  of  Third  and  Main  was  his 
first  real  estate  purchased  in  Cincinnati  (1835),  but  he 
made  additions  and  finally  owned  about  half  a  million 
dollars  worth  of  land  in  this  city  and  vicinity.  He  also 
purchased  land  in  Louisiana,  Texas,  Missouri,  Ken- 
tucky, Illinois,  and  elsewhere. 

In  1835  he  came  here  to  board;  after  that  he  uni- 
formly left  New  Orleans  in  March,  coming  to  Cincinnati, 
where  he  remained  until  June.  July  and  August  he 
spent  at  the  Eastern  summer  resorts,  returning  here  in 
September,  then  going  to  New  Orleans  in  November 
for  the  winter. 

The  McMicken  Homestead. 
The  McMicken  homestead  on  McMicken  Avenue,  near 
Elm,  was  built  by  John  F.  Keyes  in  1819,  and  purchased 


Charles  McMicken, 

Founder  University  of  Cincinnati,  also  Founder  of  "  Ohio"  in  Liberia. 
Farmer,  School  Teacher,  Cotton  Trader,  Financier,  etc. 

(213) 


214  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

by  Charles  McMicken  in  1840  from  the  administrator  of 
Luman  Watson,  Mr.  McMicken's  nephew.  Andrew 
McMicken  lived  there  a  number  of  years,  and  Charles 
made  this  his  home  during  the  late  part  of  his  life.  This 
property  was  specially  bequeathed  to  the  city  for  edu- 
cational purposes,  and  was  designated  as  the  site  for  the 
academic  buildings.     In  this  house  Mr.  McMicken  died. 

The  Will. 

His  will  contained  thirty-nine  sections.  After 
remembering  his  numerous  friends  in  the  bestowment  of 
legacies  and  annuities — not  in  large  sums,  believing,  as  he 
did,  that  every  one  should  be  self-reliant — he  makes 
provision  for  the  founding  of  two  colleges,  one  for  each 
of  the  sexes  ;  and  should  the  funds  at  length  justify,  an 
establishment  for  orphans  on  a  most  admirable  plan,  and 
one  breathing  forth  a  most  benevolent  spirit.  It  pro- 
vides for  the  maintenance,  clothing,  and  education  of 
those  unfortunate  ones  who  should  be  bereaved  of  both 
father  and  mother.  This  educational  scheme  had  long 
been  the  single  object  of  his  life.  On  unfolding  it,  as  he 
said,  for  the  first  time  to  his  intimate  friend.  Freeman  G. 
Cary,  he  informed  him  that  he  had  labored  since  early 
manhood  for  its  accomplishment.  Opening  his  will, 
about  a  year  before  his  death,  he  attempted  to  read  it  to 
him,  but  before  he  had  completed  the  first  paragraph  his 
feelings  choked  his  utterance,  and  with  eyes  suffused  with 
tears  he  handed  it  to  his  friend,  requesting  him  to  read. 
It  is  as  follows  : 

"Having  long  cherished  the  desire  to  found  an 
institution  where  white  boys  and  girls  might  be  taught 
not  only  a  knowledge  of  their  duties  to  their  Creator  and 
their  fellow-men,  but  also  receive  the  benefit  of  a  sound, 
thorough  and  practical  English  education,    and    such    as 


2i6  Schools  op^  Cincinnati. 

might  fit  them  for  the  active  duties  of  life,  as  well  as 
instruction  in  all  the  higher  branches  of  knowledge,  except 
denominational  theology,  to  the  extent  that  the  same  are 
now  or  may  hereafter  be  taught  in  any  of  the  secular 
colleges  or  universities  of  the  highest  grade  in  the  country, 
I  feel  grateful  to  God  tliat  through  his  kind  providence  I 
liave  been  sufficiently  favored  to  gratify  the  wish  of  my 
heart." 

The   Legal  Contest. 

Mr.  McMicken's  will  was  executea  September  22, 
1855,  and  probated  April  10,  1858.  The  executors  were  : 
Wm.  Crossman ;  Freeman  G.  Cary ;  John  C.  Cheno- 
weth ;  Wm.  M.  F.  Hewson ;  Wm.  WoodruflT ;  and 
Andrew    McMicken. 

At  this  time  (i85g)  the  probate  of  a  will  so  public- 
spirited  and  philanthropic  was  a  rare  occurrence.  The 
document  was  evidently  modeled  after  the  great  will  of 
Stephen  Girard,  of  Philadelphia,  the  founder  of  Girard 
College. 

Many  nephews  and  nieces  here,  in  New  Orleans,  and 
elsewhere  were  greatly  disappointed  by  this  will,  and 
they  immediately  resorted  to  the  court  to  defeat  the 
"  long  cherished  desire  "  of  their  uncle.  A  large  part 
of  the  realty  devised  to  the  city  was  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  where  the  civil  law  was  in  vogue.  According  to 
the  established  principles  of  that  system  of  law,  a  devise 
to  a  municipal  corporation  in  trust  for  even  the  founda- 
tion and  maintenance  of  a  college  was  invalid  (15  La., 
An.  154),  and  thus  property  to  the  value  of  nearly  half  a 
million  of  dollars  was  lost.  Some  of  the  New  Orleans 
relatives  of  Mr.  McMicken  no\v  sought  to  have  the  will, 
so  far  as  the  Cincinnati  property  was  concerned,  also 
declared  void  on  the  ground  that  the  city  was   incapable 


Henry  Hanna, 
The  Donor  of  Hanna  Hall,  University  of  Cincinnati.  (217) 


2i8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

of  taking  and  executing  the  trust,  and  because  of  the 
terms  of  the  will  no  alienation  of  the  property  was 
allowed. 

This  case  (Perin  et  al.  vs.  Carey  et  al.,  executers  of 
Charles  McMicken,  24  Howard,  463)  was  carried  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  before  which 
tribunal  it  was  successfully  argued  on  behalf  of  the  City 
of  Cincinnati  by  three  eminent  lawyers,  Messrs.  Aaron 
F.  Perry,  Alphonso  Taft,  and  George  E.  Pugh.  The 
decision  was  made  in  i860. 

The  income  derived  from  the  McMicken  property 
was  inadequate  to  carry  out  the  intentions  of  the  gene- 
rous testator ;  if  his  hopes  were  to  be  realized  the  City 
must  assist,  or  other  citizens  must  emulate  the  noble 
example  of  the  deceased  benefactor.  Both  courses  were 
adopted..  In  1870  a  law  was  enacted,  establishing  a 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  thus 
changing  the  name  from  McMicken  University,  and 
authorizing  the  board  "  in  the  name  and  behalf  of  the 
City  "  to  "  accept  and  take  any  property  or  funds  here- 
tofore or  hereafter  given  to  the  City  for  the  purpose  of 
founding,  maintaining,  or  aiding  a  university,  college,  or 
other  institution  for  the  promotion  of  free  education," 
and  the  Board  of  Education  was  given  authority  to  make 
a  levy  not  exceeding  one-tenth  of  a  mill  for  its  support. 

Death  of  Charles  McMicken. 
The  character  of  Mr.  McMicken  was  no  less  marked 
in  his  last  illness,  contracted  on  board  the  boat  on  his 
return  from  New  Orleans.  For  a  number  of  days  there 
seemed  to  be  no  cause  for  alarm.  But  his  disease,  which 
was  pneumonia,  soon  assumed  a  most  malignant  type, 
and  threatened  a  fatal  termination  ;  and  he  early  became 
satisfied  that  his  sickness  was  unto  death,    yielding    him- 


J)k.  C.  G.  Comegys, 
Chairman  University  Board  from  June  i6,  1890,  to  February  10,  1896. 

!•  (219) 


320  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

self  fully  to  the  impression  that  the  time  of  his  departure 
was  at  hand.  His  mind  was  unclouded  amid  the  most 
intense  suffering  even  to  the  last  moment ;  not  a  murmur 
(^r  complaint  escaped  his  lips.  To  an  intimate  friend, 
asking  him  if  he  desired  to  recover,  he  calmly  replied  : 
"  I  shall  soon  have  to  go  any  way  ;  and  if  it  please  the 
Lord,  I  am  ready  to  go  now." 

"  He  seemed  like  one  satisfied  that  he  had  finished 
his  work  on  earth,  and  made  his  peace  wnth  God  through 
the  only  Savior  of  sinners.  He  made  no  mention  of  his 
worldly  matters  during  his  entire  illness.  In  his  last 
moments  he  was  attended  by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Wright,  who 
asking  if  he  should  unite  in  prayer,  he  nodded  assent ; 
and  after  a  short  petition  \vas  offered  he  immediately 
yielded  up  his  spirit  into  the  hands  of  his  Redeemer,  on 
the  30th  day  of  March,  1858,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of 
his  age." 

Mr.  McMicken  is  buried  in  Spring  Grove  Cemetery 
under  a  shaft  which  bears  the  following  :  "In  memory  of 
Charles  McMicken,  the  founder  of  McMicken  University. 
Born  Nov.  23,  1782.      Died  March  30,  1858." 

The  monument  was  erected  by  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors, who  in  November,  1866,  decided  that  $5,000  should 
be  thus  expended.  June  18,  1868,  it  was  advertised  for 
and  a  few  months  later  was  in  place.  The  heirs  objected 
to  the  body  being  removed  to  a  more  conspicuous  place, 
so  the  intentions  of  the  Board  were  defeated  to  a  certain 
extent. 

Some  say  that  Mr.  McMicken  was  once  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  uniform  in  his 
attendance  on  the  ministry  of  the  word  and  the  ordi- 
nances of  religion.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  however,  he 
owned  pew  75  in  the  Ninth  Street  Baptist  Church  (of 
this  city),  which  he  left  his  heirs.  These  to-day  assert 
that  he  was  a  Baptist,  and  not  a  Methodist. 


p.  V.  N.  Myers, 

Professor   University  of  Cincinnati,   1891-1900;    Dean,    1895-97; 
President  Farmers'  College,  College  Hill,  Oi»  1879-91. 

(221) 


222  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Quiet  and  Reserved. 
Mr.  McMicken  was  quiet  and  retiring  in  disposition. 
He  took  no  interest  in  politics,  except  national  issues,  and 
very  few  knew  him  intimately.  It  is  questionable 
whether  any  one  knew  anything  about  the  details  of  his 
business  or  the  leading  purpose  of  his  life.  He  was 
entirely  self-reliant,  rarely,  if  ever,  consulting  an  attorney, 
making  his  own  bargains,  examining  titles  for  himself, 
and  never  speaking  of  his  property  or  its  extent  even  to 
his  most  intimate  friends.  In  his  deeds  of  charity,  which 
have  been  more  numerous  than  the  world  will  ever 
accredit  to  him,  there  was  no  ostentation. 

Ohio  in  Liberia. 

Some  time  during  the  year  1848  the  American  Colo- 
nization Society  made  an  appeal  in  behalf  of  free  labor 
tropical  cultivation  by  the  purchase  of  a  large  tract  of 
land  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  In  April  of  the  same  year  it 
was  suggested,  through  the  Cincinnati  papers,  that  an 
effectual  blow  might  be  struck  at  the  slave  trade  by  a 
liberal  provision  being  made  for  the  settlement  of  a  colony 
of  free  colored  people  from  this  and  adjoining  States  to  the 
Republic  of  Liberia. 

The  measure  was  responded  to  by  Mr.  McMicken. 
President  Roberts,  of  Liberia,  on  reaching  the  United 
States,  shortly  after  the  plan  of  Mr.  McMicken  had  been 
announced,  gave  to  it  his  decided  approval.  McMicken 
promptly  remitted  ten  thousand  dollars,  which  he  had 
pledged.  Ohio  i?i  Africa  (8,000,000  acres)  was  purchased 
with  these  funds,  and  was  expressly  designed  for  the 
colored  people  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois. 

Mr.  McMicken,  from  time  to  time,  made  liberal 
donations  to  other  objects,  and  a  few  years  before  his 
death  he  subscribed  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  endow- 


Charles  McMickex. 


223 


ment  of  the  professorship    of    agricultural  chemistry   in 
Farmers'  College  (College  Hill,  O.) 

Personal  Incidents. 

Wm.  McMicken  is  described  as  a  man  6  feet  in 
height,  of  massive  build,  weighing  254  pounds.  He  had 
a  very  open  countenance,  firm,  square  jaws,  and  his  will 
was  i n fle X i b le.  He 
never  married.  A 
story  he  told  his 
relatives  shows  that 
he  once  contemplated 
marriage  to  a  South- 
ern girl.  He,  however, 
neglected  to  write  for 
a  couple  of  years,  and 
finally  decided  to  pay 
her  a  visit.  On  horse- 
back  he  started 
through  a  Louisiana 
swamp,  but  lost  his 
way.  For  several 
days  he  wandered 
aimlessly  about,  and 
his  supply  of  food  be- 
came entirely  exhaus- 
ted. At  last  he  be- 
came so  weak  he  could 
scarcely  ride,  and  while  in  that  condition  he  killed  a 
number  of  snakes,  which  he  hung  across  his  saddle, 
determined  to  eat  them  rather  than  to  die  of  starvation. 
Finally  he  gained  the  road,  and  at  last  reached  the  home 
of  his  sweetheart.  The  arrival  was  in  the  evening,  and 
the  house  was  brilliantly  lighted.     Tying  his  horse,  Mr. 


William  O.  Sproull, 

Professor  of  Latin  and  Arabic,  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati,  1880-1900; 
Dean  from  1893  ^^  1894. 


224  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

McMicken  entered  the  door,  to  be  met  by  the  young  lady 
herself.  She  had  just  been  married.  Introducing  her 
husband,  she  said  :  "  Had  Charles  McMicken  arrived  two 
hours  sooner  I  would  have  married  him.'' 

The  young  couple  prospered,  and  it  was  at  their 
home  in  the  East,  at  Paterson^  N.  J.,  that  Mr.  McMicken 
always  paid  a  visit  during  the  summer  months. 

Charles  McMicken  Disinherited. 

When  Charles'  father  died,  he  was  disinherited,  as 
was  the  only  sister,  the  brother  Andrew  getting  the  entire 
estate.  By  a  strange  turn  of  fortune,  Andrew  became 
impoverished,  and  came  to  this  city.  Charles  very  gen- 
erously provided  for  him  and  the  sister,  as  well  as  for  all 
the  nephews  and  nieces.  Most  of  them  lived  at  the 
McMicken  Ave.  homestead. 

'"  His  house  was  full  of  relatives  for  years,"  is  the 
way  an  old  neighbor  puts  it.  "  He  helped  everybody,  and 
few  of  us  knew  that  he  was  a  very  rich  man." 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

medical    college    of    OHIO. 

THE  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  the  oldest  medical  school 
west  of  the  Alleghenies,  was  incorporated  by  act  of 
Legislature  in  1819,  and  organized  a  year  later.  The 
faculty,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  session,  was  composed 
of  Drs.  Daniel  Drake,  Jesse  Smith,  and  Elijah  Slack. 
Alone  of  the  medical  colleges  of  the  country,  its 
course  was  of  five  months  duration,  and,  to  stimulate 
students  to  secure  a  higher  preliminary  education,  a  prize 
medal  was  offered  for  the  best  inaugural  thesis  written  in 


Medical  College  of  Ohio. 


225 


Latin.       The  first  class  numbered  twenty-five,   and  the 
graduates  in  the  spring  of  1821,  seven. 

In  the  fall  of  1826  the  College  first  occupied  its^own 
building.     This  was  erected  on  Sixth  Street  between  Vine 


The  Medical  College  of  Ohio. 

Lecture  and  Laboratory  Building,  McMicken  and 
Clifton  Avenues,  West  of  Vine. 

and  Race,  the  ground  being  purchased  at  a  cost  of  fifteen 
dollars  per  front  foot. 

In  185 1  a  new  building  was  erected  on  the  same  site, 
and  occupied  until  1896,  when  the  college  removed  to  its 
present,  modern,   and  commodious  quarters  on  the  Mc- 

[15]  . 


226 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Micken  homestead  site,  into  the  building  just  vacated  by 
the  academic  department  of  the  University.  This  removal 
was  brought  about  by  the  union  of  the  school  with  the 
University,  thus  giving  that  younger  institution  the  sup- 
port of  a  well-equipped  and  comparatively  old  medical 


Dr.  James  G.  Hyndman, 

Secretary  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio. 


department,  whose  national  reputation  had  been  built  up, 
during  seventy-five  years,  by  the  faithful  professional 
labors  of  such  men  as  Mussey,  Morehead,  Locke,  Wright, 
Harrison.  Oliver,  Shotwell,  Bartholow,  Graham,  Black- 
man,  Conner,  Reamy,  Dawson,  Whittaker,   and  others. 


Medical  College  of  Ohio.  227 

At  a  meeting  of  the  directors  of  the  University  in 
June,  1895,  a  resolution  was  adopted,  directing  the  Com- 
mittee on  University  to  report  the  organization  of  a 
medical  department.  As  a  result  of  the  efforts  of  this 
committee,  on  April  37,  1896,  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  was  conveyed  to  the  city,  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  of  an  agreement  entered  into  between  the  College 
and  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  University,  and  under 
an  act  passed  on  the  same  day  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  Ohio.      The  language  of  the  act  is  as  follows  : 

"Whereas,  the  trustees  and  faculty  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio  and  the  directors  of  the  University  of 
Cincinnati  have  unanimously  agreed  that  the  interests  of 
both  institutions  will  thereby  be  promoted  : 

"Sec.  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Genej'al  Assembly 
of  the  State  of  Ohio^  That  the  affairs  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio  shall  hereafter  be  under  the  management 
of  the  directors,  for  the  time  being,  of  The  University  of 
Cincinnati,  which  directors  shall  be,  and  they  are  hereby, 
constituted  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  exercise  all 
the  powers  granted  by  law  to  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio. 

"  Sec.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
from  and  after  May  i,  1896." 

Under  the  second  article  of  the  agreement  the  new 
school  shall  be  designated  by  the  joint  titles,  "  The  Med- 
ical Department  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati"  and 
"  The    Medical  College  of  Ohio." 

The  Medical  College  of  Ohio  has  always  been  a 
leader  in  the  adoption  of  improvements  and  advances  in 
medical  education.  Formerly  requiring  but  two  brief 
courses  of  lectures,  it  now  demands  attendance  upon  four 
prolonged  graded  sessions  as  preliminary  to  its  degree. 


228  ScHOOi^s  OF   Cincinnati. 

With  its  high  entrance  requirements,  etc.,  thorougly 
equipped  laboratories  of  anatomy,  histology,  chemistry, 
bacteriology,  physiology,  and  clinical  diagnosis,  and  its 
large  teaching  force  of  over  forty  men,  it  is  now  doing 
most  excellent  work  in  preparing  young  men  for  their 
chosen  profession.  Dr.  P.  S.  Conner,  dean  ;  Dr.  James 
G.  Hyndman,  secretary. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

OHIO    COLLEGE    OF    DENTAL     SURGERY. 

THE  charter  or  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Ohio  by 
which  Ohio  College  of  Dental  Surgery  came  into 
legal  existence  was  passed  January  24,  1845,  and  con- 
stituted Drs.  B.  P.  Aydelott,  Robert  Buchanan,  Israel 
M.  Dodge,  William  Johnson,  J.  P.  Cornell,  and  Calvin 
Fletcher,  of  Cincinnati ;  Dr.  G.  P.  Hampstead,  of  Ports- 
mouth ;  and  Dr.  Samuel  Martin,  of  Xenia,  and  their  suc- 
cessors, a  board  of  trustees,  with  power  to  establish  a 
college  of  dental  surgery  in  the  city  of  Cincinnati. 

In  the  spring  of  1845  the  trustees  met  and  organized 
by  appointing  B.  P.  Aydelott,  M.  D.,  D.  D.,  president, 
and  Israel  M.  Dodge,  M.  D.,  secretary.  They  then 
completed  the  organization  of  the  Ohio  College  of  Dental 
Surgery  by  the  creation  of  the  following  departments  : 
Dental  anatomy  and  physiology,  Jesse  M.  Cook,  M.  D., 
D.  D.  S.,  professor;  dental  pathology  and  therapeutics, 
M.  Rogers,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  was  elected  professor; 
practical  dentistry  and  pharmacy,  James  Taylor,  M.  D., 
D.  D.  S.,  professor;  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  Jesse  P. 
Judkins,  M.  D.  ;  Professor  Taylor  discharged  the  duties 
of  demonstrator  of  practical  anatomy. 


Ohio  College  of  Dental  Surgery. 


329 


The  faculty  elected  Prof.  Cook  dean.  He  issued 
the  first  annual  announcement,  and  the  college  session 
for  its  first  course  of  lectures  opened  on  the  first  Monday 
of  November,  1845,  and  closed  on  or  about  the  20th  of 
February,  1846,  four  young  men  receiving  degrees. 
President  Aydelott  delivered  the  opening  address,  con- 
ferred the  degrees,  and  in  behalf  of  the  College  gave  each 

graduate  a  copy  of  the 
^^^5^^^  Holy   Bible.'    Prof. 

f^  Cook  made  the  vale- 

M        ^^,  dictory  address. 

^B'^fc^         t%  For  the   second 

■^^  %  session   the  venerable 

y   j^  Christian    philoso- 

pher, Elijah  Slack, 
D.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  w^as 
appointed  lecturer  on 
chemistry,  and,  it  is 
believed,  delivered 
the  first  course  of  lec- 
tures on  this  science 
ever  given  to  dental 
students. 

Founded  at  that 
early  date,  the  Ohio 
College  became  the 
pioneer  of  dentistry  in  the  West,  and  was  the  second  col- 
lege of  dentistry  established  in  the  world.  Early  in  its 
history  the  College  erected  its  own  building  on  College 
Street,  which  it  occupied  continuously  for  nearly  half  a 
century,  sending  out  each  year  men  who  became  pioneers 
and  teachers  of  dentistry  in  this  and  other  countries. 
It  has  conferred  the  degree  in  dentistry  upon  nearly  two 
thousand  persons.    In  1895  it  was  decided  that  the  College 


H.  A.  Smith,  A.  M.,  D.  D.  S., 
Dean  Ohio  College  Dental  Surgery. 


230 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


had  outgrown  its  old  quarters,  and  the  school  was  moved 
to  itis  present  building  on  Central  Avenue  and  Court 
Street.  In  1888  the  College  was  affiliated  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati,  assuming,  in  addition  to  its  old 
name,  that  of  the  Dental  Department  of  the  University 
of  Cincinnati.     The  College  is  co-educational,  having  in 


The  Ohio  College  of  Dental  Surgery, 

Dental  Department  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 
Court  and  Central  Avenue.    Founded  in  1845. 

1865  conferred  the  degree  upon  the  first  woman  graduated 
in  dentistry. 

The  College  is  situated  in  the  center  of  a  densely- 
populated  city,  drawing  from  more  than  half  a  million 
people  for  its  clinical  material.  The  clinics  are  made 
a  feature  of  the  College  teaching. 


Harris  Hancock,  Ph.  D.,  Dr.  Sc, 

Professor  of  Mathematics  University  of 

Cincinnati.  [230A] 

[Over] 


Harris  Hancock  was  born  May  14,  1867,  at  "  Ellers- 
lie,"  Albemarle  County,  Va.  ;  educated  under  private 
tutors;  entered  University  of  Virginia,  1885  ;  graduated 
in  pure  mathematics,  1886,  with  first  distinctions  in 
senior  Latin  and  senior  Greek  ;  took  A.  B.  in  the  clas- 
sical group  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  1888,  then  entered  the 
post  graduate  school  and  for  two  and  a  half  years  studied 
mathematics,  physics,  and  astronomy ;  studied  two 
terms  at  Cambridge,  England,  under  the  leading  Eng- 
lish mathematicians,  Cayley  and  Forsyth.  In  1891— 2 
and  '93-4  studied  at  Berlin,  and  in  1894  was  the  first 
American  mathematician  to  take  the  A.  M.  and  Ph.  D. 
degrees  in  that  institution.  Taught  mathematics  in 
Univ.  of  Chicago,  1893-9.  Being  given  leave  of  absence, 
he  studied  at  the  Sorbonne  (University  of  Paris)  during 
1899-1900,  and  in  1901  was  again  the  first  American 
mathematician  to  take  the  Doctor's  degree  at  Paris. 
His  published  works  are  :  "  The  Calculus  of  Variations," 
''Minimal  Surfaces,"  "Abelian  Functions,"  "Modular 

Systems,"  "  Extended  Realms  of  Rationality,"  etc. 
[230B] 


The  University  Organization.  2^1 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

THE    UNIVERSITY    ORGANIZATION. 

THE  University  of  Cincinnati  was  established  under  an 
act  which  became  a  law  April  16,  1870.  On  March 
14,  1871,  the  Common  Council  passed  an  ordinance  "to 
provide  for  the  University  of  Cincinnati,"  the  first  section 
of  which  reads  : 

"That  the  Board  of  Directors  established  by  the  or- 
dinance passed  December  12,  1859,  to  provide  for  the 
devise  of  Charles  McMicken  to  the  city  of  Cincinnati, 
are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  transfer  and  deliver 
over  all  the  estate,  property,  funds,  and  claims  held  or 
controlled  by  them,  and  all  books  and  papers  relating  to 
the  same,  to  the  Board  of  Directors  established  by  act, 
passed  April  16,  1870,  and  elected  by  said  Common 
Council,  December,  1870,  and  the  custody,  management, 
and  entire  administration  and  control  thereof  shall  hence- 
forth be  intrusted  to  said  last-mentioned  board,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  the  last  will  of  the  said  Charles  Mc- 
Micken and  of  the  act  aforesaid." 

Previous  to  April  16,  1870,  the  institution  was 
known  as  "  McMicken  University."  and  the  monument 
in  Spring  Grove  Cemetery  states  that  the  benefactor  was 
the  founder  of  "  McMicken  University." 

Here  is  the  meeting  of  the  first  board  of  directors  : 
"Council  Chamber,  Cin.,  Dec,  30,  1859. 

"  Pursuant  to  an  order  of  R.  M.  Bishop,  mayor  of  the 
city  of  Cincinnati,  Messrs.  Rufus  King,  James  Wilson, 
Miles  Greenwood,  Dr.  C.  G.  Comegys,  Henry  F.  Handy, 


232  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

and  G.  B.  HoUister,  directors  of  the  McMicken  Univer- 
sity elected  by  the  city  council,  met  in  the  Council 
Chamber  in  said  city  on  Friday,  December  30,  1859,  for 
the  purpose  of  organizing  said  board." 

At  this  meeting  Mayor  Bishop  was  temporary  chair- 
man, and  Mr.  Hollister  temporary  secretary.  Lots  were 
drawn  as  to  term    of    service,    as    follows  :     Wilson,    six 

years;  Comegys,  five; 
Greenwood,  four ;  King, 
three  ;  Handy,  two  ; 
Hollister,  one.  January 
13,  i860,  T.  B.  Disney 
was  elected  clerk  (at  the 
second  meeting)  ;  Rufus 
King  was  elected  presi- 
dent at  the  first  meeting. 
The  first  effort  of 
the  board  was  to  honor 
Charles  McMicken  by 
having  an  oil  portrait 
made.  At  the  meeting 
of  January  31,  i860,  a 
formal  demand  was  made 
on  Wm.  Wiswell  for  a 
Oscar  W.  Kuhn,  portrait   of  Mr.   McMic- 

Chairman  University  Board  Since     ken,     which   portrait,    it 
January  I,  1897.  was  held,  belonged  to  the 

city.  The  picture  was 
never  secured,  the  heirs  refusing  to  allow  the  city  to  have 
one.  For  forty  years  efforts  were  made  to  get  a  copy  of 
this  picture,  but  all  failed  until  the  writer  secured  the  one 
shown  on  page  213.     This  was  in  April,  1902. 

Considerable  time  was  spent  by  the  board  in  making 
an  inventory  of  the  property  and  in  having  it  repaired. 


1  i^^-'v-^fts,ryl 


The  University  Organization.  233 

There  not  being  money  enough  to  organize  the  University, 
the  board  resolved  to  open  a  free  night  high  school  the 
first  Monday  in  November,  1863,  and  continue  it  to  the 
first  Monday  in  March,  1864.  The  school  was  to  meet 
in  rooms  at  Third  and  Main.  Little  is  known  of  the 
venture,-  but  it  could  not  have  been  very  successful,  if  it 
started  at  all,  as  the  records  are  silent  about  it,  and  no  one 
seems  to  have  ever  been  paid  for  teaching ;  hence  for 
for  several  years  "  McMicken  University"  was  merely  a 
name. 

In  j866  C.  T.  Webber,  assisted  by  another  artist, 
I.  Quick,  opened  the  "McMicken  School  of  Design"  at 
Third  and  Main.  Both  worked  gratuitously,  and  the  school 
prospered  to  such  an  extent  that  it  was  felt  that  it  should 
be  a  permanent  institution.  Day  and  evening  sessions 
were  held.  December  11,  1868,  it  was  decided  to  open 
the  permanent  School  of  Design  as  a  day  school,  and 
limit  the  pupils  to  60.  Thomas  S.  Noble  was  elected 
princip^il.  The  first  term  opened  Monday,  January  4, 
1869.  Instruction  was  free.  Later  this  school  had  night 
sessions.  Sessions  were  held  at  first  at  Third  and  Main, 
and  later  in  the  Cincinnati  College  Building,  Walnut 
Street,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth.  This,  then,  was  the 
first  department  of  the  University.      (See  page  180.) 

In  1869  a  committee  was  appointed  to  report  as  to 
the  practicability  of  the  union  of  the  various  educational 
trusts  in  Cincinnati — notably,  the  Cincinnati  College,  the 
Woodward  High  School,  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  and 
the  McMicken  University.  The  union,  however,  could 
not  be  consummated,  though  out  of  the  movement  came 
the  University  of  Cincinnati.  The  old  board  of  six 
continued  to  meet  until  February  28,  1871,  regardless  of 
the  fact  that  on  December  26,  1870,  the  new  board,  as  now 
constituted,    met.     The    new    organization  was  effected 


234 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


January  2,  1871,  and  has  been  continuous  ever 
since.  At  first  the  directors  (19)  were  elected  by  council, 
the  ordinance  of  March  14,  1871,  establishing  the  Uni- 
versity, containing  the  following  section  :      "The  annual 


Dr.  C.  a.  L.   Reed, 
Director  of  the  University  Since  1892. 

appointment  of  directors  shall  be  made  by  an  election,  to 
be  held  on  the  first  Monday  of  November  every  year  ;  and 
a  meeting  of  the  Common  Council  for  that  purpose  shall 
be  called  by  its  officers  annually,  and  had  on  that  day." 


The  University  Organization.  335 

By  a  later  act  (April  13,  1889)  the  powers  of  council 
were  still  further  restricted,  the  section  providing  as 
follows  :  "  A  board  of  nineteen,  of  whom  the  mayor  shall 
be  one,  and  the  others  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Common 
Council  from  persons  of  appro  vfed  learning,  discretion,  and 
fitness  for  the  office,  six  of  Xvhotn  shall  be  appointed  from 
persons  nominated  to  the  council  by  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and  twelve  from  persons  nominated  to  the  council 
by  the  Superior  Court.  The  term  of  office  of  each  director 
shall  be  six  years." 

February  18,  1892,  an  act  was  passed  vesting  the 
appointment  of  directors  in  the  judges  of  the  Superior 
Court,  where  it  still  remains. 

The  board  of  directors  to-day  is  as  follows  (terms 
expire  January  ist)  : 

1.  Walter  A.  DeCamp,  attorney,  1903. 

2.  Oscar  W.  Kuhn,  attorney,    1903. 

3.  Elliott  H.  Pendleton,  attorney,   1903. 

4.  J.  M.  Robinson,  manufacturer,  1904. 

5.  Brent  Arnold,  general  freight  agent,  1904. 

6.  Frank  B.  Wiborg,  manufacturer,  1904. 

7.  J.  Wm.  Luhn,  retired  business  man,  1905. 

8.  Frank  J.  Jones,  attorney  and  capitalist,  1905. 

9.  Joseph  C.  Butler,  capitalist,  1905. 

10.  John  F.  Winslow,  attorney,  1906. 

11.  Max  B.  May,  attorney,  1906. 

12.  G.  S.  Sykes,  educator,  1906. 

13.  John  B.  Peaslee,  ex-supt.  of  schools,  1907. 

14.  Edward  Senior,  distiller,  1907. 
If,.   C.  A.  L.  Reed,  physician,    1907. 

16.  James  N.  Gamble,  manufacturer,    1908. 

17.  Charles  F.  Windisch,  brewer,  1908. 

18.  Thad  A.  Reamy,  physician,  1908. 

19.  ^^-o^c/^.-,  Julius  Fleischmann,  mayor. 


RuFus  King, 

President  Board  of  Education,  1852-1865;  Chairman  Universitj 
Board,  1871-1877;  President  Library  Board,  1870-1872.        (236) 


The   University  Organization.  237 

Officers  of  the  Board. 
Chairman^  Oscar  W.  Kuhn  ;    Clerk ^  William  Henry 
Davis,  Jr.  ;   Assistant  Clerk^  Christie  Wilke. 

Chairmen. 

January  2,  1871,  January  i,  1877,  Rufus  King. 

January  i,  1877,  January  i,  1878,  Geo.  lloadly. 

January  i,  1878,  January  i,  1881,  S.  F.  Hunt. 

January  i,  1881,  January  —  1882,  A.  Taft.  (Mr. 
Taft  appointed  minister  to  Austria.) 

1882,  June  16,  1896,  Samuel  F.  Hunt. 

June  16,  1890,  Feb.  10,  1896,   Dr.   C.   G.  Comegys. 

February,  1896,  January  i,  1897,  Frank  J.  Jones. 

January  i,  1897,  to  present,  Oscar  W.  Kuhn. 

Since  the  University  organized  (1870)  the  following 
have  been  on  the  board  : 


Anderson,  Larz. 
Anderson,  William  P. 
Arnold,  Brent. 
Butler,  Jos.  C. 
Baldwin,  Ward. 
Ballauf,  Louis. 
Benedict,  A.  B. 
Bliss,  E.   F. 
Brown,  James. 
Bruehl,  Gustav. 
Buchwalter,  M.  L. 
Carbery,  J.  P. 
Caldwell,  John.  A. 
Comegys,  C.  G. 
Cox,  J.  D. 

Cunningham,  Briggs  S. 
Davis,  S.  S. 
Dawson,  W.  W. 


Dodds,  Ozro  J. 
DowJing,  Francis. 
DeCamp,  W.  A. 
Ferry,  Francis. 
Fishburn,  CD. 
Frazer,  Abner  L. 
Fleischmann,  Julius. 
Groesbeck,  W.  S. 
Gamble,  James  N. 
Haacke,   Henry. 
Hadden,   L.  M. 
Hagans,  M.  B. 
Hassaurek,  Frederick. 
Hinkle,  A.  Howard. 
Hoadly,  George. 
Hollister,  George. 
Hooper,  William. 
Hunt,  Samuel  F. 


238 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Ingalls,  M.  E. 
Jacob,  Jr.,  Charles. 
Johnston,  G.  W.  C. 
Jones,  Frank  J. 
King,  Rufus. 


Kuhn,  Oscar  W. 
Lilienthal,  M. 
Long,  Alexander. 
Luhn,  J.  W. 
Mallon,  Patrick. 


Frank  W.  Stevenson, 
Gold  Medal  Winner  (Mathematics)  Hughes,  1888. 


Mattox,  H.  H. 
May,  Max  B. 
McAlpin,  William. 
McGuffey,  Alexander. 
McMasters,  William. 


Mills,  Lewis  E. 
Minor,  T.  C. 
Morgan,  William  H, 
Mosby,  John  B. 
Murphy,   John  A. 


The  University  Organization. 


239 


Means,  William. 
Pearce,  Henry. 
Procter,  W.  A. 
Peaslee,  John  B. 
Pendleton,  E.  H. 
Peck,  Hiram  D. 
Ramsey,  Wm.  M 
Reed,  C.  A.  L. 
Reamy,  Thad  A. 
Robertson,  CD. 
Robinson,  J.  M. 
Seasongood,  Lewis. 
Sykes,  G.  S. 
Smith,  Jr.,  Amor. 
Schmidlapp,  J.  G. 
Stallo,  John  B. 
Stallo,  Edmund  K. 
Senior,  Edward. 


Stephens,  Thomas  J. 
Storer,   Bellamy. 
Strunk,  William. 
Taft,  Alphonso. 
Tafel.  Gustav, 
Vickers,  Thomas. 
Wells,  J.  D. 
White,  Emerson  E. 
Wilson,  A,  J. 
Wilson,  Moses  F. 
Wise,  Isaac  M. 
Winslow,  John  F. 
Woods,  John  S. 
Windisch,  Charles  F. 
Worthington,  William. 
Wiborg,  Frank  B. 
Young,  Thomas. 


Meeting  Places. 
The  present  University  Board  has  had  various  meet- 
ing places,  as  follows  :  In  council  chamber,  mayor's  office  ; 
in  the  McMicken  property.  Third  and  Main  ;  in  the  Uni- 
versity building  (now  Ohio  Medical  College  building)  ; 
rooms  15  and  16,  Wiggins  Block,  Fifth  and  Vine  ;  in  the 
Potter  building.  Fourth  and  Race  ;  and  finally  in  the  City 
Hall  (1893). 

Clerks. 


January  13,  i860,  to  September,  1884,  F.  B.  Disney. 
January  i,  1885,  to  December  16,  1900,  J.  F.  Wright. 
February  18,  1901,  to  present,  Wm.  Henry  Davis,  Jr. 

The  following  advertisement  appeared  in  the    Cin- 
cinnati Commei'cial^  August  2,  1873  : 


240  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

"  Educational. 

"The  University  of  Cincinnati  will  open  classes  at 
Woodward  High  School  building  on  Monday,  the  15th 
day  of  September  next. 

"For  the  present,  classes  will  be  formed  in  the  studies 
of  the  first  year  of  the  University  course  only,  etc." 

This  advertisement  is  accepted  as  conclusive  evidence 
that  Woodward  High  School  building  was  the  place  of 
organization  of  the  academic  department.  Rev.  Frank 
G.  McFarlan  was  the  only  member  of  the  first  class  to 
graduate  from  the  University  (1877). 

Speaking  of  his  experiences,  Mr.  McFarlan  says: 
"  A  thesis  was  written  and  accepted  by  the  faculty.  The 
trustees  granted  the  degree  B.  A.  A  diploma  in  regular 
form  was  not  given,  because  a  form  of  diploma  had  not 
been  adopted,  but  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  Uni- 
versity had  conferred  the  degree  was  written  by  Hon. 
Rufus  King,  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees,  and 
signed  also  by  T.  B.  Disney,  clerk  of  the  board.  There 
were  no  public  exercises  held,  as  the  program  would  have 
been  too  short.  A  year  later  the  paper  signed  by  Mr. 
King  was  exchanged  for  a  diploma  in  regular    form." 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

ASA    VAN    WORMER. 

ASA  VAN  WORMER,  the  donor  of  the  Van  Wormer 
Library,  was  born  June  2,  1818,  in  a  little  village 
about  18  miles  from  Utica,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.  His 
father  was  a  stonemason,  of  Dutch  descent.  He  was  a 
poor  man  and  worked  in  the  vicinity  of  his  home,  and  on 


Asa  Van  Wormer.  241 

many  public  improvements,  notably  the  great  Hoosac  Tun- 
nel. Just  when  the  elder  Van  Wormer  left  Holland  is 
not  known  with  certainty,  though  it  was  several  years 
before  Asa  was  born. 


Rev.  Frank  G.  McFarlan, 

The  First  Graduate  of  the  Academic  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  (1877). 

In  1819,  when  Asa  was  one  year  and  ten  days  old,  the 
Van  Wormer  family  set  out  for  the  West.  They  traveled 
by  wagon  to  Pittsburg,  where  a  boat  was  purchased  and 

[16] 


242  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

the  trip  down  the  Ohio  begun.  The  first  stop  was  at 
Portsmouth,  where  a  stay  of  three  weeks  was  made  ;  next 
came  California,  just  above  Cincinnati,  and  finally  the 
mouth  of  the  great  Miami,  22  miles  below  here,  saw  the 
end  of  the  trip. 

One  day  William  Henry  Harrison  called  at  the  boat. 
He  had  heard  that  Mr.  Wormer  was  a  stonemason,  and 
he  needed  such  a  man.  The  result  was  that  a  contract 
w^as  made,  and  for  five  years  the  family  lived  at  North 
Bend.  September  27,  1832,  the  father  died  of  cholera, 
and  Asa,  a  lad  of  fourteen,  went  to  live  with  Mrs.  Judge 
Silver.  There  he  remained  for  eleven  months,  when  one 
night  he  came  to  Cincinnati  on  a  sightseeing  trip  with 
two  fishermen.  He  repeated  the  trip  three  weeks  later, 
and  the  second  time  remained.  His  stock  of  money  con- 
sisted of  thirteen  cents,  and  he  determined  to  look  fc-r 
work.  He  thus  virtually  took  affairs  into  his  own  hands 
and  was  looked  upon  as  a  runaway  boy. 

The  young  Van  Wormer  was  first  employed  by  a 
contractor  named  Knight,  and  for  thirteen  months  drove 
a  horse  and  cart,  engaged  in  excavating  cellars  on  Fifth, 
between  Main  and  Walnut,  south  side.  The  next  employ- 
ment was  as  drayman  for  Bolton  &  Kelly,  where  he  re- 
mained for  fifteen  months,  doing  miscellaneous  hauling 
for  stores.  Then  he  went  with  Jones  &  Taylor,  who  kept 
a  salt  store  at  Walnut  and  Canal,  sole  agents  for  the 
Kanawha  Salt  Works.  Here  he  remained  for  two  years 
as  drayman,  hauling  salt  from  the  river.  Finally  he  was 
engaged  by  Thomas  Manual,  a  Scotchman,  who  dealt 
largely  in  butter  and  eggs.  There  Mr.  Van  Wormer 
received  his  business  training  and  secured  the  nucleus 
of  his  fortune.  Mr.  Manual  died,  and  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  remained  one  year, 
trying  the  butter  and  egg  business,  shipping  to  New  Or- 


Asa  Van  Wormer, 

Donor  of  the  Van  Wormer  Library.     From  the  Painting  by  Webber. 
The  Picture  Shows  Mr.  Van  Wormer  in  his  Eighty-fourth  Year. 

(243) 


244  Schools   of  Cincinnati. 

leans.  In  1852  he  returned  to  this  city,  and  with  a  part- 
ner named  Joseph  Cunningham  started  a  butter  and  egg 
business  in  cellars  on  Court  Street.  Mr.  Van  Wormer 
soon  bought  out  his  partner,  and  rented  the  building,  57 
Court,  now  No.  35  East  Court  (new  number).  Before 
many  years  he  purchased  it,  and  lived  over  his  storeroom, 
staying  there  seventeen  years.  Since  1865  Mr.  Van  Wor- 
mer has  occupied  his  farm  on  the  west  side  of  Winton 
Road,  northeast  of  Winton  Place. 

In  1840  Mr.  Van  Wormer  had  married  Miss  Julia 
Ann  Sagerty,  of  Lebanon,  O.  The  ceremony  took  place 
at  Trinity  M.  E.  Church,  on  Ninth  Street  this  city,  for 
Mr.  Van  Wormer  was  an  attendant  upon  the  Methodist 
Church,  though  never  a  member.  No  children  were  born. 
Mrs.  Van  Wormer  died  October  24,  1897.  One  year 
and  seven  days  later,  Oct.  31,  1898,  Judge  John  R. 
Sayler  announced  to  the  University  Board  that  Mr.  Van 
Wormer  had  given  street  railroad  stock  to  the  par  value 
of  $50,000,  to  erect  a  library  in  memory  of  his  wife. 
The  donor  provided  for  the  following  tablet : 

"  Erected  with  money  given  by  Asa  Van  Wormer, 
in  memory  of  his  wife,  Julia  Ann  Van  Wormer." 

The  building  was  begun  the  next  spring,  and  was 
occupied  May  i,  1901.  Judge  Sayler  selected  the  design. 
It  is  a  magnificent  structure,  and  one  of  the  handsomest 
college  buildings  in  this  country. 

Mr.  Van  Wormer,  when  asked  how  he  came  to  make 
his  gift,  replied  that  he  had  been  blessed  with  plenty,  and 
he  thought,  as  he  made  his  money  in  this  community,  it 
was  only  right  to  give  the  public  the  benefit  of  some  of 
it.  It  seems  that  some  years  ago  several  prominent  busi- 
ness men  were  discussing  the  needs  of  the  University, 
when  C.  H.  Kellogg,  vice-president  of  the  Third  National 
Bank,   suggested  to   Mr.  Van   Wormer  that  he  make  a 


Asa  Van  Wormer.  245 

donation.  This  idea  grew,  and  Mr.  Van  Wormer  added 
a  codicil  to  his  will,  providing  for  the  completion  of  the 
main  building.  On  returning  from  a  trip  to  California 
he  found  that  Briggs  S.  Cunningham  had  done  what  he 


Twenty-second  District  School, 

Exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900. 

Locust  and  Melrose  Streets,  Walnut  Hills  ;  Erected  1872  ; 

Cost  $75,000;  20  Rooms,  Seats  1054  Pupils;  J.  P. 

Cummins,  Principal ;  Dr.  F.  G.  Cross,  Trustee. 

had  intended  to  do,  so  the  library  was  decided  upon  after 
a  consultation  with  John  Kilgour  and  Judge  Sayler. 
Mr.  Van  Wormer  wanted  to  see  the  building  completed, 
hence  he  provided  for  its  erection  at  once. 


346  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  the  spring  of  1902  oil  paintings  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Van  Wormer  were  placed  in  the  library,  to  be  unveiled 
at  the  dedication.  The  paintings  are  by  C.  T.  Webber. 
Mr.  Van  Wormer  is  represented  seated  in  an  armchair 
at  his  home  on  Winton  Road.  Near  him  is  his  favorite 
dog,  Reuben  Springer,, and  in  the  background  his  favorite 
black  horse,  Joe.  The  picture  shows  the  subject  at  the 
age  of  nearly  84,  a  very  strong  and  hearty  man.  October 
2,  1901,  Mr.  Van  Wormer  was  kicked  by  a  horse  and 
knocked  down.  The  hoof  struck  the  left  arm,  near  the 
shoulder,  and  the  fall  dislocated  the  right  hip.  Though 
slightly  lame  (April,  1902),  Mr.  Van  Wormer  walks  with 
ease,  and  is  as  sprightly  as  most  men  at  fifty.  He  has  a 
nice  country  home  with  modern  conveniences,  and  spends 
most  of  his  time  in  taking  care  of  it. 

Speaking  of  his  school  days,  Mr.  Van  Wormer  said 
that  he  had  had  three  winter  courses  at  North  Bend, 
about  nine  months  in  all.  Being  actively  engaged  in 
business,  he  was  never  at  a  loss  because  of  his  early  lack 
of  mental  training;  but  he  believes  in  higher  education, 
and  desires  the  young  to  have  all  the  advantages  possible. 

"I  never  studied  algebra,  nor  Latin,  nor  Greek. 
I  never  got  that  far,"  he  said.  I  studied  only  the  com- 
mon branches,  and  not  all  of  them.  I  never  studied 
grammar,  but  when  it  came  to  business,  I  was  all  right. 
My  education  was  in  the  store,  received  right  from  my 
employers.  I  worked  hard — for  years  put  in  16  hours  a 
day.  There  was  one  three  years  I  never  was  outside  the 
Cincinnati  corporation  line — had  to  work  so.  I  never 
took  any  interest  in  politics  ;  never  held  an  office,  never 
ran  for  one.  I  voted  for  the  best  man,  except  in  national 
affairs,  when  I  voted  the  Republican  ticket.  I  never  did 
much  but  work.  With  the  exception  of  three  weeks, 
when  I  was  in  the  Home  Guards,  I  worked.   The  Almighty 


Asa   Van  Wormer.  247 

has  blessed  me,  and  I  feel  thankful  that  I  can  do  some- 
thing for  the  general  welfare.  In  1885  Mr.  Van  Wormer 
retired  from  active  business. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

THE    TECHNICAL    SCHOOL. 
E.  R.  Booth,  Ph.  D.,  D.  O. 

THE  manual  training  idea,  as  a  valuable  element  in 
education  from  the  standpoint  of  broad  culture,  as 
well  as  the  practical  affairs  of  life,  became  a  conviction 
in  progressive  minds  during  the  decade  beginning  with 
1880.  The  desirability  of  establishing  such  a  school  in 
Cincinnati  was  urged  from  time  to  time,  and  the  "Order 
of  Cincinnatus"  appointed  a  committee,  July  8,  1886,  with 
Col.  W.  L.  Robinson  as  chairman,  to  investigate  the 
subject  and  report  upon  the  feasibility  of  organization. 
The  committee  reported  favorably,  and  "The  Technical 
School  of  Cincinnati"  was  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  Ohio,  July  27,  1886.  The  organization  was  completed 
October  25,  1886,  by  electing  a  board  of  fifteen  directors. 
Col.  Robinson  was  president  of  the  board  until 
December,  1888,  when  M.  E.  Ingalls  succeeded  him.  At 
this  time  the  school  was  in  a  critical  state,  and  Mr,  Ingalls 
came  to  the  rescue  and  made  its  success  possible.  He  is 
thus  entitled  to  the  credit  of  founding  the  school.  He 
retained  the  presidency  of  the  board  until  the  union  with 
the  University.  To  Col.  Robinson  more  than  to  any 
other  is  due  the  credit  for  originating  the  school,  but  Mr. 
Ingalls.  secured  the  financial  backing  necessary  for  main- 
tenance. 


248  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

George  R.  Carothers  was  chosen  superintendent, 
and  the  art  rooms  in  Music  Hall  were  secured,  and  the 
school  was  opened  for  the  admission  of  pupils  November 


Principal  Technical  School  from  1889  to  1899. 
Now  a  Practicing  Osteopathic  Physician. 

I,  1886.  Work  began  November  16,  1886,  with  three 
pupils — namely,  Robert  J.  Moore,  Frank  F.  Miles,  and 
Willard  M.  Smith.  Eighteen  were  enrolled  before  the 
close  of  the  school  year,  June  22,  1887.     The  second  year 


The  Technical  School.  249 

opened  September  5,  1887,  and  eighty-three  were  enrolled 
during  the  year. 

In  November,  1887,  the  Commercial  Club  took  action 
with  a  view  to  placing  the  school  on  a  more  secure  basis. 
Money  was  freely  subscribed.  December  i,  1888,  a 
banquet  was  given  by  the  Commercial  Club  in  honor  of 
Mr.  Matthew  Addy,  at  which  more  than  $30,000  were 
raised,  the  largest  single  subscription  being  $10,000,  by 
Mr.  Chas.  Schiff,  president  of  the  Southern  Railroad. 
Meantime,  all  Music  Hall  was  wanted  for  the  Exposition 
during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1888,  and  the  school 
had  a  temporary  home  on  the  third  floor  of  the  Fifth 
District  Public  School  on  Third  Street,  between  Elm  and 
Plum.  After  the  exposition  closed  the  entire  second  and 
third  floors  of  the  north  wing  of  Music  Hall  were  fitted 
up  at  a  cost  of  $13,245,31,  and  the  school  moved  into  its 
new  quarters  in  February,  1889,  there  it  remained  till 
June,  1901. 

Superintendent  Carothers  resigned  in  August,  1888, 
and  Dr.  L.  R.  Klemm  was  chosen  his  successor,  with  the 
title  of  principal.  In  June,  1889,  Dr.  Klemm  resigned, 
and  Mr.  J.  B.  Stanwood  was  chosen  business  manager, 
with  the  title  of  director,  and  Dr.  E.  R.  Booth  was  placed 
in  charge,  with  the  title  of  principal.  Dr.  Booth  severed 
his  connection  in  April,  1899,  having  been  away  since 
September,  1898,  on  leave  of  absence.  Mr.  T.  L.  Feeney, 
acting  principal,  succeeded  him.  He  and  Mr.  Stanwood 
served  their  connection  in  1901,  when  the  school  was 
transferred  to  the  University. 

The  first  class  completed  the  course  with  nine  mem- 
bers in  June,  1890,  five  of  whom  received  diplomas  and 
four  certificates.  The  largest  class  graduated  (thirty- 
four)  was  in  1900. 

The  Technical  School,  when  first  started,  represented 


250 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


a  distinct  idea  in  education,  new  to  Cincinnati.  The 
management  believed  that  "  the  whole  boy"  should  be 
educated,  and  that  intelligent  manual  work  is  not  only 
valuable  for  physical  and  industrial  training,  but    that  it 


sJKd 

A  IT  ivi ,  1 

L 

^^^^..MMiifMfl^P 

Whittier  School, 

Osage  and  Woodlawn  Avenues,  Price  Hill;  Erected  1894  Through 

Efforts  of  J.  C.   Harper,  Then  Trustee;  Cost    $78,446; 

18  Rooms,  Seats  i ,000  Pupils ;  Dr.  F.  B.  Lyle,  Trustee ; 

C.   H.  Porter,  Principal. 

is  one  of  the  most  powerful  factors  in  mental  and  moral 
training.  It  fostered  the  idea  of  earnest,  persistent  effort 
day  by  day  ;  of  self-control  under  all  circumstances;  of 
self-sacrifice  when  inclination  stood  across  the  path  of 
duty  ;  of  independence  in  thought  and  action.    It  believed 


The  Technical  School.  251 

that  much  of  the  time  and  energy  spent  in  school  is 
wasted,  even  worse  than  wasted,  and  that  much  more,  in 
the  aggregate,  could  be  done  each  year  by  a  harmonious 
intermingling  of  hand  and  head  work.  It  contended 
that  the  common  studies  taught  in  high  school  grades 
should  be  pursued  in  a  more  practical  and  scientific  way ; 
hence  its  identity  was  as  distinct  in  the  study  of  history, 
of  literature,  of  language,  and  of  science  as  in  its  drawing 
and  shop-work.  It  felt  sure  that  the  amount  of  work 
usually  done  in  four  years  could  be  done  in  three  under 
the  proper  conditions  and  influences,  and  at  the  same 
time  it  expected  its  graduates  to  be  well  prepared  for 
college  or  practical  affairs. 

The  Technical  School  is  now  occupying  the  building 
recently  erected  for  that  purpose  in  Burnet  Woods.  The 
building  is  well  lighted  and  supplied  with  all  modern 
appliances  necessary  in  technical  work. 

Note. — The  Order  of  Cincinnatus  was  a  body  of 
public  spirited  men  who,  besides  feasting  themselves  most 
royally,  treated  the  public  to  grand  street  parades  and 
brilliant  demonstrations,  most  of  which  took  place  at 
night.  The  "  I-Tan-Nic-Nics  "  of  to-day  are  the  legiti- 
mate descendants  of  the  order,  although  not  intended  as 
such.  "  I-Tan-Nic-Nic  "  is  "  Cincinnati  "  spelled  back- 
wards. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

THE    CINCINNATI    COLLEGE    AND    ITS    LAW    SCHOOL. 
Thornton  M.  Hinkle. 

THE  ordinance  of  1787  concerning  the  North  Western 
Territory,  the  Ohio  Constitution  of  1802,  and  early 
legislation  indicate  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the   neces- 


252 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


sity  of  education  to  good  government  and  the  happiness 
of  mankind,"  and  a  determination"  to  encourage  schools 
and  the  means  of  education." 

That  this  extended  to  the  people  of  Cincinnati  is 
evident  from  the  act  of  1807,  incorporating  a  "  Cincin- 
nati University  "  (apparently  never  heard  of  more)  and 
subsequent  acts  of  a  similar    character. 

The  Cincinnati  Lancaster  Seminary. 

On  February  4, 
.815  (13  O.  L.  132), 
the  legislature  passed 
an  act  incorporating 
William  Lytle,  Martin 
Baum,  John  Kidd, 
Oliver  M.  Spencer,  and 
other  well-known  citi- 
zens as  "The  Lacaster 
Seminary."  This  act 
gave  them  broad 
powers  to  acquire  prop- 
erty, but  limited  the 
amount  to  ten  thousand 
dollars,  and  forbade 
them  to  apply  any  of  it 
to  banking.  It  author- 
ized them  to  employ 
teachers  and  provide 
for  instruction,  but  di- 
rected that  no  political,  religious,  moral,  or  literary  asso- 
ciation should  have  an  ascendancy  in  the  directory,  and 
that  no  religious  tenents  peculiar  to  any  Christian  sect 
should  ever  be  introduced  or  taught  in  the  seminary 

It  named  as   first   trustees    Jacob    Burnet,    Nicholas 


GusTAvus  H.  Wald, 

Dean  Law  Department  University 
Since  March,  1900. 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School.    253 

Longworth,  Davis  Embree,  William  Corry,  Charles 
Marsh  and  Daniel  Drake. 

The  word  "Lancaster"  in  this  title  referred  to  a 
system  of  education  suggested  in  England  during  the 
eighteenth  century  by  Joseph  Lancaster,  in  which  the 
elder  pupils  taught  those  of  the  lower  grades. 

In  1814  a  building  had  been  erected  for  the  new 
seminary  on  the  east  side  of  Walnut  Street,  above  Fourth, 
in  which  it  was  hoped  to  conduct  an  extensive  school  on 
this  system.  The  seminary  was  pronounced  the  finest 
building  west  of  the  mountains. 

This  plan  seems  to  have  been  first  suggested  by  the 
Methodists  of  Cincinnati,  for  a  denominational  school, 
but  later  it  was  taken  up  by  the  citizens  generally.  Ten 
thousand  dollars  in  stock  was  subscribed  for  its  support, 
and  a  lease  for  ninety-nine  years  obtained  from  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  the  lot  on  which  the  building 
referred  to  was  erected. 

This  building,  as  described  in  the  city  directory  of 
1819,  was  a  "  capacious  brick  building,  two  stories  in 
height,  consisting  of  two  parallel  wings,  90  feet  in  length, 
and  connected  by  an  intermediate  appartment  18  by  30 
feet."  This  connecting  part  supported  a  handsome  dome, 
designed  for  an  observatory  and  a  bell,  and  was  placed 
between  the  wings  12  feet  back  of  the  front,  in  order  to 
admit  of  a  gallery  and  rows  of  Tuscan  pillars.  Later 
references  indicate  that  these  were  afterwards  erected. 

The  directory  of  1825  says  that  the  wings  were  30 
feet  in  width  and  that  the  intermediate  building  was  32 
feet  front  by  40  feet  deep,  serving  as  an  entrance  and 
stairway. 

The  seminary  opened  April  17,  1815.  It  appears 
from  the  city  directory  of  1825  that  instruction  under 
the  Lancaster  plan  was  continued   in  the    seminary    and 


254 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


its  successor,  the  college ;  that  until  after  that  year 
"averaging  400  pupils  were  taught  gratis,  the 
teachers  having  been  supported  for  some  years  past  by 
the  interest  of  funds  established  by  Captain  JohnKidd." 
This  John  Kidd  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the 
seminary. 

His  will,  dated  September    32,    1818,    and  probated 

February  16,  18 19,  direc- 
ted his  executors  Joshua 
L.  Wilson  and  Oliver 
M.  Spencer  to  "  apply 
and  expend  for  the  edu- 
cation of  poor  children 
and  youth  in  the  town  of 
Cincinnati"  the  rents 
and  proceeds  from  a  per- 
petual lease  of  lot  401  on 
Front  and  Main  Streets, 
to  John  Smith  and  David 
Lohring,  for  one  thou- 
sand dollars  annual  rent. 
This  was  the  first  in 
a  long  line  of  gifts  of 
John  R.  Sayler,  this  character  in  the  his- 

Professor  of  Law ;  Ex-Judge  of  the     tory  of  Cincinnati. 

Superior  Court.  The  Cincinnati 

College. 
The  provision  for  education  thus  made  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  sufficiently  broad  for  the  young  city.  The 
first  Cincinnati  directory  issued,  that  of  1819,  says  that 
the  seminary  was  "  incorporated  by  the  last  Assembly 
into  a  college  "  by  a  charter  with  very  liberal  provisions, 
which  was  not  yet  in  complete  operation  ;  that  Dr.  Elijah 
Slack  had  been  elected  president,    and   that    the    faculty 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School  255 

would  be  filled  by  the  winter  session  ;  that  the  funds 
already  amounted  to  $50,000.00 ;  that  the  Cincinnati 
Library  of  more  than  2,000  volumes,  the  cabinet  of  the 
Western  Museum,  whose  funds  exceeded  $4,000,  and 
sufficient  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus,  would  all 
be  placed  in  the  College  Building  for  the  student's  use. 
It  adds  full  particulars  of  the  studies  to  be  taught  and  the 
sessions  to  be  held ;  that  Cincinnati  was  a  very  eligible 
situation  for  a  seat  of  learning,  and  predicts  that  the 
"  infant  institution  "  bids  at  a  period  not  far  distant  to 
rival  the  colleges  of  the   East. 

It  appears  elsewhere  in  this  directory  that  the  Cin- 
cinnati Library  Society  and  the  Western  Museum  were 
organizations  planned  for  the  general  good,  and  that  act- 
ively engaged  in  each  as  managers  were  Dr.  Drake  and 
others,  who  were  incorporators  of  tlie  seminary  and  the 
college. 

The  legal  process  by  which  the  seminary  was  incor- 
porated into  a  college  was  the  passage  of  an  act,  Janu- 
ary 28,  1819  (17  O.  L.  146) ,  incorporating  Spencer,  Lytle, 
Burnet  and  others  (some  of  whom  had  been  incorporators 
of  the  seminary),  under  the  name  "The  President, 
Trustees  and  Faculty  of  the  Cincinnati  College,"  with 
power  to  erect  and  maintain  a  college  and  with  authority 
to  grant  any  degrees  that  are  usually  conferred  by  any 
college  or  university  within  the  United  States. 

It  permitted  them  to  include  the  principles  of  moral- 
ity and  of  the  Christian  religion  in  the  instruction  given, 
but  required  that  the  religious  tenets  peculiar  to  any  par- 
ticular sect  or  denomination  should  never  be  taught  or 
enforced  in  the  college. 

It  repealed  the  provisions  of  the  seminary  act  for 
the  appointment  of  directors,  and  provided  that  the  col- 
lege trustees  should  exercise  all  the  powers  granted  to  the 


Samuel  F.  Hunt. 


In  1870  He  Introduced  into  the  Ohio  Senate  the  Act   Providing  for  the 
University;  a  Director,  1872  1890;  Chairman  Eleven  Years; 

Speaker  at  Corner-Stone  Laying  September  22,  1894.  ^256) 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School.     257 

directors  of  the  seminary  and  apply  its  assets  to  the  use 
of  the  college  and  manage  the  seminary's  affairs,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  directors  had  been  authorized  to 
manage   them. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  on 
April  35,  1892,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  (89  O.  L. 
647)  by  which  it  undertook  by  the  same  process  to  abol- 
ish the  board  of  trustees  of  the  college,  and  to  transfer 
control  of  its  affairs  and  assets  to  the  directors  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out 
the  object  of  the  college  charter  in  connection  with  the 
funds  and  administration  of  the  University.  This  act 
was  held  void  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  Ohio 
(ex  Rel.  vs.  Neifif,  52  O.  S.  375). 

It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that,  notwithstanding 
the  great  difficulty  in  raising  sufficient  means  to  support 
educational  institutions,  the  Legislature,  in  each  of  these 
incorporating  acts,  felt  it  necessary  to  limit  the  amount 
of  property  to  be  acquired. 

The  First  Year  of  the  College. 

The  college  was  organized  in  1820.  Dr.  Slack  was 
installed  as  president,  and  professors  were  appointed  in 
every  department  of  science.  The  library,  the  cabinet, 
and  the  apparatus  just  spoken  of  were  placed  in  tlie 
building.  Liberal  subscriptions  were  made,  but  little 
was  realized  from  them,  because  of  the  financial  troubles 
of   182 1-2-3. 

The  1825  directory  indicates  that  the  Lancasterian 
department  was  still  in  operation,  that  400  pupils  were 
regularly  taught  in  it  during  the  last  year,  that  the  in- 
struction in  the  other  department  of  the  college,  the 
average  number  of  pupils  being  about  60,  was  conducted 

[17] 


258 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


by  three  professors  and  one  tutor,  and  that  the  income  of 
the  house  defrayed  all  expenses. 

It  adds  that  the  students  had  founded  two  literary 
societies  with  the  learned  names  "  Philomathic "  and 
"  Erophoebic,"  both  having  handsome  libraries  and 
being  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  that  the  college  had 
contributed  to  the  education  of  more  than  100  students, 
with  the  guarded  quaint  commendation  that  "of  this 
number  not  a  profligate  is  to  be  found." 

The   Suspension  and  Revival. 

In  a  few  years  the  funds 
w^ere  exhausted  and  instruction 
was  suspended.  The  building 
was  used  in  1833  as  a  cholera 
hospital,  and  later  for  the 
meetings  of  various  societies. 
In  1835  new  subscriptions 
were  obtained  and  a  medical 
department  (soon  to  be  discon- 
tinued) was  established,  and 
the  literary  department  was 
reorganized  mainly  by  the  ef- 
forts of  Dr.  Daniel  Drake  and 
his  friends. 

,  ^        ^  ,      ,  In    18^4  Ormsby  M.  Mit- 

Former  Dean  of  Law  School :  .  ^ 

Ex-Member  Union  Board  of    ^^^e^    ^as   appomted   professor 

High  Schools;  Now  Gov-       of  mathematics,   natural   phil- 

ernor  of  the  Philippines.        osophy,    and   astronomy.      He 

supported  himself  by  popular 
lectures  on  astronomy,  and  to  his  efforts  the  city  is  in- 
debted for  its  astronomical  observatory,  to  which  he  gave 
his  services  free  for  ten  years. 

The   lease    from    the    Presbyterian    Church    for    the 


Taft, 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School.    259 

Walnut  Street  lot  had  stipulated  for  gratuitous  annual 
instruction  of  25  children  in  the  lower  and  3  in  the  higher 
department  of  the  seminary. 

Because  of  the  failure  to  give  this  instruction  for  a 
number  of  years,  the  church  trustees  pressed  for  a  sur- 
render of  the  lease.  Litigation  followed,  which  lasted 
for  several  years,  in  which  the  church  sought,  but  failed, 
to  recover  the  land.  The  matter  was  compromised  in 
May,  1840,  and  the  college  released  to  the  church  the 
southern  part  of  the  lot  and  received  a  deed  for  its  north 
140  feet. 

Dr.  William  H.  McGuffey  was  made  president  in 
1833,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Thomas  J.  Biggs, 
under  whom,  assisted  by  seven  professors,  says  Cist's 
"  Cincinnati  in  1841,"  160  pupils,  of  whom  about  one 
fourth  were  in  the  college  class,  were  then  receiving  a 
course  of  instruction  as  thorough  in  the  great  elements  of 
learning,  the  classics  and  mathematics,  as  any  of  the  older 
colleges  of  the  Union. 

Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  whose  name  so  frequently  occurs 
in  all  these  matters,  was  a  well-known  man  in  the  early 
history  of  Cincinnati,  who  was  ever  diligent  in  every 
cause  that  had  for  its  object  the  promotion  of  the  wel- 
fare of  the   city. 

One  who  knew  him  well  has  spoken  of  him  as  the 
"  father  of  the  Cincinnati  College,"  and  said  of  him  : 

"  He  procured  the  act  of  incorporation  in  1819,  and 
from  that  time  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1852,  he 
was  deeply  interested  and  constantly  watchful  of  its  wel- 
fare, and  in  doing  whatever  he  could,  very  often  at 
great  pecuniary  expense  to  himself,  for  the  welfare  of 
the  institution." 


26o 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


The  Law  School  of  the  College. 
The  Cincinnati  Law  School  was  founded  in  1833  by 
John  C.  Wright,  Timothy  Walker,  and  Edward  King, 
made  a  department  of  the  college  in  1835,  permanently 
located  in  the  College  Building,  and  thereafter  known  as 
the  Law  School  of  the  Cincinnati  College. 

Messrs.  King  and  Walker  were  then  partners  in  the 
practice  of  law.      Judge  Walker  had  recently  attended 

the  Harvard  Law 
School  under  the  bril- 
liant instruction  of 
Justice  Story  and 
Judge  Wright,  then  a 
judge  of  our  Supreme 
Court ;  had  removed 
from  Steubensville  to 
Cincinnati,  in  order  to 
take  part  in  the  or- 
ganization of  this,  the 
first  law  school  west 
of  the  AUeghenies. 

Its  first  term  be- 
gan October  7,  1833, 
with  seventeen  stu- 
dents, one  of  them 
Judge  Charles  D. 
Drake,  a  son  of  Dr. 
Drake  and  author  of 
"Drake  on  Attachment." 

On  January  19,  1845,  the  building  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  and  the  college  was  left  in  a  crippled  condition. 

The  firm  establishment  of  the  public  school  system, 
the  Woodward,  Hughes,  and  other  trusts  for  higher  edu- 
cation, had  removed  to  a  high  degree  the   necessity  for  a 


Thornton  M.  Hinkle, 

Trustee  of  Cincinnati  Collegje ;  Presi- 
dent of  Pulte  Medical  College. 


The  Cincinnati  Coixege  and  its  Law  School.    261 

primary  and  collegiate  department,  and  the  law  school 
continued  thereafter  to  be  the  sole  department  of  in- 
struction. 

Funds  for  rebuilding  were  obtained  from  subscrip- 
tions, from  $10,000  paid  by  the  Young  ISEen's  Mercantile 
Library  Association  for  a  lease  of  a  portion  of  the  build- 
ing for  ten  thousand  years,  and  by  a  $25,000  bond  issue. 
With  this  was  constructed  the  present  building  on 
the  east  side  of  Walnut  Street.  The  bonds  were  long 
since  paid  in  full.  In  1869  another  fire  seriously  damaged 
the  building. 

The  Rufus  King  Bequest. 

Rufus  King,  the  son  of  Edward  King,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  law  school,  was  for  many  years  professor 
and  dean  of  the  faculty.  He  died  on  March  25,  1891, 
and  bequeathed  to  the  college  the  sum  of  $30,000  towards 
advancing  and  endowing  upon  the  most  liberal  footing 
a  professorship  of  constitutional  law  in  the  law  school. 
He  directed  its  safe  investment  and  that  the  income  only 
should  be  used  for  the  purpose  specified. 

The    Union  with  the  University. 

In  May,  1897,  the  new  University  of  Cincinnati, 
which  had  organized  a  law  department  in  1896,  entered 
into  a  contract  with  the  college  trustees  for  a  union  of 
the  two  law  schools,  with  a  faculty  selected  from  those 
of  the  two  schools  thus  united,  providing  that  the  degrees 
should  be  conferred  upon  those  passing  satisfactory 
examination  in  the  new  school,  by  the  concurrent  action 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  University  and  the 
trustees  of  the  college.  Under  this  contract,  which  is  to 
continue  in  force  for  ten  years,  and  may  be  terminated 
thereafter    by    either    party    giving    one    year's    written 


262 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


notice,  the  law  department  of  the  University  is  now  known 
as  the  Cincinnati  Law  School. 

The  New^  Building. 

The  trustees  have  just  disposed  of  the  Walnut  Street 
building,  have  purchased  a  lot  on  the  south  side  of  Ninth 
Street,  west  of  Vine,  and  will  at  once  erect  thereon,  for 
the  exclusive  use  of  the  law  school,  a  building    especially 

designed  for  the  pur- 
pose, supplied  with 
lecture  rooms,  class, 
club,  and  reading 
rooms,  and  all  the 
appointments  neces- 
sary and  convenient 
for  such  an  institu- 
tion. 

It  remains  to  re- 
fer briefly  to  the 
many  to  be  found  on 
the  roll  of  the  col- 
lege, either  as  in- 
structors or  students, 
and  sometimes  i  n 
both  capacities 
(many  of  whom  still 
live),  who  have  ren- 
dered useful  and 
honorable  services  in 
city,  state,  and  national  affairs,  and  in  the  administration 
of  justice  upon  the  bench  or  at  the  bar. 

In  addition  to  the  living,  the  college  may  point  out 
as  her  jewels  among  the  deaa  the  names  of  Timothy 
Walker,   his  son,  Judge  Bryant  Walker;    Judges    James 


M.  E.  MocH, 

A  Student  at  Hughes,  1867-8;  at  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School,  1870-71. 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School.    363 

Storer,  Force,  and  Sage;  J.  D.  Cox,  Senator  John  W. 
Stevenson,  Edward  D.  Mansfield,  Rufus  King,  Charles 
L.  Telford,  and  William  S.  Grosbeck  among  its  profes- 
sors, and  some  of  them  also  its  students. 

Of  its  students,  probably  Senator  Oliver  Morton,  of 
Indiana,  the  war  governor,  obtained  the  most  prominent 
position,  and  yet  it  is  not  probable  that  he  rendered 
greater  or  more  useful  services  than  many  others  to  be 
found  on  the  long  list,  some  still  living,  now  at  rest  from 
their  labors. 

The  Future. 

As  stated  in  a  recent  catalogue  of  the  University,  the 
benefit  of  the  cause  of  thorough  legal  education  arising 
from  this  union  was  substantial.  The  University  has 
thus  acquired  a  considerable  endowment  fund  and  a  law 
department,  "  together  with  the  advantage  of  the  good 
will  of  the  law  school  of  the  Cincinnati  College  and  of 
its  honorable  history  of  more  than  half  a  century. 

"  The  endowment  enables  the  new  school  to  enlarge 
the  course  of  study,  and  to  come  nearer  to  its  Harvard 
model  than  would  have  been  possible  had  the  two  schools 
continued  separate." 

The   Lancasterian  System. 

Andrew  Bell,  D.  D.,  an  English  army  chaplain  in 
India,  adopted  a  monatorial  system  whereby  he  utilized 
the  older  pupils  to  care  for  the  younger.  Joseph  Lan- 
caster (1778-1838),  an  English  Quaker,  seized  the  idea, 
and  it  spread  rapidly  over  England.  Lancaster  is  des- 
cribed as  "thriftless,  unmethodical,  headstrong,  and 
fatally  incapable  of  working  well  under  the  advise  even 
of  his  most  generous  friends.  He  died  in  poverty  in 
America." 

Here  are  a  few  extracts  from  his    "  Epitome    of    the 


^^p 


rr 


The    Cincinnati  Law  School, 

About  to  be  Erected  on  the  South  Side  of 
Ninth  Street,  Near  Race;  Cost  $33,000; 

Samuel  Hannaford  &  Sons,  Architects.      (264) 


Harlan  Cleveland, 

Dean  of  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  from  July  2,    1902, 
to  September  10,  1902;  President  Board  of 

Education,  Glendaie,  O.  ^264a,> 


William  P.  Rogers, 

Dean  of  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  Since  October 
I,  1902.    Former  Dean  of  the  Indiana  State  Uni- 
(264B)         versity  Law  School  (see  page  551). 


The  Cincinnati  College  and  its  Law  School.   265 

Improvements  and  Inventions  Practiced  by  Joseph  Lan- 
caster "    (published  1806-1812). 

"  The  monitor  of  each  class  keeps  a  list  thereof,  etc." 

"It  is  no  unusual  thing  with  me  to  deliver  one  or 
two  hundred  prizes  at  the  same  time,  etc.  The  boys 
who  obtain  prizes  commonly  walk  around  the  school  in 
procession  holding  their  prizes  in  their  hands,  etc." 

"On  a  repeated  or  frequent  offence,  after  admonition 
has  failed,  the  lad  to  whom  an  offender  presents  the  card 
places  a  wooden  log  around  his  neck,  which  serves  as  a 
pillory,  and  with  this  he  is  sent  to  his  seat.  This  log 
may  weigh  from  4  to  6  pounds.  The  neck  is  not  pinched 
or  closely  confined,  the  log  is  chiefly  burdensome  by  the 
manner  in  which  it  incumbers  the  neck." 

"When  logs  are  unavailing,  it  is  common  to  fasten 
the  legs  of  offenders  together  with  wooden  shackles,  etc. 
Sometimes  the  logs  are  tied  together,  etc." 

"Occasionally  boys  are  put  in  a  sack  or  in  a  basket 
suspended  to  the  roof  of  the  school  in  sight  of  all  the 
pupils,  who  frequently  smile  at  the  birds  in  the  cage,  etc." 

"  When  a  boy  comes  to  school  with  a  dirty  face,  a 
girl  is  appointed  to  wash  his  face.  This  usually  creates 
much  diversion,  especially  when  she  gives  his  face  a  few 
gentle  taps  of  correction  with  her  hand,  etc." 

"  The  rewards  and  punishments  before  described 
have  been  tried  for  13  years  (in  England)  among  many 
thousands  of  children,  and  have  been  attended  with  ben- 
eficial effects.  The  sinking  empire  of  the  rod  is  tottering 
daily  to  ruin,   etc." 

"  The  monitor  is  not  to  teach.  He  is  to  see  that  the 
children  teach  each  other,   etc," 

"  A  method  of  teaching  to  spell  and  read,  whereby 
one  book  will  serve  instead  of  six  hundred  books.  Books 
should  be  printed  in  type  three  times  as  large  as  common 


266  Schools  of  Cincinnati, 

sized  type,  one  page  should  be  printed  on  each  leaf,  its 
parts  should  be  pasted  on  pasteboard  and  suspended  by  a 
string  or  nail.  Twelve  to  twenty  boys  may  stand  in  a 
semi-circle  before  each  card  and  read  or  spell." 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

OUTINGS. 

"  ^  I  ^HE  first  river  excursion  of  the  Teachers'  Club,  Sat- 
I  urday  afternoon  and  evening,  was  a  grand  success, 
from  1,500  to  2,000  persons  participating,  in  spite  of  the 
weather,  which  was  threatening  at  times.  Nothing 
marred  the  event,  however,  and  it  was  unanimously 
voted  a  success.  The  down-river  trip  extended  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Miami,  at  a  point  below  North  Bend, 
and  about  three  miles  from  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.  At  7  :30 
the  boat  started  up  the  river,  going  about  five  miles 
above  Ft.  Thomas. 

"The  '  Island  Qiieen  '  was  found  to  be  all  that  was 
desirable,  and  the  music  furnished  by  the  First  Regiment 
Band  kept  the  crowd  in  good  humor.  The  interest  taken 
in  the  dancing  pavilion  was  a  surprise  and  gratification 
to  the  committee,  who  all  along  argued  that  teachers 
could  be  sociable  and  even  convivial  if  given  an  oppor- 
tunity. The  select  character  of  the  excursionists  was  a 
guarantee  of  good  order,  and  the  river  men  stated  that 
in  all  its  history  the  '  Island  Qiieen  '  had  never  taken 
out  a  better  crowd.  Those  members  of  the  club  who 
remained  away  made  a  mistake,  and  next  year's  excursion 
will  brobably  be  a  much  larger    one. 


Outings. 


267 


"  The  idea  of  a  river  excursion  was  first  suggested  by 
Principal  Runyan,  of  the  Twenty-sixth  District  School. 
It  was  immediately  seconded  by  Principal  Raschig,  of 
the  Tenth,  who  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
arrangements.  There  was  some  disappointment,  owing 
to  the  lack  of  interest  taken  by  the  Board  of  Education 
(only  five  of  whom  attended),  but  this  is  explained  by 
the  fact  that  it  was  a  new  affair,  and  naturally  some  were 


aa  W  ■■laiii  aiai 


■^'^ 


The    Steamer    Island    Queen 

That  carried  The  Teachers'  Club  on  Excursions  Saturday, 
May  18,  1901,  and  Saturday,  May  17,  1902. 


slow  in  venturing  out.  Participants  declare  that  the 
annual  reunions  at  Odd  Fellows  Temple  were  greatly 
outdone." — School  Life,   Tuesday,  May  21,  1901. 

On  Saturday,  May  17,  1902,  The  Teachers  Club 
gave  a  second  river  excursion  on  the  "  Island  Qjieen." 

The  Zoological  Gardens,  or  the  "Zoo"  as  it  is  com- 
monly called,  is  a  favorite  place  for  outings,  not  only 
for  teachers,  but   for   pupils.      The    Board 'of  Education 


268 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


some  years  ago  arranged  to  give  each  school  two  dayis  in 
the  year  for  such  outings,  one  in  the  spring  and  another 
in  the  fall.  However,  the  custom  now  is  to  go  but  once 
a  year,  usually  in  the  spring.  May  and  June  are  the 
months  selected,  and  in  these  two  months  each  school 
takes  its  day.     The  teachers  attend  and  are  given  credit 


Axis  Deer.  Zoological  Gardens. 

All  Public  School  Pupils  With  Their  Teachers  Visit 
the  Gardens  Annually,  Usually  in  May  or  June. 


for  the  day's  work.  The  pupils  are  supposed  to  study 
animal  life,  and  no  doubt  many  do  learn  a  great  deal. 
The  Zoo  on  these  school  days  charges  five  cents  admis- 
sion, and  the  street  railway  company  gives  a  round  trip 
for  five  cents ;  so  for  ten  cents  each  the  children  have  a 
day's  pleasure.      The  poorer  children  are  usually  provided 


Outings.  269 

for  by  the  teachers,    so    that    there    are    no  disappointed 
little  ones. 

Trolley  rides  have  lately  come  into  vogue,  and  par- 
ties are  made  up  for  evenings  and  Saturdays.  These 
rides  often  extend  as  far  north  as  Dayton,  O.,  and  down 
the  river  to  North  Bend.  Points  of  historic  interest  are 
visited,  such  as  the  tomb  of  President  Harrison  at  North 
Bend,  the  home  of  the  Gary  sisters  at  College  Hill,  Fort 
Thomas  in  Kentucky,  etc.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
National  Teachers'  Association  usually  affords  a  fine  out- 
ing, as  does  the  Ohio  Teachers'  Association  that  has  met 
annually  for  some  years  at  Put-in-Bay.  The  desire  for 
travel  and  sightseeing  seems  to  be  very  decided,  fostered 
as  it  is  by  the  leading  educational  papers,  by  lecturers  and 
by  the  various  courses  of  study  in  the  schools.  The  rail- 
road companies,  steamship  lines,  etc.,  deluge  the  teachers 
with  advertising  matter  and  urge  them  to  travel  for  rest 
and  recreation. 


CHAPTER  XXXni. 

THE    PUBLIC    NIGHT    SCHOOLS. 

Lafayette  Bloom. 

IN  the  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  and 
Visitors  of  the  Common  Schools  to  the  Council,  June 
30,  1840,  Chairman  Samuel  Lewis  says:  ''The  impor- 
tance of  evening  schools  for  those  engaged  in  labor  or 
business  during  the  day  can  not  be  overestimated,  and 
we  hope  early  measures  will  be  taken  to  carry  this  part 
of  the  work  into  full  operation." 


270 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


There  was  no  diversity  of  opinion  upon  the  part  of 
the  committee  making  the  recommendation.  This  report, 
although  dated  June  30,  must  have  been  prepared  before 


Lafayette  Bloom, 

Principal  of  the  Twenty-seventh   District 
School  Since  1887. 


March  of  that  year,  or,  if  later,  it  was  with  a  view  of 
carrying  into  execution  the  law  passed  by  the  State  Leg- 
islature, March  19,  1840,  requiring  the  Trustees  "  to  pro- 
vide a  suitable  number  of  evening  schools  for  the   benefit 


The  Public  Night  Schools. 


371 


of  young  men  over  twelve  years  of  age,  who  are,  by  the 
nature  of  their  occupations,  prevented  from  attending 
day  schools."  In  pursuance,  therefore,  of  this  law, 
three  schools  were  opened  during  the  months  of  Novem- 


.    t     *^1 

1 

i 

a: 

ftf^">  I^^^^HH^^Hji^^ 

1 

1 

It 

tf^^Hj 

1 

it 

itH^H 

Twenty-seventh  District  School, 

Winchell  Avenue,  North  of  Bank  Street;  Erected  1871-78-88-96; 

Cost  $49,619;  20  Rooms,  Seats  950  Pupils;  Alexander 

Matthews,  Trustee  ;  Lafayette  Bloom,  Principal. 


ber,  December,  January  and  February,  in  the   winter   of 
1840-41. 

As  shown  by  the  reports  of  that    period,    there    was 
but  one  teacher  to  each  school.      Pupils  were  required  to 


2^2  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

present  written  certificates  from  parents  or  guardians, 
stating  their  inability  to  attend  day  schools.  Such  certi- 
ficate was  absolutely  required,  as  it  was  thought  that 
failure  to  enforce  a  rule  of  this  kind  would  lessen  the 
attendance  of  the  day  school. 

Superintendent  Guilford  (1851),  cc-mmenting  upon 
the  work  done  in  the  night  schools,  says  :  "  No  one  can 
visit  these  schools  and  witness  the  honest  zeal  for  improve- 
ment exhibited  by  tlie  pupils,  who,  feeling  their  educa- 
tion to  have  been  too  much  neglected,  are  anxious  to 
learn  what  they  can  by  the  scanty  opportunities  thus 
afforded  them,  without  feeling  the  clear  conviction  that 
the  funds  appropriated  for  their  support  are  usefully  and 
judiciously  expended. ' ' 

It  was  not  until  the  session  of  1855-6  that  night 
schools  were  opened  for  girls.  Rufus  King,  president 
of  the  Board  at  that  time,  says  :  "  The  experiment  of 
night  schools  for  girls  was  attempted  in  the  First  and 
Fourth  Districts,  and  met  with  entire  success.  So  far  as 
we  have  the  means  of  judging  from  the  reports  of  these 
two  schools,  none  of  the  difficulties  occurred  which  were 
supposed  to  render  the  experiment  a  delicate  and  doubt- 
ful one." 

The  first  night  high  school  was  opened  October, 
1856.  The  pupils,  before  admission,  were  required  to 
pass  a  satisfactory  examination  in  Geography,  Grammar, 
Arithmetic,  Reading,  Penmanship  and  Orthography. 
The  course  of  study  was  arranged  for  a  three  years'  term, 
or  a  series  of  three  winters.  Of  the  candidates  examined, 
108  were  admitted  to  the  third  class  (first  year), 
besides  a  considerable  number  who  were  admitted  to  a 
preparatory  class.  Of  the  number  admitted,  18  were 
females  and  90  males.  Algebra,  Geometry,  Book-keep- 
ing, Drawing  and  Design,  and    Vocal    Music    composed 


Simeon  Bloom. 


Graduate  Woodward;  five  years  assistant  in  Sec- 
ond District  School;  for  twenty  years  attorney-at- 
law  (Omaha,  Neb.),  associated  with  the  late  Ex- 
Mayor  Chase  of  that  city.  Ex-member  of  Board  of 
Examiners,  and  former  vice  president  of  the  Omaha 
Board  of  Education, 
(272A) 


o 

x: 


o 


The  Public  Night  Schools. 


273 


the  course  of  study  of  the  third  or  first  year  class. 
From  the  time  of  their  organization,  in  the  winter  of 
1040-41,  until  the  winter  of  1858-59,  the  night  schools 
suffered  no  interruption.  In  the  winter  of  1858-59  they 
were  closed,  but  were  reopened  October,  1859,  ^"^  con- 
tinued for  the  usual 
period,  four  months. 
During  the  Civil  War, 
and  for  some  years 
after,  no  night  schools 
were  maintained. 
They  were,  however, 
re-established  under 
the  administration  of 
Superintendent  John 
Hancock,  on  Decem- 
ber 7,  1868,  and  con- 
tinued that  winter  un- 
til February    19th. 

The  f  o  1 1  o  w  i  n  g 
from  Superintendent 
Hancock's  report  dis- 
closes the  feeling  then 
prevailing  :  "  The  re- 
sult of  this  renewed 
effort  for  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  this  sys- 
tem of  schools,  after 
their  discontinuance  for  several  years,  was  of  the  most 
hopeful  character.  The  difficulties  which  were  encoun- 
tered and  overcome  by  many  pupils,  particularly  by  some 
of  the  young  ladies,  evidenced  a  courage  and  a  love  for 
knowledge     deserving    hearty    encouragement     by     the 

[18] 


August  H.  Bode, 

President  Union  Board  of  High 

Schools,  1902-3  ;    Author  of 

"German  Readers," 

Ex-Principal,  etc. 


274  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Board."  Eight  "  Free  Night  Schools,"  including  the 
night  high  school,  were  organized  in  different  parts  of 
the  city.  The  night  high  school  was  held  in  the  Eighth 
District,  that  being  the  most  centrally  located.  Night 
schools  continued  to    1883. 

In  the  report  of  President  Douglass  (1883)  is  the 
following:  "  The  appropriation  for  these  schools  w^as 
entirely  too  small,  and,  as  a  consequence,  they  were 
closed  in  the  middle  of  the  term.  On  this  account  no 
pupils  graduated  from  the  night  high  schools.  These 
schools  should  not  be  opened  the  coming  year,  in 
justice  to  the  public,  unless  a  sufficient  appropriation  is 
made  to  enable  the  completion  of  the  course  prescribed." 

Owing  to  a  lack  of  funds,  night  schools  were  not 
opened  during  the  winter  of  1883-84,  tnd  they  remained 
closed  until  the  autumn  of  1892. 

In  the  Fourty-second  Annual  Report  the  Committee 
on  Night  Schools  made  the  following  classification  of 
night  school    pupils  : 

"  First.  Those  who  attend  from  a  genuine  desire  to 
improve  themselves,  and  who  persist  during  the  entire 
term. 

"  Second.  Those  who  commence  with  enthusiasm, 
but  who  soon  become  indifferent. 

"  Third.  Those  who  come  from  idle  curiosity  or  are 
drawn  by  the  attraction  of  a  crowd  ;  who  are  visible  the 
first,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  subsequent  nights,  and 
then  disappear." 

It  is  true,  as  the  committee  says,  the  third  class  did 
formerly  "cause  much  annoyance  by  hanging  round  the 
entrance  gates  of  our  schoolyards  and  there  '  making 
night  hideous  '  by  whistling  and  shouting  to  one  another, 
and  at  every  chance  pupil  whom  they  saw;"  but  since 
the  organization  of  the  night  schools   under   the    present 


The  Public  Night  Schools. 


275 


administration,  one  may  pass  any  of  the  buildings  in 
which  night  schools  are  held  and  scarcely  know  that  the 
building  is  occupied  or  the  school  in  session,  so  free  is 
the  same  from  everything  in  the  way  of  noise  or  distur- 
bance. To  the  aid  and  assistance  of  the  Police  Depart- 
ment is  the  better 
order  and  condition 
around  and  about 
the  night  schools 
largely  due. 

Superintendent 
John  Hancock 
(Forty-fourth  An- 
nual Report)  writes 
upon  the  subject : 
"  None  but  the  best 
teachers  should  be 
employed ;  and  if 
enough  can  not  be 
secured,  then  a  part 
of  the  schools  should 
be  closed,  rather 
than  employ  poor 
teachers.  To  secure 
these  valuable  re- 
sults, the  best  teach- 
ing talent  and  the  most  persevering  industry  must  be 
required.  Teachers  below  the  medium  can  accomplish 
nothing,  and  money  paid  them  is  thrown  away." 

Superintendent  John  B.  Peaslee  (Fifty-second 
Annual  Report),  referring  to  the  same,  says:  "The 
principal  cause  of  the  falling  off  in  the  enrollment  and 
attendance  is  the  policy  followed  by  the  Board  of  em- 
ploying   inexperienced    teachers    to    give   instruction    in 


H.  J.  Haarmkyer, 

Member  Board  of  Education 
1897-1900. 


276-  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

these  schools.  To  make  the  night  schools  efficient  and 
popular,  only  teachers  of  large  experience  and  of  high 
qualifications  should  be  employed." 

The  schools  were  reopened  on  October  15,  1892,  and 
each  pupil,  before  admission,  was  required  to  present  the 
following  certificate,  properly   signed  : 


BOARD    OF    EDUCATION. 

Cincinnati, ,  189  — 

We,  the   undersigned    citizens   of   Cincinnati,    hereby 

certify  that ,  residing 

at  No.  Street,  is  of  good  behav- 
iour, willing  to  learn,  and  a  proper  person  to  enjoy  the  priv- 
ileges of  the  Free  Public  Night  Schools,  and  that  we  will 
be  responsible  for  the  observance  by  him  of  the  rules  of  the 
Board  of  Education,  relative  to  Night  Schools,  and  will 
make  good  any  injury  or  loss  the  Board  may  sustain  through 
his  willful  destruction  or  defacement  of  property. 

Signed  Residence _ 

Signed Residence 


It  was  not  until  the  following  year  (1893)  that  the 
night  high  school    was    re-established. 

It  is  conceded  by  our  far-seeing  and  wisest  statesmen 
that  upon  the  universal  education  of  the  masses  depend 
the  happiness,  prosperity,  and  stability  of  republican  insti- 
tutions. It  is  neither  a  sufficient  nor  satisfactory  answer 
to  say  that  all  should  attend  the  day  school,  which  offers 
better  advantages  in  every  respect.  This  is  simply 
"  begging  the  question,"  because  of  the  very  fact  that, 
without  them,  hundreds  of  the  children  of  the  poorer 
class  would  grow  up  in  ignorance,  and  thereby  be  more 
easily  led  into  wicked  ways  and  make  crime  their  regular 


The  Public  Night  Schools. 


277 


occupation.  Those  that  have  endured  the  pangs  of  pov- 
erty, and  borne  its  attendant  sorrows  and  sufferings,  can 
adequately  sympathize  with  that  class  for  whom  the 
night  school  is  such  a  great  boon,  and  can  most  fully 
appreciate  all  its  benign  advantages.  Let  no  poverty  be 
embittered  still  more  by  denial  of  the  right.     Rather    let 

every  facility  for  an 
education  be  at  their 
command;  thereby 
will  they  and  their 
offspring  be  raised  to 
a  higher  level  of  civi- 
lization, and  the  Re- 
public gain  in  better 
citizenship  and  higher 
ideals  of  conduct  in 
public  as  well  as  pri- 
vate station. 

Among  other  in- 
novations ina  u  g  u  r  a- 
ted  during  Superin- 
tendent Morgan's 
administration  was 
that  of  having  night 
school  four  nights  a 
week  instead  of  five, 
the  evenings  selected 
being  Monday,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Thursday. 
This  was  determined  upon  after  due  deliberation,  some 
members  of  the  Board  of  Education  favoring  alternate 
nights.  Experience  has  proved  the  wisdom  of  the  above 
arrangement,  it  causing  no  interruption  of  work  and  giv- 
ing to  the  pupils  requisite  time  for  rest  and  other  duties 
devolving  upon  them. 


Charles  P.  Taft, 

Ex-Member  Union  Board  of  High 
Schools;  President  Times- 
Star  Company. 


278  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

There  are  now  two  night  schools,  the  East  and  the 
West.  The  one  school  was  divided  for  the  convenience 
of  the  pupils.  Graduation  exercises  are  held  at  the 
Odeon,  and  regular  diplomas  conferred. 

Note. — Martha  Washington,  73,  colored,  is  in  her 
tenth  year  of  consecutive  attendance  at  Hughes  Night 
School,  and  she  has  missed  but  two  nights,  when  she 
was  too  ill  to  walk.  Mrs.  Washington  walks  with  the 
aid  of  a  cane.  She  lives  on  Pioneer  Street,  and  every 
morning  she  goes  to  Newport,  Ky.,  to  work.  After  a 
day  over  the  washtub,  she  walks  over  the  bridge  to  her 
home,  and  then  to  school.  She  is  always  tidy  and  pleas- 
ant-faced in  the  schoolroom.  She  has  been  in  the  same 
grade  for  over  nine  years.  Now  she  is  becoming  child- 
ish, but  she  learned  to  read  and  write,  and  she  is  so  proud 
of  the  fact  that  she  will  probably  continue  at  school  so 
long  as  she  can  walk. 

Miss  Alice  MuUer,  a  charming  girl  graduate  of  Cin- 
cinnati University,  is  Mrs.  Washington's  teacher. 

"  This  poor  old  soul  comes  to  her  school  work  in  all 
kinds  of  weather,"  said  Miss  MuUer.  "  It  pleases  her  to 
be  noticed.  She  seems  to  enjoy  the  associations  of  the 
schoolroom."     News  item^ — (1902). 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

THE    CARNIVALS. 

THE  winter  of  1894-5  began  early  and  continued  with 
severity.  The  financial  panic  of  the  previous  year 
had  produced  widespread  want,  andmanyof  the  factories 
were  closed.     There  was  little  for  the  toilers  to  do. 


The  Carnivals. 


279 


The  urgent  demands  upon  the  Indigent  School  Book 
Fund,  and  the  many  cases  of  distress  which  came  to  the 
notice  of  the  truant  officer,  convinced  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation of  the  necessity  of  prompt  measures  being  taken 
to  relieve  the  wants  of  many.  It  was  suggested  some 
form  of  entertainment    be  given  by  the    schools   to    raise 

funds. 

The  suggestion 
was  adopted,  and  a 
committee  went  to 
work.  On  every 
hand  success  crowned 
their  efforts.  Nine 
entertainments  were 
given.  The  children, 
under  the  direction  of 
the  teachers,  distrib- 
uted tickets,  collected 
money,  and  a  d  v  e  r- 
tised  far  and  wide  the 
carnival.  The  com- 
mittee of  the  Board  of 
Education  aided  in 
every  way  possible  to 
the  financial  success  of 
the  entertainment,  but 
special  mention  is  due 
the  late  Christine  Sullivan  for  her  admirable  direction 
of  "  Cinderella"  at  Pike's  Opera  House. 

So  successful  were  her  efforts  that  two  extra  perfor- 
mances were  given,  and  then  many  failed  to  gain  admit- 
tance. Thousands  of  children  participated,  and  every 
school  in  the  city  had  a  place  on  the  program.  Every 
entertainment  was  unique,  original,  and  varied ;   and  the 


Edward  H.  Prichard, 

Principal   Fourth  Intermediate 
School. 


38o  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

response  of  the  public  was  unprecedented.  After  all 
expenses  were  met,  a  balance  of  over  $7,000  was  turned 
over  to  the  General  Committee.  One-half  of  this  sum 
was  invested  in  shoes,  stockings,  caps,  hoods,  and  under- 
clothing for  the  children. 

The  committee  spent  the  Christmas  holidays  in  dis- 
tributing the  materials  to  children  recommended  by  the 
principals  as  needy  and  deserving. 

Some  few  were  disposed  to  find  fault  with  the  inter- 
ruptions to  the  regular  school  work ;  but  when  it  is 
remembered  that  the  general  school  work  was  allowed  in 
no  way  to  suffer;  that,  if  anything,  the  interest  in  the 
cause  of  education  was  greatly  strengthened  ;  that  hun- 
dreds of  families  were  materially  aided  in  providing  their 
children  with  the  necessities  of  life  ;  and  that  many  of 
these  children  would  otherwise  have  been  deprived  of  the 
advantages  of  the  schools  ;  it  must  be  conceded  that  noth- 
ing but  good  has  resulted.  The  carnival  was  a  great  edu- 
cator in  benevolence.  It  aroused  in  the  children  a  desire 
to  relieve  want  and  to  awakened  in  them  a  consciousness 
of  their  ability  to  work  for  charity.  The  money  realized 
($7,045.45)  lasted  three  winters,  and  10,000 children  were 
clothed  so  they  could  attend  school. 

Second  Carnival. 

The  funds  of  the  first  carnival  having  been  exhaus- 
ted, a  committee  was  appointed,  and  another  carnival 
was  given  during  the  winter  of  1897-98. 

Every  school  in  the  city  was  asked  to  give  some  form 
of  entertainment  as  a  means  of  raising  money  for  the 
relief  fund.  Every  school  responded.  Some,  in  a  finan- 
cial way,  were  more  successful  than  others,  but  each  did 
what  it  could,  and  every  entertainment  was  unique  and 
successful. 


The  Carnivals. 


581 


Never  in  the  history  of  the  schools  were  so  many 
superior  entertainments  given  in  so  short  a  time  and  with 
so  little  disturbance  of  school  work.  Within  a  few 
weeks  after  the  committee  was  assigned  to  duty,  all  prep- 
aration was  made,  the  entertainments  were  given,  the 
net  proceeds  were  turned  over  to  the  Carnival  Commit- 
tee, and  a  portion  invested   in    suitable    articles    for    the 


Riverside  School, 

Erected  by  the  Former  Village  of  Riverside; 

Cost  $55,000;  Contains  8  Rooms; 

J.  O.  Beck,  Principal. 


needy;  $9,144.60  was  the  amount  realized  from  these 
entertainments. 

Three  thousand  children  were  beneficiaries  during 
the  winter  of  1897-98,  $2,405.61  having  been  expended 
for  shoes  and  stockings. 

Five  thousand  dollars  was  invested  in  3.65%  City 
Refunding  Bonds,  leaving  a  balance  for  immediate  use 
of  $1,369.24. 


282  Schools  of  Cincinnati 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 


PHYSICAL    CULTURE. 


Carl  Zief^ler. 

SINCE  1840  physical  culture  has  been  an  integral  part 
of  the  curriculum  of  the  public  schools  in  the  Ger- 
man States  and  Switzerland,  and  from  these  has  grown 
a  system  of  physical  education  that  has  extended  over 
Europe  and  to  this  country. 

For  the  earliest  beginnings  of  physical  culture,  in 
the  public  schools  of  this  city,  we  must  go  back  to  the 
year  1857,  when  Superintendent  RickofiF  says:  "The 
enterprise  and  liberality  of  individual  trustees  has  resul- 
ted in  the  placing  of  a  few  parallel  bars,  horizontal  lad- 
ders, and  circular  swings  upon  the  play  grounds  of  four 
of  our  schoolhouses." 

These  were  the  First  District,  then  located  on  Frank- 
lin Street,  where  the  Third  Intermediate  School  now 
stands;  the  Sixth  District,  on  Elm;  the  Eleventh,  on 
Clinton  ;  and  the  Thirteenth,  on  Findlay.  Woodward 
High  School  had  some  gymnastic  apparatus  in  the  yard. 
These  schools  were  all  in  what  was  then,  as  now,  the 
German  districts,  and  the  apparatus  was  modeled  after 
that  in  use  in  out-door  gymnasia  connected  with  schools 
in  Germany.  Superintendent  Rickoff,  in  his  report, 
further  recommends  that  "  provision  be  at  once  made  for 
instructing  the  teachers  employed  in  the  schools  in  such 
a  system  of  gymnastics  as  shall  be  adapted  to  the  several 
grades  in  the  schools,  from  the  first  to  the   sixth."      The 


Physicai.  Cultuke. 


283 


following  year  the  Board  of  Education  ordered    that  five 
minutes  per  day  be  given  to  calisthenic  exercise. 

In  the  spring  of  i860  the  Board  resolved  to  make 
gymnastics  a  part  of  the  school  curriculum,  and  employed 
Louis  Graeser  and  Dr.  Christian  for  the  balance  of  the 
school  year,  a  period  of  abr)ut  three  months.  This  exper- 
iment proved  so 
satisfactory  that  Mr. 
Graeser  was  en- 
gaged for  14  years 
thereafter.  His  sal- 
ary for  the  first  two 
years  was  $1,000  per 
annum,  then  $1,300 
and  then  $1,800,  at 
which  i  t  remained 
until  the  position 
was  abolished.  The 
work  done  in  those 
days  w^as  similar  to 
that  of  the  present 
day.  The  exercises 
were  given  mainly 
in  the  schoolrooms, 
and  consisted  of  cal- 
isthenics, exercises 
with  dumb-bells, 
and  with  rings.  The  instruction  was  given  by  the 
special  teachers  at  certain  stated  intervals  every  three 
weeks,  and  repeated  daily  by  the  class  teachers. 

Mr.  Graeser's  office  was  abolished  at  the  close  of  the 
school  year  1873-74.  Although  the  gymnastic  teacher 
had  been  discontinued,  the  rules  governing  the  subject 
remained  in  force  until  1883,  when,    owing    to    the    fact 


W.  S.  Strickland, 

Principal  Sherman  School 
Since  September,  1901. 


284  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

that,  without  a  special  teacher  to  look  after  the  subject, 
the  same  had  been  more  and  more  neglected,  the  newly 
appointed  teachers  also  having  little  or  no  knowledge  of 
the  subject,  it  deteriorated  to  such  an  extent  that  the  rules 
were  repealed  entirely.  During  the  interval  from  1883  to 
1887  gymnastics  were  not  officially  recognized  or  taught. 
However,  during  this  time  William  A.  Stecher,  instruc- 
tor in  the  North  Cincinnati  Tiirnverein,  as  also  his  suc- 
cessor, Oscar  Sputh,  both  taught  unofficially  and  with- 
out recompense  for  a  time ;  the  former  in  the  Normal 
School,  the  latter  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Twenty-third  Dis- 
trict Schools. 

May  31,  1887,  the  following  rules  were  adopted  by 
the  Board  of  Education  :  "For  the  better  guarding  of 
the  health  of  the  pupils  of  Grades  F,  G,  and  H,  from 
injury  from  too  long  confinement  in  their  schoolrooms, 
there  may  be  allowed  to  the  pupils  of  these  grades,  at  the 
close  of  every  recitation,  the  space  of  five  minutes  for 
calisthenics  and  other  physical  exercise." 

December  19,  1890,  Francis  B.  James,  of  the  Union 
Board  of  High  Schools,  offered  the  following  resolution  : 
"  That  the  chair  appoint  a  committee  of  three  to  investi- 
gate the  wisaom  and  probable  cost  of  providing  the 
high  schools  with  gymnaseums  and  employ  a  teacher  of 
calisthenics." 

This  was  done,  and  the  committee  made  a  report, 
which  closed  as  follows  : 

"  First.  That  physical  should  go  hand  in  hand  with 
mental  culture. 

"  Second.  That  the  training  of  the  body,  as  well 
as  of  the  mind,  should  be  in  the  hands  of  competent 
instructors.  . 

"  Third.  That  the  age  at  which  systematic  physi- 
cal training  will  be  of  its  most  lasting  benefit  is  from  the 


Physical  Culture. 


285 


thirteenth  to  the  nineteenth  years  in  both  boys  and  girls 
"  Fourth.  That  systematic    instruction    can   only   be 
given  with  beneficial  results  in  a  large,   light,  and  airy 
building,  with  proper  appliances. 

''  Fifth.  That  unless  physical  training  can  be  car- 
ried on  scientifically,  it  had  better  not   be   attempted. 

"  Your  committee  therefore  recommends  that  gym- 
nasiums be  erected  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  ac- 
companying designs,  in 
the  yards  of  the  Wood- 
ward and  Hughes  High 
Schools." 

These  designs  were 
for  buildings  30  by  50 
feet,  with  a  height  of  30 
feet  in  the  clear. 

May  14,  1891,  Mr. 
James  offered  the  follow- 
ing :  ''Resolved^  That 
the  School  Board  of  the 
city  of  Cincinnati  and  its 
Committee  on  Funds  and 
Claims  be  requested  to 
set  aside  a  sufficient  sum 
of  money  to  provide  the 
high  schools  with  gym- 
nasiums, in  accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  a 
special  committee  of  said  Union  Board." 

In  response  to  this  request  the  Board  of  Education 
appropriated  $8,000,  which  was  later  raised  to  $12,000. 
August  31,  1891,  a  resolution  to  have  the  Hughes  and 
Woodward  gymnasiums  built  was  adopted.  Building 
began  in  1892. 


Henry  Danziger, 

School  Examiner;    Oldest  in  Point 
of  Service  on  the  Board. 


286  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

During  the  school  year    1891-92   the  Turners   organ 
ized  in  four  societies,   with  a  total  membership  of  over 
one  thousand,  elected  a  joint  committee  for  the  purpose 
of  bringing  their  project  before  the  Board  of  Education. 
This  committee  sent  the  following   communication  : 

Cincinnati,  O.  Nov.  2,  1891. 
To  the  Honorable  Board  of  Education^  Cincinnati^  O.  : 
Gentlemen — The  members  of  the  four  Turnve- 
reins,  or  Gymnasia,  of  this  city,  desirous  of  having  the 
physical  well-being  of  our  youth  cared  for,  as  well  as 
the  intellectual  one,  wish  to  impress  upon  your  honora- 
ble body  the  necessity  of  a  rational  physical  training  of 
the  pupils  of  our  common  schools.  In  order  to  give  your 
honorable  body  an  opportunity  to  personally  acquaint 
yourselves  with  the  various  steps  taken  during  a  series 
of  systematic  exercises,  with  a  view  to  developing  the 
physical  faculties  of  the  rising  generation,  our  three 
teachers  of  gymnastics,  Messrs.  Eckstein,  Knoch,  and 
Speidel,  offer  to  teach  gymnastics,  without  any  charge 
whatever,  for  three  months,  and  permission  given  them 
to  devote  at  least  fifteen  minutes  daily  to  each  class 
receiving  instruction  in  gymnastics.  It  is  hoped,  in  case 
of  your  acceptance  of  our  offer,  that  the  members  of 
your  honorable  body  will  witness  the  exercises  as  often 
as  possible,  and  we  trust  that  they  will  readily  see  the 
necessity  of  the  harmonious  development  of  body  and 
mind,  and  vote  for  a  speedy  and  permanent  introduction 
of  gymnastics  into  our  common  schools. 
Respectfully, 

Alfred  Herholz,   Secretary, 
Committee  for  the  Introduction  of  Physical    Culture 
Into  the  Common    Schools. 

The  Committe  on  Course  of  Study  reported  favor- 
ably upon  the  proposition,  and  instructors  were  assigned 
to  schools. 

April   13,    1892,   the  following  law  was  passed: 

"  Section   i.     Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assem" 


Physical  Culture. 


287 


bly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That  physical  culture,  which 
shall  include  calisthenics,  shall  be  included  in  the 
branches  to  be  regularly  taught  in  the  common  schools  in 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  and  in  all  educa- 
tional institutions  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  money 

received  from  the 
State,  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  boards 
of  education  of  cit- 
ies of  the  first  and 
second  c  J  a  ss  ,  and 
boards  of  such  edu- 
cational institutions, 
to  make  provisions 
in  the  schools  and 
institutions  under 
their  jurisdiction, 
for  the  teaching  of 
physical  culture  and 
calisthenics,  and  to 
adopt  such  methods 
as  shall  adapt  the 
same  to  the  capacity 
of  the  various  grades 
therein." 

I  n  accordance 
with  this  law,  the 
Board  of  Education 
adopted  a  rule  pro- 
viding for  a  superintendent  of  physical  culture,  with  four 
assistants.  The  department  was  put  on  a  par  with  the 
other  special  branches,  drawing,  music,  and  writing. 
Carl  Ziegler,  of  Cleveland,  was  made  superintendent  in 
September,  1892. 


Fred'k.  E.  Niederhelman, 

Winner  Cincinnati  Law  School  Cash 
Prize  of  $75  for  Best  General  Grad- 
uation Examination,  1897. 


288  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  the  High    Schools. 

The  gymnasiums  for  Woodward  and  Hughes  were 
completed  in  the  summer  of  1893,  the  Union  Board  hav- 
ing voted  an  additional  appropriation  of  $3,000  for 
equipment.  This  for  both  schools  is  the  same,  and  con- 
sists of  16  chest  weights,  6  pairs  flying  rings,  6  traveling 
rings,  16  climbing  poles,  6  climbing  ropes,  8  floor  mats 
(4x6  feet),  horizontal  bars,  parallel  bars,  vaulting  horses 
and  bucks,  and  adjustable  ladders  (4  each),  one  circle 
swing,  striking  bag  and  drum,  hitch  and  kick,  60  wooden 
and  60  iron  wands,  60  pairs  Indian  clubs,  60  pairs  wooden 
and  60  iron  dumb-bells,  with  all  trucks,  hangers,  etc., 
necessary  for  their  removal  and  adjustment.  This  equip- 
ment cost  for  each  school  $1,428,  a  total  of  $2,856. 

The  Walnut  Hills  High  School  was  provided  with  a 
gymnasium  in  the  building  proper  (65x32  feet  and  18 
feet  in  the  clear),  one  of  the  finest  rooms  for  the  purpose 
ever  opened.  It  has  windows  on  three  sides,  which 
furnish  abundance .  of  light  and  air.  The  equipment 
is  in  every  respect  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  of  the 
other  schools,  but,  owing  to  the  ease  with  which  the  ap- 
paratus was  placed,  cost  a  trifle  less,  the  cost  being  $1 ,338. 

Instruction  is  compulsory  upon  all  pupils  not  physi- 
cally incapacitated,  and  is  given  to  all  pupils  twice  a  week, 
in  classes  of  from  forty  to  sixty,  the  sexes  being  separated 
for  this  instruction.  Lessons  are  of  forty-five  minutes 
duration.  In  addition  to  the  regular  gymnasium  work, 
games  are  taught,  both  to  male  and  female  pupils.  Each 
school  has  an  annual  "Field  Day"  by  themselves,  and 
an  "  Interscholastic  Field  Day,"  in  which  all  three  schools 
unite  with  other  (private)  schools  of  the  city  to  contest 
for  superiority.  In  1902  the  teaching  force  is  Carl 
Ziegler,  superintendent ;  Adelaide  Spills,  Guido  Werner 
Eckhardt  Keller,  and  Jacob  Rettich,  assistants. 


The  German  Department.  289 

Ex-Superintendent  Graeser  is  now  at  the  head  of 
Graeser's  Dancing  Academy. 

In  several  schools  can  be  found  well-equipped  gym- 
nasiums, placed  there  by  teachers,  or  pupils,  or  public- 
spirited  citizens. 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

the    GERMAN    DEPARTMENT. 

John  Schwaab. 

AS  early  as  1840  the  people  of  this  State  recognized 
the  advantages  of  teaching  German  to  their  chil- 
dren. The  result  was  the  passing  of  the  following  act  by 
the  Ohio  State  Legislature,  embodied  in  Section  4021  of 
the  Ohio  Statutes  : 

"  The  board  of  any  district  shall  cause  the  German 
language  to  be  taught  in  any  school  under  its  control, 
during  any  school  year,  when  a  demand  therefor  is  made 
in  writing  by  seventy-five  freeholders  resident  of  the  dis- 
trict, representing  not  less  than  forty  pupils,  who  are 
entitled  to  attend  such  school,  and  who,  in  good  faith, 
desire  to  study  the  German  and  English  languages 
together ;  but  such  a  demand  shall  be  made  at  a  regular 
meeting  of  the  board  and  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the 
school  year,  and  any  board  may  cause  the  German  or  other 
language  to  be  taught  in  any  school  under  its  control 
without  such  demand." 

This  law  has  never  been  repealed.  Instruction  in  Ger- 
man in  Cincinnati  schools  dates  back,  however,  to  1835. 
The  first  attempts  were  made  in   connection    with    paro- 

[19I 


290 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


chial  schools.  Under  the  supervision  of  Priest  Henni, 
later  on  Archbishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
the  German-English  Primary  School  of  the  Catholic 
Church  on  West  Fifth  Street  was  organized.  In  this 
school  the  pupils  received  daily  German  instruction, 
while  in  other  parochial   schools   the    German    language 

was  used  in  so-called 
Sabbath-schools  only, 
for  the  purpose  of  in- 
struction in  religion 
(catechism).  The 
first  teacher  in  Hen- 
ni's  school  was  Dr. 
Bunte.  In  less  than 
one  year  the  number 
of  pupils  attending 
the  school  amounted 
to  150,  the  children 
of  many  Protestant 
families  being  among 
the  number. 

Another  German- 
English  school  of 
those  days  was  the  so- 
called  "Emigrant 
School,"  organized 
under  the  auspices  of 
the  Presbyterians,  and  supported  by  the  "Emigrants' 
Friend  Society."  At  the  head  of  this  Society  was  the 
late  Judge  Bellamy  Storer.  A  German  Pole  by  the  name 
of  Lehmanowsky  was  its  general  agent,  and  it  was  he 
who  organized  similar  schools  in  a  number  of  cities  and 
towns.  F.  C.  F.  Salomon  was  principal  of  this  school. 
Besides  him.  Dr.  Julius  Schwarz,  son    of    a    Heidelberg 


Herman  Knost, 

Elected  Member  Board  of  Education 
1888;  Trustee  Public  Library,  1900. 


The  German  Department.  291 

professor,  and  Julius  Weyse  were  employed  as  teachers. 
Schwarz,  a  very  eccentric  fellow,  while  almost  ruining 
the  schools,  was  nevertheless  the  primary  cause  of  the 
introduction  of  German  instruction  in  the  public  schools. 
While  those  who  had  charge  of  the  school  tried  to  find  a 
remedy  for  the  loss  caused  by  the  eccentricities  of 
Schwarz,  it  occured  to  them  to  consolidate  the  German 
schools  with  the  public  schools.  Petitions  to  that  effect 
were  sent  to  the  School  Board,  but  the  Board  refused  to 
consider  the  request,  claiming  that  the  aid  of  the  Legis- 
lature must  be  invoked,  and  that  they  had  no  power  in 
the  matter;  consequently  the  Legislature  of  1838  passed 
a  law,  leaving  it  discretionary  with  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion to  introduce  German,  if  a  sufficient  number  of  citi- 
zens should  ask  for  such  instruction. 

As  the  Board  of  Education  was  not  inclined  to  con- 
sider the  request  of  the  people,  the  latter  again  went 
before  the  Legislature,  and  on  the  9th  day  of  March, 
1840,  had  the  foregoing  law  passed,  which  made 
the  teaching  of  German,  upon  proper  request,  com- 
pulsory. Messrs.  Perkins,  White,  and  Crane,  of  the 
then  Board  of  Education,  were  appointed  a  committee  to 
promulgate  a  plan  which  would  satisfy  the  law.  This 
committee  submitted  its  report,  which  was  adopted  in  the 
meeting  of  August  3,  1840.  It  reviewed  the  law,  and, 
in  obedience  to  it,  recommended  that  "  schools  be  organ- 
ized to  teach  children  of  German  parentage  orthography 
and  grammer  in  their  native  language ;  also  English 
spelling  and  grammar  in  connection  with  the  reading  and 
writing  in  both  languages,  so  as  to  enable  those  pupils, 
in  the  possibly  shortest  time,  to  enter  the  purely  English 
schools,  where  arithmetic,  geography  and  other  branches 
were  taught." 

While  this  was  not  exactly  what    the    German    resi- 


292 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


dents  expected,  it  was  nevertheless  the  realization  of  a 
long-cherished  plan.  The  committee  also  reported  that 
they  were  not  competent  to  judge  about  the  school  books, 
and  that  up  to  date  only  one  German  teacher  had  received 
a  certificate  from  the  Board  of  Examiners. 

First  German 
English  School. 
On  the  first  day 
o  f  Sept  em  ber  , 
1840,  the  first  Ger- 
m  a  n  -English 
school  was  opened 
in  the  basement  of 
the  North  German 
Lutheran  Church, 
now  the  Third  Ger- 
man Protestant 
Church,  on  Walnut 
Street,  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth 
Streets,  Joseph  A. 
Heeman  being  its 
first  teacher.  Pre- 
viously Heeman 
had  served  as  teach- 
er of  several  paro- 
chial schools. 

The  next  ap- 
pointee was  Henry 
Poeppelmann,  whose  active  and  successful  work  covered 
a  period  of  over  forty  years.  He  resigned  in  1885.  His 
death  occured  in  1895.  The  work  of  Poeppelmann,  as 
one  of  the  pioneer  German  teachers,  will  never  be  forgot- 
ten.     The  well-known  Frederick  Gerstaecker    made    his 


Wm.  E.  Bundy, 

U.  S.  District  Attorney;  Trustee  of 
Ohio  University  at  Athens,  O. 


The  German  Department.  293 

examination  as  teacher  at  that  time,  but  he  never  taught 
in  Cincinnati. 

On  November  28,  1840,  the  second  German-English 
school  was  opened  in  the  rear  of  St.  John's  Church,  on 
Sixth  Street.  The  total  number  of  pupils  enrolled  at 
the  end  of  the  school  year  was  427,  with  an  average  daily 
attendance  of  200;  the  number  of  teachers  had  increased 
to  five.  Concerning  the  method  of  teaching  German, 
there  was  at  that  time  a  great  variety  of  opinions.  Some 
favored  purely  German  instruction  in  all  branches,  others 
favored  German  and  English  instruction  combined.  The 
result  was  that  on  March  12,  1841,  about  fifty  prominent 
German  citizens  presented  an  address  to  the  Board  of 
Education,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Board  organized 
two  divisions  :  "  The  elementary  class,  in  which  German 
and  English  were  taught  orally  as  well  as  with  the  use  of 
books,  and  the  advanced  class,  which  was  to  receive 
instruction  in  English  one  day,  and  the  next  day  in  Ger- 
man." 

The  promotion  of  pupils  from  the  elementary  grade 
into  the  advanced  class  took  place  at  the  end  of  the  first 
year,  or  sooner  if  the  progress  of  the  pupils  justified  it. 
The  pupils  of  the  advanced  German-English  class  were 
to  be  promoted  to  the  proper  English  public  schools  after 
a  biennial  course,  or  sooner  if  they  passed  a  satisfactc^ry 
examination  in  English.  By  the  adoption  of  this  plan  a 
three-years'  course  was  secured  for  the  German  pupils, 
in  accordance  with  which  German  and  English  were 
taught  alternately. 

Board  of  Education  Unfriendly. 

The  Germans  might  have  been  satisfied  with  this 
plan  if  the  Board  of  Education  had  not  at  this  time  dis- 
charged the  German  principal,  Heeman,  and  otherwise 
discriminated  against  the  rest  of  the  German   teachers  by 


294 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


reducing  their  salaries.  The  act  of  the  Board  caused  a 
call  for  a  meeting  of  German  citizens,  which  took  place 
on  the  i6th  of  July,  1841.  Edward  Muehl  stated  the 
purpose  of  the  meeting,  and  set  forth  the  importance  of 
a  good  elementary  German-English  education.  A  com- 
mittee drafted  resolutions  concerning  the    desires  of    the 

meeting.     The   pre- 
amble of  this  resolu- 
tion stated   that   the 
minutes   of  the   last 
meeting  of  the  Board 
of  Education   prove 
that     the    Board     is 
not  in   sympathy 
with     the     German- 
English   schools  ; 
that  it  tries  to  hinder 
their    progress,    o  r, 
in   fact,    to     discon- 
tinue    them,    by 
changing    the    sys- 
tem ;  that  said  Board 
of      Education 
showed  its    hostility 
by  discharging  a 
first-class   teacher 
and   reducing  the 
salaries  of  others. 
The  meeting  resolved  to  ask  the  Board  to  organize  : 
(i)  a  primary  class,  where  nothing  but    German    should 
be  taught;    (2)  a  middle  class,  under  supervision  of    two 
competent  teachers,  one  teaching  English  and   one    Ger- 
man ;    and    (3)  an    advanced    or  upper  class,   under  the 
supervision  of  one  German-English  teacher    who  is    able 


John  C.  Rogers, 

A  Graduate  of  the  Cincinnati 
Law  School,  1895. 


The  German   Department.  295 

to  teach  and  compare  both  languages.  The  meeting  also 
passed  resolutions  demanding  the  same  salaries  for  Ger- 
man teachers  as  those  teaching  English.  A  committee 
of  nine  was  appointed  to  watch  the  German  interests. 

The  Board  of  Education  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the 
demands  of  the  German  population.  This  apparent  hos- 
tility of  the  Board  was  severely  criticised  by  the  German 
press.  The  Volksblatt  especially  made  it  its  business 
to-show  up  the  hostile  and  antagonistic  feeling  against 
the  German  population  among  the  members  of  the  Board. 
The  result  was  another  meeting  of  German  citizens.  It 
was  decided  to  organize  the  so-called  advanced  or  upper 
grade,  which  was  refused  by  the  Board  of  Education, 
and  to  raise  the  necessary  money  by  contributions.  It 
was  also  agreed  to  vote  for  such  candidates  for  the  State 
Legislature  who  were  willing  to  pledge  themselves  to 
vote  for  the  passage  of  a  new  law  whicli  would  compel 
the  Board  to  organize  so-called  German-English  public 
schools. 

In  the  meantime  the  above-mentioned  committee, 
under  its  chairman,  Schweizerhof,  got  permission  from 
the  Trustees  of  the  German  Lutheran  Church  on  Walnut 
Street  to  use  their  schoolroom  for  the  newly-erected 
third  or  advanced  grade,  under  the  principalship  of  J. 
A.  Heeman.  The  rapid  increase,  however,  in  the  num- 
ber of  pupils  soon  demanded  a  removal  of  said  grade  to 
Cassett's  house,  on  Main,  between  Woodward  and  Abi- 
gail Streets.  The  energetic  conduct  of  the  Germans 
caused  consternation  in  the  camps  of  their  enemies,  and 
the  result  was  that  the  Board  of  Education  again  took 
control  of  the  school  and  made  it  part  of  the  public  school 
system.  Mr.  Heeman,  however,  declined  to  serve  under 
the  Board  of  Education,  and  resumed  his  connection  with 
the  Catholic  school  on  Thirteenth  Street. 


296  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Henry  Poeppelmann  was  now  intrusted  with  the 
supervision  of  both  Gennan-English  schools,  one  of 
which  was  located  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  Elm 
Streets  (the  former  Emigrants'  School),  and  the  other  in 
the  First  District,    on    Franklin    Street,    east    of    Main. 


Frank  C.  Zumstein, 
Member  Board  of  Education,  1887-1891. 

Two  teachers  were  added  to  the  list  of  German  teachers. 
In  the  same  year  (1842),  for  the  first  time,  a  Committee 
on  German  Schools  was  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation. It  consisted  of  Messrs.  Cady,  Poor,  andLathrop. 
In  1843    the  German  cause  gained    considerably    by 


The  German  Department.  297 

the  election  of  Dr.  Fred.  Roelker  as  member  of  the 
Board  of  Education.  The  German  committee  was  then 
composed  of  the  members  Cady,  Roelker,  and  Cist. 
Previous  to  his  election  Dr.  Roelker  had  served  two 
years  as  English  teacher  in  one  of  the  public  schools, 
and  also  as  principal  of  the  Catholic  School  of  the  Holy 
Trinity.  He  was  eminently  fit  to  serve  as  member  of 
the  Board,  and  the  result  was   soon  discernible. 

Dr.  Joseph  Ray,  president  of  the  Board,  says  in  his 
report  of  1844  :  "  Among  the  subjects  most  deserving  of 
notice  is  that  of  the  German-English  schools.  That 
these  now  form  a  very  interesting  and  useful  part  of  the 
common  school  system  of  this  city  is  now  admitted  by 
all.  Whatever  the  difference  of  opinion  with  regard  to 
the  proper  course  of  study  may  be,  it  is  generally  acknowl- 
edged that  they  have  thus  far  more  than  realized  the 
expectations  of  their  warmest  friends.  The  German 
children  in  the  elementary  schools  learn  the  English  with 
almost  the  same  facility  as  if  no  time  were  spent  for 
teaching  German." 

Naturally  a  voice  of  such  importance  had  some 
influence  upon  the  future  of  German  instruction  ;  a  some- 
what less  hostile  feeling  was  being  noticed,  and  the 
result  was  the  appointment  of  a  number  of  German  teach- 
ers. The  school  facilities  had  to  be  increased,  and  Ger- 
man was  now  taught  in  the  basement  of  the  church  on 
Walnut  Street ;  in  the  school  on  Franklin  Street ;  in  the 
church  on  Elm  Street,  north  of  the  Canal ;  in  the  school 
on  Clinton  Street ;  and  in  the  school  on  Front  Street, 
east  of  Deer  Creek. 

In  the  report  for  the  school  year  ending  June  30, 
1847,  President  Hooper  says  :  "  The  German  schools  have 
been  well  conducted,  and  appear  to  be  under  efficient 
teachers.      One-half  of  the  day  is  devoted    to    instruction 


298 


Scirooi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 


in  the  German  language,  and  the  other  half  is  occupied 
with  the  English.  It  has  been  remarked  that  the  chil- 
dren acquire  both  languages  with  equal  facility  as  the 
English  alone,  which  leads  to  the  very  interesting  ques- 
tion as  to  the  effect  of  the  study  of  languages  upon  the 
development  of  mind  :   this  is  referred  to  with  a  view    of 

calling  the  attention 
o  f  those  who  may 
hereafter  be  in  charge 
of  the  schools  to  the 
subject  in  the  event 
of  the  adoption  of  a 
more  extended  and 
liberal  system  of  edu- 
cation in  our  free 
schools." 

Why  German 
Should  be  Taught. 
This  is  a  grand 
acknowledgment.  It 
is  the  first  time  we 
meet  the  expressed 
opinion  of  a  member 
of  the  Board  that  Ger- 
man shall  in  the  future 
not  be  taught  on  ac- 
count of  the  numeri- 
cal representation  of 
German  citizens,  but  on  account  of  the  development  of 
the  mind  ;  on  account  of  the  acknowledged  advantage  of 
language  study  in  the  education  of  our  children.  This 
alone  is  the  proper  basis  of  the  demand  for  teacliing 
German  in  our  public  schools,  as  every  intelligent  and 
liberal-minded  man  will  tell  you. 


JOHN  A.  Church, 

Ex-Principal  of  Schools  at  Evendale 
Springdale,  and  Carthage  ;  Presi- 
dent  Business  Men's  Club, 
1900- 190 I. 


The  German  Department.  299 

By  this  time  the  German  citizens  were  represented 
in  the  Board  of  Education  by  an  increased  number  of 
members  ;  more  German  schools  were  established,  and 
additional  teachers  appointed.  The  result  was  most 
gratifying.  Bellamy  Storer,  corresponding  secretary  of 
the  Board,  says  in  his  report  to  the  Common  Council, 
dated  June  38,  1848  :  "  These  schools  (German-English) 
are  among  the  most  interesting  and  important  depart- 
ments of  our  system.  They  are  thoroughly  instructed 
and  governed ;  the  teachers  and  pupils  are  emulous  to 
excel,  and  among  all  who  are  connected  with  the  schools 
that  liberality  of  sentiment  which  should  ever  exist 
between  the  native  and  adopted  citizen  is  not  only 
exhibited,  but  practically  illustrated.  Whatever  doubts 
may  have  heretofore  existed  as  to  the  policy  of  establish- 
ing these  schools,  there  is  now,  we  believe,  no  ground  to 
indulge  them." 

From  1846-47  Lewis  Weitzel  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  German;  from  1849-50,  Stephen  Molitor. 
For  the  year  1849-50  Henry  Roedter  was  elected  second 
vice  president  of  the  Board,  and  in  the  same  year  the 
so-called  German-English  schools  were  abolished,  and  the 
German  Department  of  the  various  district  schools  was 
inaugurated. 

In  1850  the  position  of  superintendent  of  public 
schools  was  created,  and  Nathan  Guilford  was  elected 
to  the  position.  While  President  B.  Storer's  report  of 
that  year  contains  nothing  but  praise  for  the  German 
cause.  Mr.  Guilford  simply  mentions  the  work  done  in 
the  different  grades  without  comment. 

From  now  on  we  find  a  constant  increase  in  the 
German  representation  in  the  Board  of  Education. 
Within  the  next  few  years  Christ.  Ziegler,  George 
Frintz,  Val.  Eichenlaub,    F.    Oehlmann,    Isaac    Wieser, 


300 


Schools  of  Cincinnt  ati. 


D.  Wichers,  and  Dr.  Stephen  Unzicker  we re^^- elected, 
and  by  the  year  1853  ^^^^  list  of  teachers]was|increased 
by  about  twenty.  From  1851-53  John  Schig  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  German. 

The  Know-Nothing  Spirit. 
In    the    latter    year    troubles    arose    again    for    the 
German  Department.      In  certain  quarters  the  feelingVan 

high   against   i  t,    for 
the     Know-Nothing 
spirit  had  taken  hold 
o  f     Cincinnati.       I  n 
1852   a   large  number 
o  f    German     citizens 
presented  a  memorial 
to  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation,    complaining 
of  defects  in  the  course 
of    s  t  u  d  y  i  n    this 
branch.      A  special 
committee  on  investi- 
gation was  appointed. 
Defects  and    serious 
inequalities  were 
found  in  most  of  the 
schools,  consisting  in 
the  use  of  every  variety  of  text-books,    various    modes 
in  classification    and    instruction,    attendance    in    other 
than  the  proper  districts,   and  especial  notice  was  taken 
of  the  fact  that  the  German  classes  were   instructed  in 
their  English   studies  by  German  teachers.     This  caused 
a  reorganizatioii  of  the  schools,   the  principal  result  of 
which  was  that  German  instruction  was  entirely   sepa- 
ated  from  English  ;  that  classes  were   transferred  from 


Albert  T.  Brown, 

Graduate  Cincinnati  Law 
School,  1886. 


The  German  Department.  301 

one  to  tlie  other  teacher  at  stated  hours;  a  uniform 
course  of  text-books  and  studies  for  all  German  schools 
was  adopted,  the  latter  comprising  the  alphabet,  spell- 
ing, grammar,  reading,  writing,  composition,  and 
declamation  in  German.  Pupils  residing  in  districts 
where  German  instruction  was  not  afforded  were,  by 
permit  of  the  trustees,  transferred  to  the  nearest  Ger- 
man school  district.  This  plan,  which  took  effect  in 
the  fall  of  1853,  was  the  result  of  hard  work  and  per- 
sistency of  the  German  members  of  the  Board  of  that 
year.  After  the  adoption  of  the  above  plan,  and  at 
the  end  of  his  annual  report.  President  Rufus  King 
says:  "They  (the  Germans)  may  well  appeal  to  us  to 
preserve  between  them  that  link  without  which  all 
family  and  social  ties  are  lost.  This,  we  think,  is  fully 
accomplished  by  the  arrangements  just  made.''  Mr. 
King,  in  1889,  told  the  author  of  this  article,  while 
attending  law  school,  that  he  believes  in  teaching  Ger- 
man in  our  public  schools  ;  that  he  has  always  recog- 
nized its  benefit,  etc.  ;  which  is  sufficient  proof  that 
during  an  interval  of  thirty-six  years  he  had  no  reason 
to  change  his  mind.  The  above-mentioned  plan  gave 
the  German  Department  a  form  which  has  ever  since 
been  in  practice. 

German  in  the  High  Schools. 
The  school  years  1853-54  brought  about  the  per- 
manent addition  of  a  professorship  of  the  German  lan- 
guage in  the  high  schools..  We  meet  the  name  of 
Theodore  Soden  as  teacher  of  German  in  the  previous 
school  year,  but  said  teaching  seems  to  have  been  experi- 
mental, for  in  his  report  for  the  above-stated  school 
year  Principal  Ray,  of  Woodw^ard,  says:  "  As  you  are 
aware,  it  is  a  leading  object  in  our  course  to  furnish 
the  pupils  with  that  knowledge     which    will    be    most 


302  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

immediately  useful  to  them  in  their  business  relations 
in  life.  This  led  you  to  introduce  the  study  of  the 
German  and  French  languages,  which  are  now  regularly 
and  efficiently  taught  to  about  one-fourth  of  the  pupils 
of  the  institution." 


Columbian  School, 

Harvey  Avenue  and  Union  Street,  Avondale;  Erected,  1893-97; 

Cost,  $77,435;   18  Rooms;   F.  E.  Crane,  Principal;  Fred  H. 

Ballman,   Trustee.     Exhibited  at  Paris  Exposition, 

1900,  as  a  Modern  School  Building. 

Principal  Cyrus  Knowlton,  of  Hughes  High  School, 
says:  "A  professorship  of  the  German  language  was 
permanently  added  to  the  scliool  in  February    last    by 


The  German  Department.  303 

the  appointment  of  Theodore  Soden,  a  native  German, 
as  teacher  of  that  language." 

While  Superintendent  Rickoff  had  not  a  word  to 
say  about  German  instruction  in  his  lengthy  report  of  the 
year  1855,  President  Rufus  King  again  pays  it  a  deserved 
tribute.  But  there  were  deficiencies  in  the  German 
Department  which  were  only  noticeable  to  the  German 
members  of  the  Board.  There  was  a  lack  of  German 
teachers  and  also  of  accommodation  ;  in  some  districts  the 
teachers  were  overburdened.  The  result  was  a  report  of 
the  Committee  on  German-English  Schools,  which  was 
presented  to  the  Board  of  Education  by  the  chairman, 
Dr.  Unzicker,  September  3,  1855. 

The  recommendations  were  concurred  in,  and  the 
desired  relief  granted. 

During  the  following  ten  years  the  welfare  of  the 
German  Department  was  carefully  watched  by  men  like 
Rowekamp,  Eckel,  Lilienthal,  Ballauf,  etc.,  and  the 
result  was  that  in  1867  German  instruction  was  estab- 
lished in  the  so-called  intermediate  schools.  The  gap 
heretofore  existing  in  the  German  branch  between  the 
district  department  and  the  high  schools  was  now 
bridged  over,  and  better  and  more  satisfactory  results 
were  immediately  observed.  In  1870  the  number  of 
pupils  in  the  German  Department  had  increased  to 
10,440.  President  H.  L.  Wehmer,  in  his  annual  report, 
June  30,  1870,  calls  attention  to  the  necessity  of  estab- 
lishing a  German  Department  in  the  city  Normal  School, 
in  which  request  he  was  supported  by  J.  F.  Wisnewski, 
assistant  superintendent  of  schools,  who  was  elected  in 
1 87 1  for  the  special  purpose  of  supervising  the  German 
Department.  In  his  second  report  the  latter  says:  "  In 
order  to  emancipate  the  German-English  Department  of 
the    city    from    the  dependence  on     European     German 


304 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


teachers  for  its  sustenance,  the  supply  of  whom  is  very 
fluctuating  and  by  no  means  sufficient  and  regular  enough 
to  fill  our  wants ;  and  also  to  meet  the  question  of  the 
propriety  of  continuing  to  employ  such  teachers,  it  was 
deemed  necessary  to  establish  a  German-English  Normal 
School  Department  for  the  purpose  of  training  German 
teachers." 

German  in  the 
NoRMAi-  School. 
Accordingly,  on 
the  25th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1871,  the  Board 
of  Education  created 
the  German-English 
Normal  School  D  e  - 
partment,  to  be  in 
connection  with  the 
English  Normal 
School,  and  one  Ger- 
man teacher  was  ap- 
pointed  to  take 
charge.  Within  a 
very  short  time 
twenty -five  seats  were 
occupied  by  female 
students.  The  suc- 
cessor of  Karl  Knortz, 
the  first  teacher  in  the 
Normal  School,  was  George  H.  Borger,  who  died  Decem- 
ber 13,  1883,  and  was  succeeded  by  L.  R.  Klemm,  who 
held  the  position  for  the  remainder  of  the  year ;  and  he, 
again,  was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Johanna  Huising,  who  was 
till  recently  the  head  of  the   department. 

On  May  16,  1876,  the  Committee    on    German    De- 


Laura  Heinrich  White, 

One  of  the  Fifteenth  District  School 
Teachers  Who  Died  Recently. 


The  German  Department.  305 

partment  was  authorized  by  the  Board  of  Education  to 
cause  the  different  classes  composing  this  department  to 
be  examined  by  such  examiners  and  in  such  studies  as 
the  committee  should  think  proper.  In  pursuance  of 
their  order,  the  committee  appointed  the  following:  E. 
Kuhn,  George  H.  Borger,  and  Johannes  Schmidt.  This 
plan,  however,  was  soon  abolished. 

Another  important  change  in  the  German  curricu- 
lum took  place  in  1882,  when  Judge  F.  S.  Spiegel  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  German.  Of  this  Howard 
Douglas,  the  then  president  of  the  Board,  says:  "A 
very  valuable  and  needed  change  has  been  made  in  the 
course  of  study  under  the  direction  of  the  Committee  on 
German  Department,  of  which  Mr.  F.  S.  Spiegel  is 
chairman.  This  change  consists  in  introducing  transla- 
tion into  all  the  grades  of  the  district  schools,  which  will^ 
in  my  opinion,  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  instruction.'* 

John  B.  Peaslee,  superintendent  at  that  time,  makes 
the  following  statement  in  the  fifty-second  annual  re- 
port :  "  Years  of  experience  in  the  simultaneous  study  of 
the  English  and  German  languages  in  the  public  schools 
of  this  city  prove  that  the  study  of  two  languages  so 
closely  allied  to  each  other  results  to  the  advantage  of 
both.  There  is  no  discipline  more  perfect,  no  means 
more  effective  in  inducting  thought,  than  the  study  of  a 
foreign  tongue.  These  considerations  alone  would  justify 
the  introduction  of  a  foreign  language  into  the  curriculum 
of  our  schools.  The  importance  of  teaching  that  lang- 
uage which  is  the  nation's  tongue  of  many  thousands  of 
citizens,  and  which  unlocks  to  our  pupils  so  grand  and 
noble  a  literature,  can  not  be  overestimated.  So  popular 
is  the  study  of  German  in  our  schools  that  more  than  one- 
half  the  pupils  are  in  the  German  Department." 

[20] 


306  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  the  year  1884  the  enrollment  shows  the  following 
numbers  : 

District  Schools 16,047 

Intermediate  Schools  1^943 

High  Schools 351 

Total 18,241 


Sherman  School, 

Formerly  Eighth  District;    Location,  Eighth  near  John; 

Erected,  1855-79-92;  Cost,  $66,543;  24  Rooms,  Seats 

1325  Pupils;   W.  S.  Strickland,  Principal; 

Dr.  J.  C.  Marcus,  Trustee. 


This  number  alone  proves  that  a  majority  of  our  citi- 
zens had  taken  the  greatest  interest  in  that  branch  of  our 
curriculum.     Nevertheless,    attacks    were    always    made 


The  German  Department.  307 

against  the  teaching  of  German,  and  have  not  even 
ceased  to-day ;  but  they  are  of  so  feeble  a  nature  that 
nobody  pays  any  attention  to  them.  Besides,  the  better 
class  of  people,  those  who  take  interest  in  and  have  judg- 
ment of  educational  matters,  will  not  suffer  any  change 
in  our  present  school  system. 

The  department  that  was  inaugurated  in  1840  with 
one  teacher  has  now  reached  such  dimensions  that  about 
175  German  teachers  are  at  present  employed  in  our 
lower  schools,  and  four  in  the  high  schools. 

The  German  in  the  lower  grades  of  each  district 
school  is  taught,  as  a  rule,  by  lady  teachers,  under  the 
supervision  of  the  first  German  assistant,  or  German 
principal,  whose  duty  it  is  to  teach  the  German  in  the  D 
grade,  and  supervise  the  instruction  in  the  lower  grades. 
In  the  intermediate  and  high  schools  almost  all  the 
teaching  is  done  by  the  first  German  assistants.  It  will 
be  seen  readily  that  by  this  plan  very  little  is  added  to 
the  cost  of  maintaining  the  schools  in  consequence  of  in- 
struction in  German.  Altogether,  we  spent  about  $40,000 
for  German  in  Cincinnati — the  amount  paid  to  the  first 
assistants.  The  teachers  in  the  lower  grades  alternate 
with  the  English  teachers  of  even  grade,  and  if  the  Board 
were  to  dispense  with  those  German  teachers,  English 
teachers  would  have  to  take  their  places.  By  spending 
about  $40,000  the  Board  of  Education  gives  over  18,000 
pupils  a  chance  to  avail  themselves  of  the  benefit  and 
advantage  of  learning  a  language  that  is  of  immeasurable 
value  in  an  educational  as  well  as  in  a  commercial  way. 
A  large  percentage — and  that  growing  from  year  to  year 
— of  those  pupils  studying  German  in  Cincinnati  is  of 
purely  English  extraction,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
last  school  year,   upon    request    of   our    most    prominent 


3o8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


colored  citizens,  the  Board  had  to  appoint    a    teacher    of 
German  in  one  of  our  colored  branch  schools. 

The  German  teachers  have  various  organizations 
among  themselves.  The  First  German  Assistants'  Asso- 
ciation has  monthly  meetings,  in  which  educational  mat- 


TWENTY-EIGHTH    DISTRICT    SCHOOL, 

Browne  Street,  West  of  Baymiller;   Erected,  1880-87; 

18  Rooms,  Seats  990  Pupils;  Cost,  $54,447;  W.  H. 

Remley,  Principal;  Wm.  Fahrenbruck,  Trustee. 


ters  and  all  those  topics  of  interest    to    the    German    De- 
partment are  discussed. 

The  German  Teachers'  Association  consists  of  almost 
all  teachers  in  the  department.  Its  meetings,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  mixed  chorus,  consisting  of  about  seventy- 
five  voices,  take  place  every  other  month. 


The  German  Department.  309 

There  are  also  two  general  meetings  of  all  teachers ; 
addresses  are  made  by  the  superintendent ;  and  last,  but 
not  least,  there  exists  the  so-called  German  Teachers'  Aid 
Association,  its  membership  amounting  to  several  hun- 
dred, and  counting  among  its  numbers  many  English 
teachers ;  its  purpose  being  to  aid  the  sick  and  disabled 
teachers. 

The  German  Teachers'  Relief  Association. 

This  society  was  organized  on  the  nth  of  Sep- 
tember, 1878.  August  H.  Bode  was  elected  president, 
and  Carl  L.  Nippert  secretary  of  the  first  meeting. 

The  society  was  incorporated  according  to  the  laws 
of  Ohio;  and,  in  conformity  with  the  articles  of  incorpor- 
ation, the  following  directors  were  elected :  Carl  L. 
Nippert,  Julius  Maas,  Michael  Kneiss,  G.  A.  Borger, 
Fannie  Schulz,  August  H.  Bode,  Louis  Rothenberg,  and 
Johanna  Huising. 

The  directors  then  elected  the  following  Board  of 
Trustees:  August  H.  Bode,  president;  M.  Kneiss, 
treasurer;  and  Carl  L.  Nippert,  secretary. 

The  object  of  this  association  is  to  relieve  teachers 
from  financial  need  during  times  of  sickness,  and  in  case 
of  death  to  defray  the  necessary  funeral  expenses. 

Any  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati  may 
be  admitted  to  membership  in  this  association  on  pay- 
ment of  the  following  initiation  fee  : 

To  the  age  of  25  years,  inclusive,  one  dollar.  From 
the  25th  year,  one  dollar  extra  for  each  additional  year. 

The  annual  dues  of  each  member  are  one-half  per 
cent,  of  the  annual  salary.  The  dues  do  not  exceed  five 
dollars,  if  the  salary  is  one  thousand  dollars  or  more. 
The  sick  benefits  are  one  hundredth  of  the  annual  salary 
per  week,    but    do    not   exceed    the  sum  of  ten   dollars. 


310  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Members  who  draw  salaries  of  $600,  $700,  $800,  $1,000, 
or  more,  will  therefore  receive  a  weekly  benefit  of  $6, 
$7,  $8,  $10,  respectively.  During  the  school  year  bene- 
fits for  ten  weeks  only  are  allowed. 

During  the  twenty  years'  existence  of  the  association 
about  $600  to  $700  of  sick  benefits  have  been  paid  annu- 
ally. The  association  has  a  sinking  fund  of  $5,000  and 
a  membership  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  teachers. 

Whenever  a  member  of  the  association  dies,  $100 
are  paid  to  the  heirs  to  defray  the  funeral  expenses.  For 
that  purpose  an  assessment  of  one  dollar  is  levied  when 
necessary. 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

THE    COLLEGE    OF    JOURNALISM. 

THE  College  of  Journalism,  founded  in  Cincinnati 
by  Hon.  Murat  Halstead,  in  May,  1900,  is  an  insti- 
tution whose  object  is  the  training  of  young  men  and 
women  to  become  capable  writers  for  the  press. 

The  demand  for  an  institution  of  this  kind  is  founded 
on  the  fact  that  there  are  thousands  of  bright  people 
whose  educational  attainments  would  fit  them  to  become 
successful  journalists  if  they  only  had  some  knowledge 
of  the  technical  requirements  of  the  profession.  In  the 
hurry  and  rush  of  a  newspaper  office  there  is  no  person 
to  take  the  new  reporter  aside  and  show  him  how  his 
work  should  be  done.  He  must  spend  years  "  groping 
in  the  dark  "  in  order  to  learn  those  "  tricks  of  the  trade  " 
which  alone  indicate  mastery  of  the  craft. 

Mr.  Halstead's  position  in  the  first  rank  of  editors  of 


MURAT    HaLSTEAD, 


President  of  the  College  of  Journalism.     He  is  Famous  as  a  Traveler, 
Historian,  and  Writer.    Former  Owner  of  the  Commercial.       (311) 


312  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

this  generation  easily  gave  him  precedence  for  a  work  so 
important. 

The  students  of  the  College  are  taught  those  essential 
practices  which  result  in  profitable  newspaper  making. 
They  are  given  an  insight  into  the  procedure  of  a  news- 
paper office,  shown  how  the  work  of  one  department 
hinges  on  that  of  another.  They  are  told  what  to  regard 
as  news,  how  to  recognize  news,  where  to  look  for  it,  and 
how  to  judge  of  its  value.  They  are  shown  how  to  pre- 
pare copy,  how  to  write  stories,  news,  and  features  to  the 
best  advantage  ;  how  to  condense  and  how  to  display ; 
how,  when,  and  why  space  should  be  saved,  and  when  it 
should  be  used  without  stint.  They  are  shown  how  to 
edit  copy  and  how  to  form  a  judgment  of  news  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  copy  reader  and  editor,  and  are  told  all 
about  the  duties  of  heads  of  departments.  In  short,  they 
are  given  systematic  training  which  will  enable  a  person 
of  ordinary  education  to  hold  a  place  of  responsibility  in 
a  metropolitan  newspaper  office. 

The  success  of  the  College  of  Journalism  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Halsted  was  instantaneous,  and  more 
than  three  thousand  endorsements  were  published  in  the 
daily  papers  of  America.  Headquarters  are  in  the  Perin 
Building,  Fifth  and  Race. 


CHAPTER  XXXVni. 

I.ANE    THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARY. 

LANE  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY  was  formally 
established  by  a  charter  from  the  Legislature  of  Ohio, 
February  ii,  1829.  Four  years  previous,  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  in  view  of  the  rapid  in- 


La:ne  Theological  Seminary. 


3^3 


crease  of  the  population  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  decided  to 
found  a  theological  seminary  in  that  region.  Allegheny, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Walnut  Hills,  near  Cincinnati,  were 
the  chief  competitors  for  the  location.  In  1827  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  voted  in  favor  of  Allegheny.  Private  enter- 
prise laid  the  foundation  of  the  seminary  on  Walnut  Hills. 


Lane  Theological  Seminary,  Founded  1829. 


In  1828  Ebenezer  Lane,  belonging  to  the  firm  of 
E.  Lane  &  Company,  doing  business  in  New  Orleans, 
offered,  after  conference  with  Presbyterian  ministers  and 
laymen  in  Cincinnati,  for  himself  and  his  brother,  to  do- 
nate one-fifth  of  the  income  of  their  business  for  four 
years  for  a  training-school  for  ministers.      These    gentle- 


314  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

men  were  members  of  the  Baptist  Church.  In  1830  they 
gave  four  thousand  dollars  in  payment  of  their  obligation. 

A  year  after  Mr.  Lane  made  his  proposition,  in  1829, 
Mr.  Elnathan  Kemper,  a  Presbyterian  elder,  living  on 
Walnut  Hills,  in  behalf  of  his  father,  the  Rev.  James 
Kemper,  his  brothers  and  himself,  donated  to  the  trus- 
tees of  the  proposed  institution  sixty  acres  of  ground,  a 
part  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  Seminary  campus  and 
buildings. 

The  Seminary  was  opened  in  1833,  with  Dr.  Lyman 
Beecher  as  professor  of  theology,  and  Dr.  Thomas  J. 
Biggs,  of  the  presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  as  professor  of 
church  history.  Dr.  Beecher,  then  of  Boston,  had  de- 
clined the  proffer  of  a  professorship  two  years  before,  but 
at  that  time  had  said  that  the  greatest  thought  which 
had  ever  entered  his  mind  was  the  thought  of  educating 
ministers  in  the  West  and  for  the  West.  Further  en- 
dowments from  friends  in  Cincinnati  were  increased  by 
gifts  from  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

The  charter  provides  that  "  all  the  professors,  tutors, 
teachers,  and  instructors  shall  be  members  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church,  in  good  standing,  under  the  care  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  said  Church  in  the  United  States." 
It  declares  the  design  of  the  Seminary  to  be  "  to  educate 
pious  young  men  for  the  Gospel  ministry."  In  accord 
with  the  doctrinal  system  and  polity  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  the  institution  seeks  to  develop  the  religious 
life  and  piety  of  its  students,  and  to  furnish  them  with 
the  most  accredited  results  of  evangelical  scholarship. 
Students  from  other  evangelical  communions  than  the 
Presbyterian  are  welcome  to  its  privileges. 

Candidates  for  admission  are  expected  to  produce 
satisfactory  evidence  that  they  are  members  in  full  com- 
munion with  some  evangelical  Church,  and  are  graduates 


Lane  Theological  Seminary. 


315 


of  a  college  or  university  in  the  classical  course.  The 
requirement  of  a  collegiate  training  will  be  waived  only 
in  exceptional  cases,  when,  in  the  judgment  of  the  fac- 
ulty, a  sufficient  equivalent  is  offered.  A  certificate  from 
a  presbytery,  recommending  such  an  applicant  to  enter 
upon    his    theological   course   without   the   usual  college 


Wm.  H.  Morgan, 

Superintendent  of  Schools  August  12,  1889,  to 
September  5,  1899. 


training,  will  be  regarded  as  a  ground  for  his  admission. 
The  course  is  three  years  and  has  special  reference  to  the 
ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The  faculty  ( 1902 ) 
is:  Rev.  Edward  D.  Morris,  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  professor 
emeritus  and  lecturer  on  Westminster  Symbols ;  Rev. 
Henry  Goodwin  Smith,  D.  D.,  professor  of  systematic 
theology,  chairman  of  faculty,  1898-99 ;  Rev.  Alexander 


3i6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

B.  Riggs,  D.  D.,  professor  of  New  Testament  exegesis 
and  instruction;  Rev.  David  S.  Schaff,  D.  D.,  professor 
of  church  history;  Kemper  Fullerton,  A.  M.,  instructor 
in  Hebrew  and  the  Greek  gospels. 

Hon.  E.  E.  White,  ex-superintendent  of  Cincinnati 
schools,  is  president  of  the  board  of  trustees.  From  lo 
to  12  students  are  graduated  annually. 

The  following  noted  professors  have  served  the 
institution: 

Rev.  Lyman  Beecher,  D.  D.,  d.  1863,  President 
and  Prof,  of  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology,  1832-1850; 
Prof.  Emeritus  till  his  death. 

Rev.  Calvin  Ellis  Stowe,  D.  D.,  d.  1886,  Prof,  of 
Biblical  Literature,  1833-1850. 

Rev.  Baxter  Dickinson,  D.  D.,  d.  1875,  Prof,  of 
Sacred  Rhetoric,  1835-1839. 

Rev.  Diarca  Howe  Allen,  D.  D.,  d.  1870,  Prof,  of 
Sacred  Rhetoric,  1840- 185 1,  and  of  Systematic  Theology, 
1851-1867. 

Rev.  George  Edward  Day,  D.  D.,  Prof,  of  Biblical 
Literature,  1851-1866. 

Rev.  Henry  Addison  Nelson,  D.  D.,  Prof,  of  System- 
atic Theology,  1868- 1874. 

Rev.  John  DeWitt,  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  Prof,  of 
Church  History,  1882-1888. 

Rev.  Henry  Preserved  Smith,  D.  D.,  Instructor  in 
Church  History,  1874;  Pi"of.  of  Hebrew,  1875-1893. 

Rev.  Arthur  C.  McGiffert,  D.  D.,  Prof,  of  Church 
History,  1888-1893. 


School  Architecture.  317 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

,   SCHOOL    ARCHITECTURE. 

Samuel  Hannaford. 

FROM  a  strictly  point  of  view  there  is  little  to  be  said 
regarding  the  architecture  of  the  school  buildings  of 
Cincinnati.  It  was  not  until  some  time  about  1835  that 
the  school  buildings  became  in  appearance  in  any  way 
distinctive.  From  that  time  up  to  the  latter  part  of 
1858  or  1856  there  were  erected  several  houses  arranged 
upon  a  simple  plan  of  four  rooms  per  story — two  rooms 
front  and  two  rooms  rear — divided  by  a  central  entrance 
hall,  with  two  staircases.  One  side  for  the  boys,  the 
other  for  girls. 

These  buildings  were  two  or  three  stories  in  height, 
as  the  necessities  of  the  district  demanded;  thus,  a  two- 
story  house  contained  eight  rooms,  a  three-story  house 
twelve  rooms.  The  arrangement  was  very  simple  and 
economical  of  construction,  and  for  an  ordinary  public 
school-house  can  not  be  improved  upon.  Each  room  was 
on  a  corner,  insuring  light  and  air  from  two  directions, 
and  thorough  cross  ventilation.  The  dimensions  of  the 
rooms  might  be  varied  as  necessary,  without  in  any  way 
altering  the  general  scheme.  In  their  external  appearance 
these  houses  were  of  the  classical  style,  but  very  simple, 
without  ornamentation,  in  good  proportion,  and  they  had 
the  merit  of  declaring  their  purpose — they  looked  like 
school-houses. 

Some  time  about  1858  there  came  a  demand  for  larger 
houses.     At  this  time  John  McCammon  was  appointed 


3i8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


superintendent  of  school  buildings  by  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation,  and,  having  an  elementary  knowledge  of  archi- 
tectural drawing,  was  called  upon  to   prepare  the  neces- 
sary drawings,  etc.,  for  the  proposed  new   school-houses. 
At  that  time  the  Board  of  Education,  either  from  a    lack 
of  a  proper  conception  of  the  value  of  professional  servi- 
ces in  connection  with 
its  representative 
buildings,      and     also 
the    educational 
advantages    of    good 
architecture,  or   from 
absolute  poverty,    es- 
tablished a   precedent 
that  has  been  followed 
substantially    to    the 
present  time  ;  and  the 
remuneration  that  has 
been    doled     out     for 
architectural    services 
has  been  niggardly  in 
the  extreme,  and  it  is 
but    fair    to    say   that 
up  to    within    a    few 
years  past  the   several 
buildings  erected  have 
been     utterly    devoid 
of    architectural 
merit. 
The  first  building  erected   under   Mr.   McCammon's 
superintendency   was   the    Fifth    District    School-house, 
situated  on  the  north  side  of  Third  Street,  between  Elm 
and  Plum  Streets.     For  many  years  thereafter,  or   until 
the  year  1880,  the  same    general  style  was    maintained. 


Samuel  Hannaford, 

Architect  of  University  Buildings, 

the  Observatory,  Van  Wormer 

Library,    Music    Hall,   and 

Third    Intermediate 

School  Building. 


School  Architecture.  319 

The  buildings  contained  few  conveniences,  and  in  their 
interior  and  exterior  appearances  are  extremely  plain. 
They  are  devoid  of  any  suggestions  of  art  or  beauty  ;  not 
a  feature  that  warms  the  feelings  or  begets  a  knowledge 
or  appreciation  of  beauty.  These  buildings  are,  however, 
well  and  honestly  constructed  ;  they  keep  out  the  weather, 
and  thus  afford  an  opportunity  of  keeping  school. 

Previous,  however,  to  this  period  of  the  total  eclipse 
of  art  in  our  educational  system,  two  high  school  build- 
ings had  been  erected,  which  were  creditable  examples 
of  architecture,  around  which  the  memoriesof  their  pupils 
still  fondly  cling. 

The  Hughes  High  School,  situated  on  the  south  side 
of  Fifth  Street,  opposite  Mound  Street,  was  built  from 
the  designs  of  John  B.  Earnshaw,  and  completed  in  the 
year  1853.  It  was  a  pleasing  structure,  in  the  Gothic 
style,  and  was  a  creditable  architectural  effort.  It  is, 
however,  a  sad  fact  to  record  that  its  beauties  were  com- 
pletely marred  a  few  years  ago  by  the  erection  of  an  ad- 
dition to  its  front,  filling  the  entire  space  of  the  lot  to 
the  street  line.  It  is  impossible  to  conceive  of  a  more 
homely  facade  than  the  addition,  and  the  memories  of  the 
original  building  are  fast  fading  away. 

Woodward  High  School  building,  completed  in  the 
year  1854,  was  erected  from  the  designs  of  John  R. 
Hamilton,  an  architect  of  marked  ability.  An  English- 
man by  birth  and  education,  he  adopted  the  Gothic  style. 
The  design  was  true  and  pure  in  its  details,  and  consist- 
ently carried  out.  It  was  an  unfortunate  occurrence, 
however,  that  terra  cotta  was  used  instead  of  stone  for 
the  many  architectural  features  of  the  design.  Mr. 
Hamilton  had  traveled  extensively  over  Italy,  and  knew 
of  its  almost  universal  use  in  Northern  Italy,  and  strongly 
urged  its  adoption.     Unfortunately,  however,    its  manu- 


320 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


facture  was  then  an  untried  process  here,  and  within  a 
few  years  it  began  to  disintegrate  in  the  walls  of  the 
structure,  and  it  became  necessary  to  cut  it  out  and  re- 
place it  with  stone.  This  unfortunate  state  of  affairs 
brought  the  building  into  disrepute.  Nevertheless,  as 
an  architectural  design,  it  was  eminently  satisfactory. 


James  W.  McLaughlin, 
Architect  of  the  Art  Museum  and  Academy, 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  two  high  school  buildings 
were  erected  under  liberal  auspices  and  with  some  regard 
to  the  educational  advantages  of  good  architecture. 

For  the  last  few  years  the  public  school  buildings 
have  been  creditable   specimens  of  architectural    effort. 


School  Architecture.  321 

Perhaps  it  may  be  complained  of  as  being  rather  monoto- 
nous, but  this  is  the  almost  inevitable  result  of  one-man 
effort.  Critically  considered,  they  are  in  the  main  de- 
signed in  that  phase  of  "Romanesque"  rendered  so 
popular  throughout  the  country  by  the  work  of  R.  H. 
Richardson,  of  Boston,  of  which  tlie  building  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Chamber  of  Commerce  is  a  fine  exponent. 

In  the  school  buildings  referred  to  this  feeling  is 
plainly  discernible  in  the  high,  steep-pitch  roof;  the  con- 
stant repetition  of  circular  towers,  in  place  and  out  of 
place  ;  the  almost  constant  use  of  circular  head  windows  ; 
and  the  heavy,  deeply-recessed,  arched  doorways,  as  well 
as  in  the  use  of  the  peculiar  carvings  introduced,  wherein 
the  surface  is  crowded  to  the  utmost  with  heavy  interlac- 
ing foliage ;  nearly  always  lacking  in  refinement  and 
often  semi-barbarious.  Of  all  well-defined  styles  of 
architecture,  or  their  variants,  there  is  not  one  so  ill- 
adapted  to  the  demands  of  school  architecture  as  the  one 
under  consideration,  and  it  is  only  by  doing  violence  to 
the  very  instincts  of  the  style  that  it  can  in  any  way 
be  reconciled  or  adapted  to  school-house  purposes. 

Up  to  the  present  "  fire-proof  "or  "  slow-burning  " 
construction  has  not  been  used,  except  in  connection  with 
staircases  and  corridors.  Our  school  buildings  do  not  ex- 
ceed three  stories  in  height,  and  should  never  do  so ; 
indeed,  it  is  a  question  whether  they  should  ever  exceed 
two  stories  in  height.  If  more,  they  should  be  of  fire- 
proof construction  throughout.  This  is,  however,  very 
much  more  costly  in  construction,  and  it  is  possible  that 
the  financial  question  dominates.  Nevertheless,  the 
greater  permanency  of  all  constructional  parts  of  a  build- 
ing and  lessened  repairs,  the  decreased  rate  of  insurance, 
and  the  almost  sure  safety  of  the  inmates,  are  items  wor- 
thy of  consideration.  [21! 


322 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


In  regard  to  the  ventilation  of  our  school-houses,  they 
are  up  to  the  average  of  their  class  in  efficiency.  To  se- 
cure this  result,  the  expenditure  has  been  liberal.  Almost 
every  scheme  of  ventilation  has  been  tried,  and  many 
different  professors  (?)  of  the  science-have  been  consulted. 


The  Joseph  H.  Hoffman  School, 

Formerly  Nineteenth  District;  Erected,  1860-71-81-89; 

19  rooms;  Cost,  $56,643;  John  A.  Heizer,  Principal; 

John  Schwaab,  Trustee. 


The  results  of  the  several  schemes  vary  greatly,  but 
not  one  has  proved  as  satisfactory  as  hoped  for.  Doubt- 
less these  disappointments  are  due,  in  part  at  least,  to 
ignorant  and  careless  handling  of  the  several  apparatus. 
There  is,  too,  another  cause  w^onderfuUy   potent  for  evil 


School  Architecture.  323 

in  this  matter  :  the  ignorance  of    many    teachers    of    the 
elementary  principles  of  ventilation. 

An  analysis  of  the  cost  of  construction  of  the  several 
school-houses  reveals  wide  differences  in  the  cost  per  pu- 
pil, ranging  from  $^0.82,  in  the  Fifteenth  District  School- 
house,  to  $102.74,  in  the  Eighteenth  District  School-house, 
or  $122.45  in  Walnut  Hills  High  School 

It  is  true  that  there  are  some  variations  in  the  con- 
structional and  decorative  features  of  the  several  build- 
ings, but  it  is  apparent  that  these  variations  do  not  war- 
rant the  wide  divergence  in  cost.  It  must  therefore  be 
chargeable  to  fluctuations  in  the  prices  of  labor  and  ma- 
terial in  the  periods  when  the  several  structures  were  erec- 
ted. This  is  a  matter  entirely  beyond  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, who  can  neither  build  in  advance  nor  postpone  to 
an  uncertain  future. 

The  following  table  shows  the  cost,  per  pupil,  in  the 
erection  of  the  several  school  buildings  : 

First  District $66.42 

Second  District 62.39 

Third  District 30.66 

Mt.  Adams 84.77 

Fourth  District 75-25 

Fifth  District 60.20 

Sixth  District 63.00 

Seventh  District 7i-3i 

Eighth  District 40-95 

Tenth  District 72.31 

Eleventh  District 42 .48 

Twelfth  District 30.00 

Fourteenth   District 20.88 

Fifteenth  District 20.82 

Sixteenth  District ^2.87 

Seventeenth  District ^    24.80 


324  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Eighteenth  District $102.74 

Nineteenth  District 53-% 

Twentieth  District 56.19 

Twenty-first  District 52-35 

Twenty-second  District 82.91 

Twenty-fifth  District 68.49 


Wm.  J.  Klein, 

Elected  Member  Board  of  Education, 
April  2,  1900. 

Twenty-sixth   District $65.85 

Twenty-seventh  District 92.86 

Thirtieth  District 68.70 

Webster  Public   School 63.26 

Vine  Street  Public   School 55* ^^ 

Whittier  Public  School 7S.45 

Windsor  Public  School 7^-43 


School  Architecture.  325 

North  Fairmount  Public  School $77-36 

Garfield  Public  School 62.40 

Kirby  Road  Public  School 33*75 

First  Intermediate  School 35-^5 

Second  Intermediate  School 28.46 

Third  Intermediate  School 7140 

Fourth  Intermediate  School 42.71 

Walnut  Hills  High  School 122.46 

Hughes  High  School 60.58 

Woodward  High  School 67.38 

That  the  above  comparison  of  cost  per  pupil  may  be 
on  as  nearly  parallel  lines  as  possible,  in  those  buildings 
with  assembly  halls,  as  the  Sixth  District,  Second  Inter- 
mediate School,  etc.,  the  area  of  the  halls  have  been 
divided  into  school-rooms,  thus  accommodating  more 
scholars  than  the  present  number  of  rooms,  and  the  esti- 
mate has  been  made  accordingly.  The  school-house  of 
the  Fourteenth  District  is  a  marked  example  of  the 
fluctuations  of  the  cost  of  building.  This  structure,  in 
character  of  construction  and  finish,  is  near  akin  to  many 
others,  but  the  cost  is  only  50  per  cent,  of  these  others. 
The  explanation  is  found  in  the  date  of  erection,  1862, 
a  time  when  the  depression  of  the  Civil  War  rested 
heavily  on  the  industrial  interests  of  the  country. 

It  only  requires  a  superficial  view  of  our  school- 
houses  and  their  surroundings  to  perceive  that  in  many 
cases  the  yard  or  play  ground  spaces  are  very  limited. 
There  are  doubtless  legitimate  reasons  for  this  condition 
of  affairs  in  some  cases,  but  in  a  majority  of  examples  it 
is  the  outcome  of  downright  parsimony. 

The  variation  of  the  number  of  square  feet  per  pupil 
of  play  ground  space  is  based  upon  the  total  areas  of  the 
lots,  and,  not  subtracting  the  areas  of  the  school  build- 
ings, is  as  12.91  square  feet   at   the    Third    Intermediate 


326 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


School  to  73.78  square  feet  at  the  Whittier  School,  Price 
Hill.  It  is  true  that  there  are  a  few  schools  with  larger 
area  per  pupil,  but  they  are  exceptional,  being  mainly  in 
the  suburbs  lately  annexed  to  the  city  of  Cincinnati. 

If  the  areas  of  the  school  buildings  were  subtracted, 

it  would  in  a  ma- 
jority of  cases  be 
fully  20-100  less, 
and  this  is  the  true 
measure  to  consid- 
er. In  these  lesser 
spaces  scholars  are 
huddled  together  in 
a  manner  that 
effectually  forbids 
any  real,  active, 
healthy  play.  The 
comparison  of  va- 
cant space  per 
house,  in  considera- 
tion of  its  light  and 
air,  shows  a  most 
reprehensible  state 
of  affairs.  There 
is  no  system  of  arti- 
ficial ventilation, 
be  it  ever  so  perfect, 
or  ever  so  well  op- 
erated, that  can 
make  amends  for  this  primal  shortcoming.  It  is  a  con- 
dition of  affairs  that  results  in  a  permanent,  never-ceas- 
ing evil,  a  positive  health-destroying  agency;  detrimen- 
tal to  teachers  and  scholars  doomed  to  spend  so  large  a 
proportion  of  their  school   life   amid    such    an    unhealthy 


William  Ruehrwein, 

Elected  Member  Board  of  Education 
in  1886. 


School  Architecture.  327 

environment.  Magnificent  architecture,  utilitarian  con- 
veniences, scientific  ventilation,  and  comfortable  heating 
may  all  be  provided,  and  yet  the  school-house  be  a  failure. 

The  schools  with  less  than  twenty  square  feet  of  area 
per  pupil  are  the  First,  Second,  Sixth,  Eighth,  Tenth, 
Eleventh,  and  Twelfth  Districts,  and  the  Second  and 
Third  Intermediate  Schools. 

The  schools  with  more  than  twenty  and  less  than 
fifty  square  feet  of  area  per  pupil  are  the  Fourth,  Fifth, 
Seventh,  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  Twentieth,  Twenty-first, 
Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty- 
ninth,  and  Thirtieth  Districts;  also  the  Webster  Public 
School,  the  Vine  Street  Public  School,  Garfield  Public 
School,  the  First  and  Fourth  Intermediate  Schools,  and 
the  Woodward  and  Hughes  High  Schools. 

The  schools  with  more  than  fifty  square  feet  of  area 
per  pupil  are  the  Windsor  Public  School,  Whittier  Public 
School,  the  Walnut  Hills  High  School,  and  the  Sixteenth, 
Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Twenty-second,  and  Twenty- 
fifth  Districts. 

The  most  expensive  lot  is  that  of  the  Tenth  District, 
on  the  corner  of  Elm  Street  and  the  Canal.  It  is  150  x  120 
feet,  and  cost  $62,500,  and  only  provides  16.66  square 
feet  of  area  per  pupil. 

In  regard  to  the  architecture  of  the  immediate  future, 
it  is  safe  to  predict  that  classic  features  will  dominate,  and 
greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  buildings  in  regards  to 
their  beauty  and  stability.  Perhaps  there  is  no  class  of 
buildings  that  is  subjected  to  rougher  usage  or  more  se- 
verely tried  in  their  constructional  parts  than  school- 
houses,  hence  the  advantage  of  forms  that  tend  to  strength 
and  permanency ;  and  these  forms  are  found  in  larger 
measure  and  more  harmonious  affiliation  in  the  classic 
style  than  in  others.     With  post  and   lintel   construction 


328 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


in  proper  proportion  of  strength  to  load,  a  condition  of 
perfect  rest  or  equilibrium  may  be  obtained ;  but  with  the 
arch  this  is  rarely  the  case,  and  the  observation  and  ex- 
perience of  the  world  fully  indorses  the  Hindoo  proverb, 
"  The  arch  never  sleeps." 


Lincoln  Public  School 

(Picture  donated  by  Henry  Baer), 

Delta  and  Golden  Avenues,  East  End;  Erected,  i^ 
Cost,  $63,625;  18  Rooms;  Seats  1000  Pupils; 
Richard  C.  Yowell,  Principal;   John 
G.  O'Connell,  Trustee. 


Note. — Previous  to  1898  several  school  buildings 
were  designed  by  H.  E.  Siter.  During  the  year  1898 
Mr.  Siter  was  succeeded  by  Dornette  and  Sheppard,  who 
are  now  architects  for  the  Board.  Up  to  this  time  they 
have  designed  these    schools  :   Hyde  Park   (dedicated  on 


School  Architecture.  329 

May  22,  1902)  ;  the  Horace  Mann  School,  O'Bryonville 
(ready  September,  1902)  ;  the  Wm.  H.  Morgan  School 
(under  construction).  Plans  have  been  made  for  several 
portable  school  buildings,  designed  to  relieve  our  crowded 
districts.  These  portable  structures  are  sealed  and 
varnish-finished  throughout,  and  may  be  given  a  trial. 
In  St.  Louis  they  have  been  successfully  used.  There 
are  none  in  Cincinnati  at  this  writing  (1902). 

James  W.  McLaughlin  is  architect  of  the  Public 
Library,  St.  Xavier  Parochial  School,  and  of  Lane 
Seminary. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

THE    HEBREW    UNION    COLLEGE. 

David  Philipson. 

AS  long  ago  as  1854  the  late  Rabbi  Isaac  M.  Wise 
advocated  the  founding  of  a  college  for  the  training 
and  education  of  rabbis.  He  felt  that  English-speaking 
ministers  were  greatly  needed  by  the  congregations  of 
this  country ;  that  is,  young  men  who  combined  the 
American  spirit  with  the  knowledge  obtained  from  the 
sources  of  Jewish  lore.  In  that  year  a  society,  which  was 
known  as  the  Zion  Collegiate  Association,  was  formed  in 
Cincinnati,  whose  avowed  purpose  it  was  to  found  such 
an  institution.  As  a  result  of  its  efforts,  Zion  College 
was  organized,  but  this  first  attempt  at  a  rabbinical  semi- 
nary in  this  country  was  short  lived. 

Although  this  early  movement  failed.  Dr.  Wise  did 
not  relinquish  the  idea  of  which  it  was  intended  to  be  the 
practical  realization.      Year  upon  year  he  continued  to 


330 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


advocate  in  the  columns  of  his  newspaper,  The  America?! 
Israelite^  the  necessity  of  a  union  of  the  Jewish  congre- 
gations of  this  country,  whose  first  and  most  important 
work  was  to  be  the  founding  of  a  rabbinical  college.  His 
untiring  and  unceasing  agitation  at  last  bore  fruit  in  the 
organization  of  the  Union  of  American  Hebrew  Con- 
gregations in  the  city  of  Cincinnati  in    1873.     Delegates 

from    about     twenty- 
~  five  congregations    in 

various  parts  of  the 
country  were  present. 
The  first  step  towards 
the  accomplishment 
of  the  cherished  proj- 
ect of  opening  a  semi- 
nary was  taken  at  this 
meeting,  where  the 
founding  of  such  a 
college  was  deter- 
mined upon.  Each 
congregation  that 
joined  the  Union  w^as 
taxed  one  dollar  for 
each  member  for  the 
maintenance  of  the 
college. 

Shortly  thereaf- 
ter Dr.  Wise  obtained 
from  Henry  Adler,  Esq.,  of  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  a  gift 
of  |io,ooo,  which  was  to  be  devoted  to  the  college. 
The  institution,  known  as  the  Hebrew  Union  College, 
was  opened  October  3,  1875,  by  an  impressive  service  at 
the  Plum  Street  Temple.  The  movement  was,  as  a  mat- 
ter   of   course,    tentative.     An    eight-years'    course   had 


The  Late  Isaac  M.  Wise, 

Distinguished  as   Theologian, 

Historian,  Educator,  and 

Editor. 


The  Hebrew  Union  College. 


331 


been  arranged,  four  years  of  which  were  known  as  the 
preparatory  department,  and  four  years  as  the  collegiate 
department.  The  preparatory  department  opened  with 
eighteen  students,  ranging  from  the  ages  of  thirteen  to 
twenty.  The  sessions  were  held  in  the  school-rooms  of 
the  Mound  Street   Temple    for    two    years ;     during    the 


Hebrew  Union  College, 

Located  at  724  West  Sixth  Street  Since  1881. 

Founded  bj  Isaac  M.  Wise,  and  First 

Opened  October  3,  1875, 

three  years  following  they  were  held  in  the  school-rooms 
of  the  Plum  Street  Temple.  In  1881  the  large,  double 
building,  734  W.  Sixth  Street,  was  acquired  by  purchase 
and  has  been  the  home  of  the  college  from  that  time  to 
this  day. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Isaac  M.  Wise  was  chosen  president 


332  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

of  the  college  at  its  opening,  and  he  continued  in  that 
office  until  the  day  of  his  death,  March  26,  1900.  He  and 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Max  Lilienthal  volunteered  their  services  as 
professors  ;  the  only  other  teacher  at  the  time  of  the  open- 
ing of  the  institution  was  Solomon  Eppinger,  a  well- 
known  Hebraist. 

The  college  continued  in  the  quiet  tenor  of  its  way 
for  four  years,  when  in  June,  1879,  the  first  class  gradu- 
ated from  the  preparatory  department  with  the  degree  of 
chaber,  i.  e.,  bachelor  of  Hebrew  literature.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1879,  the  collegiate  department  was  opened. 
In  the  meantime  the  Rev.  Dr.  Moses  Mielziner  and  Mr. 
Louis  Aufrecht  had  been  added  to  the  teaching  staff,  the 
former  as  professor  of  Talmud,  and  the  latter  as  preceptor 
in  Hebrew. 

Finally,  the  hopes  of  years  were  realized  when  on 
July  14,  1883,  the  first  rabbis  educated  in  an  American 
institution  were  ordained.  Four  young  men  were  given 
the  S''mikha,  i.  e.,  ordination  by  the  president  of  the 
college.  These  first  graduates  of  the  institution  were 
Israel  Aaron,  now  rabbi  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  ;  Henry 
Berkowitz  and  Joseph  Krauskopf,  both  stationed  in 
Philadelphia;  and  David  Philipson,  at  present  rabbi  in 
Cincinnati.  These  young  men  were  also  graduates  of  a 
high  school  and  of  the  Cincinnati  University,  it  being  a 
rule  of  the  college  that  no  one  can  obtain  the  degree  of 
rabbi  who  has  not  graduated  from  a  secular  university. 
The  sessions  of  the  college  being  held  in  the  afternoon, 
the  students  were  enabled  to  attend  the  high  school  or  the 
university  in  the  morning. 

Since  then  the  Hebrew  Union  College  has  gone 
from  strength  to  strength.  It  has  graduated  a  class  of 
rabbis  yearly,  until  now  its  alumni  number  ninety-three. 
With  few  exceptions,  all  these  rabbis  are  in  active  service 


The  Hebrew  Union  College. 


333 


and  occupy  pulpits  all  over  the  land,  from  Boston  to 
Seattle,  and  from  St.  Paul  to  New  Orleans.  In  fact,  most 
of  the  largest  congregations  in  the  land  are  ministered  to 
by  graduates  of  the  institution. 

The  college  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  Board  of 
Governors,  which  meets  the  last  Tuesday  of  every  month. 
The  members  of  this  board  are  appointed  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the 
Union  of  American 
Hebrew  Congregations, 
which  organization  sup- 
plies the  funds  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  col- 
lege. One-half  of  the 
members  of  the  Board  of 
Governors  are  residents 
of  Cincinnati,  the  other 
half  are  chosen  from 
among  members  of  the 
congregations  of  other 
cities  belonging  to  the 
union.  The  president 
of  the  board,  Bernhard 
Bettmann,  and  the  vice- 
president,  Mr.  Julius 
Freiberg,  have  served  in 
those  capacities  since  the  founding  of  the  institution. 
The  latter  is  also  president  of  the  Union  of  Congregations. 
The  faculty  of  the  college  at  present  is  constituted 
as  follows  :  Rabbi  Moses  Mielziner,  Ph.  D.,  professor  of 
Talmud  and  rabbinical  branches ;  Rabbi  David  Philip- 
son,  D.  D.,  professor  of  homiletics ;  Rabbi  G.  Deutsch, 
Ph.  D.,  professor  of  history;  Rabbi  Louis  Grossman, 
D.  D.,  professor  of  ethics  ;    Ephraim   Feldman,    B.    D  , 


Rabbi  David  Philipson,  D.  D., 

Mound  Street  Temple.   Professor 

of  Homiletics  at  Hebrew 

Union  College. 


334  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

professor  of  philosophy  ;  S.  Mannheimer,  B.  A.,  instruc- 
tor of  Biblical  exegesis  ;  CasparLevias,  M.  A.,  instructor 
of  Aramaic  and  Biblical  exegesis  ;  Moses  Buttenwieser, 
Ph.  D.,  instructor  of  Biblical  exegesis;  Henry  Malter, 
Ph.  D.,  instructor  of  philosophical  literature. 

The  library  of  the  college  consists  of  about  14,000 
volumes.  Of  these  there  are  8,000  volumes  of  Hebraiac, 
Judaica,  and  Orientalia  ;  the  remaining  volumes  belong 
to  the  field  of  general  literature. 

The  college  suffered  an  irreparable  loss  in  March 
(1900)  in  the  death  of  its  founder  and  president,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Isaac  M.  Wise,  who  was  also  professor  of 
systematic  theology.  The  universal  chorus  of  lament 
that  was  sounded  at  the  time  of  his  taking  off  was  elo- 
quent testimony  to  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held 
among  his  classes,  irrespective  of  creed,  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  A  movement  is  now  on  foot,  inaugurated  by 
the  alumni  of  the  college,  to  raise  an  endowment  fund 
of  $500,000  for  the  benefit  of  the  institution,  to  be  known 
as  the  Isaac  M.  Wise  Memorial  Fund. 

The  Hebrew  Union  College  occupies  an  unique  place 
among  the  educational  institutions  of  our  city.  Although 
located  here,  it  is  not  merely  a  Cincinnati  institution  ;  it  is 
national  in  its  scope,  and  its  welfare  is  the  concern  of  the 
Jews  of  the  United  States. 


CHAPTER  XLI. 

MIAMI    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 
W^m.  H.  Taylor,  M.  D. 

THE  first  meeting  of  the  faculty  of  the  Miami  Medical 
College,  of  Cincinnati,  was  held  at  the  office  of 
Jno.  F.  White,  M.  D.,  on  Fourth  Street,  Cincinnati,  O., 


Miami  Medical  College. 


335 


July  32,  1852.  Members  present :  R.  D.  Mussey,  M.  D.  ; 
C.  L.  Avery,  M.  D. ;  Jno.  F.  White,  M.  D.  ;  John 
Davis,  M.  D.  ;  Jesse  P.  Judkins,  M.  D. ;  George  Men- 
denhall,  M.  D.  ;  C.  G.  Comegys,  M.  D.  ;  Jno.  A. 
Murphy,  M.  D.  John  Locke,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  was  a  mem- 
ber, but  not  present. 

The  faculty  was 
organized  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  Jesse  P. 
Judkins,  M.  D.,  as 
dean. 

Such  is  the  con- 
cise  introduction  to 
the  history  of  Miami 
Medical  College,  on 
its  records.  The  fac- 
ulty was  composed  of 
the  following  :  R.  D. 
Mussey,  M.  D.,  pro- 
fessor of  descriptive 
and  operative  surgery, 
J.  P.  Judkins,  M.  D., 
professor  of  surgical 
anatomy  and  surgical 
pathology  ;  Chas.  L. 
Avery,  M.  D.,  ad- 
junct professor  of  an- 
atomy ;  John  F.  White,  M.  D.,  professsor  of  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  ;  George  Mendenhall,  M.  D.,  profes- 
sor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  children  ; 
John  A.  Murphy,  M.  D.,  professor  of  materia  medica, 
therapeutics,  and  medical  jurisprudence  ;  C.  G.  Comegys, 
M.  D.,  professor  of  institutes  of  medicine;  John  Locke, 
Jr.,  professor  of  chemistry. 


J.  C.  Oliver,  M.   D., 

Dean  of  the  Miami  Medical  College 
Since  1901. 


33^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

A  building  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Fifth  Street 
and  Western  Row  (now  Central  Avenue)  was  remodeled 
and  served  well  for  college  purposes  for  several  years. 
In  the  first  circular  issued,  among  other  points  which  ap- 
pear odd  at  this  day,  we  find:  "  Four  years  of  regular 
and  reputable  practice  will  be  received  as  equivalent  to 
one  course  of  lectures.  *  *  Good  boarding  (including 
lights  and  fuel),  from  $3.00  to  $3.00  per  week." 

In  addition  to  attendance  on  clinical  lectures  at 
Commercial  (now  Cincinnati)  Hospital,  the  faculty  pro- 
vided clinical  facilities  by  securing  medical  supervision 
of  St.  John's  Hospital,  at  northwest  corner  of  Third  and 
Plum  Streets,  where  excellent  clinics  were  held,  and  by 
establishing  a  dispensary  at  the  college. 

That  the  faculty  had  decisions  of  character  is  shown 
by  its  action  during  the  first  session,  viz.  :  Resolved^  That 
in  consequence  of  neglect  of  duty  on  the  part  of  Prof. 
,  the  chair  of be  declared  vacant." 

Thirty-two  students  were  matriculated  the  first  ses- 
sion, and  so  prosperous  was  the  college  that  for  the  fifth 
course  of  lectures  there  were  one  hundred  and  four  ma- 
triculants. 

In  1855  Prof.  E.  Williams  opened  an  opthalmologi- 
cal  clinic  in  connection  with  the  college,  the  first  of  the 
kind  west  of  New  York. 

After  five  courses  of  lectures  it  was  deemed  advisable 
to  unite  The  Medical  College  of  Ohio  and  Miami  Medi- 
cal College.  A  coalition  was  effected,  and  Miami  ceased 
to  exist. 

For  several  years  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  absorbed 
the  attention  of  the  people,  and  gave  active  occupation 
to  many  physicians  ;  but  on  the  return  of  peace  the  re- 
vival of  the  college  was  determined   upon,    and    in    1865 


Miami  Mkdical  College, 
South  Side  Twelfth  Street,  Between  Elm  and  Plum, 

[22] 


<337) 


33^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

with  Profs.  Mendenhall,  Judkins,  and  Murphy,  of  the 
original  faculty,  the  school  was  re-established. 

The  first  course  of  lectures  was  delivered  in  the 
dental  college  on  College  Street.  So  heartily  did  the 
profession  approve  the  effort  of  the  faculty,  there  were 
one  hundred  and  fifty-six  matriculants  from  seventeen 
States  at  this  session.  This  success  compelled  immediate 
efforts  for  proper  accommodation  of  the  school,  so  that 
before  the  next  session  began  the  faculty  had  purchased 
the  lot  and  erected  the  building  on  Twelfth  Street,  which 
has  ever  since  been  the  home  of  the  college. 

The  college  has  continued  uninterruptedly  since  its 
reorganization,  constantly  seeking  to  teach  medicine  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  make  thorough  and  reliable  practi- 
tioners. With  this  end  in  view  the  policy  of  the  faculty 
has  been  to  keep  pace  with  every  advance  in  the  require- 
ments of  the  profession.  It  has  consequently  extended 
its  curriculum,  greatly  enlarged  its  teaching  corps,  and 
provided  well-equipped  laboratories  for  chemical,  micro- 
scopical and  bacteriological  study,  and  furnished  abun- 
dant clinical  facilities  in  all  departments.  So  that  to-day 
we  are  justified  in  the  assertion  that  Miami  Medical  Col- 
lege is  in  the  first  rank  of  American  schools  of  medicine. 

Deans. 
J.  P.  Judkins,  1852-53. 
George  Mendenhall,  1853-57  and  1865-73. 
John  A.  Murphy,    1873-82. 
William  Clendenin,  1882-85. 
William  H.  Taylor,  1885-93. 
N.  P.  Dandridge,  1893-1901. 
J.  C.  Oliver,  1901 . 

Secretary. 
Dr.  W.  E.  Lewis,  1902 — — . 


The  Night  Law  School  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.     339 
CHAPTER  XLII. 

THE  NIGHT  LAW  SCHOOL  OF  THE   Y.    M.   C.   A. 

IN  September,  1893,  Robert  M.  Ochiltree,  a  practicing 
attorney,  obtained  permission  from  the  Board  of  Di- 
rectors of  the  Cincinnati  Y.  M.  C.  A.  to  organize  and 
establish  a  law  school  as  a  department  of  their 
Educational  Institute.  After  a  few  weeks'  announcement 
and  preparation  the  school,  with  seventeen  students  en- 
rolled, was  formally  opened  on  the  evening  of  October 
17th. 

This  number  increased  in  a  few  weeks  to  thirty-nine, 
and  each  succeeding  year  has  shown  a  marked  increase  in 
attendance,  passing  the  one  hundred  mark  in  1895.  For 
the  year  ending  June  i,  1903,  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  students  were  enrolled.  The  following  were  among 
the  members  of  the  first  class,  and  were  present  on  the 
opening  night : 

Thos.  J.  Davis,  cashier  Fifth  National  Bank;  John 
D.  DeWitt,  attorney  (1895),  ex-president  Stamina  Re- 
publican League  ;  Frederick  L.  Hoffman,  attorney  ( 1896) , 
member  faculty  (1902)  ;  C.  W.  McKnight,  chief  clerk 
auditing  department  C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R.  (1896)  ;  C.  O. 
Rose,  ticket  agent;  W.  H.  Cowguill,  attorney  (1896)  ; 
I.  L.  Huddle,  attorney  (1896)  ;  Robert  C.  McCouaughy, 
attorney  (1895)  ;  Chas.  P.  Mackelfresh,  attorney  (1895)  ; 
Robt.  J.  Woods,  attorney  (1896);  B.  C.  Stephenson, 
(1897);  ^-  L-  Vickers  (1900);  David  M.  Allen, 
(1896);  R.  L.  Blagg  (1895);  John  G.  Heher,  attorney 
(1895)  ;   and  W.  P.  Lyons,  publisher. 

From  the  opening  of    the    school    year    in    October, 


340 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


1893,  to  September,  1895,  Mr.  Ochiltree  was  the  only  in- 
structor. Beginning  with  1895  the  course  of  two  years' 
study  was  extended  to  three  years,  and  the  faculty  was 
increased  until  at  present  (1903)  twenty-one  members  of 
the  Hamilton  County  bench  and  bar  are  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  work. 

Judge  Howard 
Ferris  delivered  a 
series  of  lectures  be- 
fore the  classes  du- 
ring the  school  year 
1895-96,  and  with 
the  opening  of  the 
school  in  September, 
1896,  he  and  Judge 
Howard  HoUister, 
Judge  Dan  Thew 
Wright ,  Judge 
James  D.  Ermston, 
Thomas  H.  Darby, 
C.  P.  Mackelfresh, 
and  Fred'k  L.  Hoff- 
man became  mem- 
bers of  the  law  fac- 
ulty. 

In  I  8  9  9  t  h  e 
Board  of  Directors, 
in  honor  of  the  presi- 
dent, Mr.  Alexander 
McDonald,  named  the  educational  department  of  that 
institution,  "The  McDonald  Educational  Institute." 
In  June,  1900,  they  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  the  State 
a  copy  of  the  corporate  charter  and    such    schedules    of 


R.  M.  Ochiltree, 

Dean  and  Founder  of  the  Y, 
Law  School. 


M.  C.  A. 


The  Night  Law  School  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.     341 

property  as  were  required  by  law  to  place  the  educa- 
tional work  on  a  regular  college  basis,  giving  them  au- 
thority to  appoint  a  faculty,  prescribe  courses  of  study, 
and  confer  degrees. 

First  Annual  Commencement. 

The  first  annual  commencement  exercises  were  held 
June  26,  1900.  The  Hon.  Ferdinand  Jelke,  Jr.,  delivered 
the  baccalaureate  address,  and  President  D.  B.  Meacham 
conferred  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  laws  upon  the  fol- 
lowing graduates  : 

David  M.  Allen,  Clarence  E.  Baen,  Harlan  Bailey, 
Harry  H.  Bausch,  Samuel  W.  Bell,  Robert  L.  Blagg, 
Charles  Broadwell,  Harry  F.  Brewer,  Glen  G.  Brown, 
Henry  F.  Bulow,  William  A.  Burkamp,  Robert  H. 
Berger,  John  H.  Costello,  William  H.  Cowguill,  John 
D.  DeWitt,  Charles  A.  Davis,  Malcolm  G.  Davies, 
Harry  E.  Engelhardt,  John  O.  Eckert,  Arthur  C.  Fricke, 
Alfred  T.  Fulford,  Charles  A.  Gehrlein,  William  G. 
Griffith,  Frank  Hannaford,  Frederick  L.  Hoffman, 
Charles  H.  Harmeyer,  Victor  H.  Hertwig,  Albert  W. 
Highlands,  John  W.  Heuver,  B.  A.  Hulswitt,  John  W. 
Harrop,  Charles  H.  Jones,  T.  Newton  Jones,  Walter  A. 
Knight,  Joseph  L.  Lackner,  William  Lamb,  William  C. 
Lambert,  Robert  A.  LeBlond,  Simon  Lemonek,  Frank 
P.  Low,  Charles  G.  Martin,  Charles  P.  Mackelfresh, 
Clinton  E.  Mather,  Charles  W.  McKnight,  Robert  C. 
McCouaughy,  Harry  J.  Meyersieck,  Arthur  C.  Minning, 
William  E.  Moore,  William  V.  Muller,  Edward  Mitten- 
dorf.  Christian  F.  Mumm,  George  W.  Piatt,  Gerrit  J. 
Raidt,  James  M.  Riddell,  William  A.  Rinckhoff,  Millard 
F.  Roebling,  Charles  O.  Rose,  David  P.  Schorr,  Frank 
X.  Schaefer,  Jesse  M.  Simon,  Harry  B.  Sprague,  James 
M.  Stone,  Arthur  L.  Vickers,  Frank  C.  Vogelbach,  John 


Howard  Ferris, 

Superior  Court  Judge,  Professor  of  Law 

at  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Law  School.  (342; 


The  Night  Law  School  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.     343 

J.   Ward,   William   Wersel,    Frederick    E.    Wesselman, 
Herman  J.  Witte. 

Of  those  who  have  been  and  are  now  students, 
many  are  college  graduates — Harvard,  Yale,  and  other 
colleges  being  represented,  as  well  as  the  University  and 
high  schools  of  Cincinnati.  All  are  active  young  busi- 
ness men,  occupying  positions  of  trust  and  credit  in  the 
banking  and  mercantile  houses  and  educational  institu- 
tions of  Cincinnati  and  surrounding  cities. 

Instruction — Regular  Course. 

The  lecturers  and  instructors  are  regularly  engaged 
in  the  practical  administration  of  the  law  ;  and,  although 
special  attention  is  given  to 
Ohio  law,  yet  the  general  prin- 
ciple of  jurisprudence,  applica- 
ble alike  to  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, are  carefully  inculcated. 

The    course   of    instruction 
aims  to  combine  the  advantage 
of    all    approved     systems     and 
methods.      It  includes   free  and 
written    lectures,    the    study    of     Alexander  McDonald. 
text-books,     statements    of    im- 
portant decided  cases,  recitations,  keeping  of  note-books, 
reviews,  examinations,  exercises  in  drafting  various  legal 
papers,  the  criticism  of  briefs,    and    arguments    in    moot 
courts,  courses  of  reading,  etc. 

Although  the  aim  of  the  instruction  is  to  teach  a 
knowledge  of  principles,  rather  than  of  mere  cases,  yet 
special  attention  is  given  to  fixing  in  the  mind  of  the 
student  the  leading  decisions  on  all  subjects  of  the  law. 

The  sessions  are  held  in  the  evening  between  the 
hours  of  7  :30  and  9  :30  o'clock. 


344  ScHOOi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

Pleading  and  Practice,  and  Moot  Court. 

A  court  of  practice  forms  a  leading  feature  in  the 
course  of  instruction,  and  each  student  is  required  to  pur- 
sue a  systematic  course  of  instruction  in  the  preparation 
of  all  kinds  of  legal  papers,  such  as  are  likely  to  occupy 
the  attention  of  the  practitioner. 

Two  senior  and  two  middle-year  students,  one  of 
each  act  as  counsel  for  plaintiff  and  defendant,  and  two 
middle-year  students  act  as  associate  justices. 

The  following  members  of  the  Cincinnati  judiciary 
and  bar  have  presided  at  moot  courts  :  Judge  Dan  Thew 
Wright;  Judge  Edward  J.  Dempsey ;  Judge  David 
Davis;  Judge  Otto  Pfleger ;  Edwards  Ritchie,  Esq.; 
Wm.  L.  Dickson,  Esq.;  Adolph  L.  Brown,  Esq.,  de- 
ceased; Wm.  E.  Bundy,  U.  S.  district  attorney. 

Library. 

Provision  is  made  for  the  annual  addition  of  law 
books  to  the  library.  At  present  it  comprises  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  Reports,  the  American  State  Re- 
ports, the  New  York  Reports,  the  Massachusetts  Reports, 
the  Kentucky  Reports,  the  Ohio  and  Ohio  State  Reports 
and  all  reports  of  other  Ohio  courts,  and  many  books  of 
reference,  including  the  works  of  recognized  standard  law 
text-book  writers. 

Graduation  and  Degrees. 

Candidates  for  graduation  must  attain  :  for  a 
degree  of  LL.  B.,  an  average  of  not  less  than  seventy 
per  cent,  in  the  required  studies  of  the  junior  and  middle 
years,  and  a  general  average  of  eighty  per  cent,  at  the 
final  examination  held  at  the  close  of  the  senior  year,  and 
have  been  admitted  to  practice  law  in  the  State  of  which 
they  are  residents. 

The  school  opens  in  September  and  closes  with  com- 


David  Sinton, 

Founder  Y.  M.  C.  A.   (Gave  Over  $120,000)  ;   Donor  of  Art 

Academy  Building,   $97,000;    Established   Sinton   Chair 

of  Economics,    University,   $100,000;   Founder  of 

Sinton  Medals  in  High  Schools.  (345) 


34^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

mencement  exercises  on  the  third  Wednesday  of  June  of 
each  year. 

Law  Faculty. 
The  faculty  for  the  coming  school  year,  1902-3,  is  as 
follows  : 

R.  M.  Ochiltree,  LL.  B.,  dean, 

Judge  Howard  Ferris,  A.  M.,  LL.  B., 

Judge  Dan  Thew  Wright,  LL.  B., 

Judge  Moses  F.  Wilson, 

Rankin  D.  Jones,  LL.  B., 

Lewis  M.  Hosea,  LL.  B., 

Frank  M.  Coppock,  LL.  B., 

Thos.  H.  Darby,  LL.  B., 

Frank  F.  Dinsmore,  LL.  B., 

Fred'k  L.  Hoffman,  A.  B.,  LL.  B. 

Chas.  F.  Williams,  LL.  B., 

D.  P.  Schorr,  LL.  B., 

Stanley  Mathews,  LL.  B., 

Albert  H.  Morrill,  A.  B.  LL.  B. 


CHAPTER  XLIII. 

CINCINNATI    SOCIETY    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

THIS  society  was  organized  January  19,  1870,  with 
twenty-five  members,  and  incorporated  June  20, 
1870,  as  'A  free  public  educational  institution.  For  thirty 
years  it  has  maintained  this  position  by  means  of  its  ori- 
ginal explorations  and  investigations,  its  collections,  and 
for  the  past  nineteen  years  by  annual  courses  of  free  lec- 
tures on  scientific  subjects.  The  lecturers  who  have  been 
presented  to  the  public  under  the  auspices  of  the    society 


The  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History.   347 


have     included    many   of  the  leading  scientists     of    the 
country. 

This  successful  career  in  the  diffusion  of  knowledge 
and  the  advancement  of  science  has  necessitated  at  times 
great  sacrifices  on  the  part  of  the  members,  and  it  is  only 
fitting  that  mention  should  be  made  of  some  of  those, 
now  passed  to  the  great  beyond,  whose  early  labors  made 
possible  the  position  attained  by  the  society  as  an  educa- 
tional factor.  Dr.  John  A. 
Warder,  accomplished  bot- 
a  n  i  s  t  and  horticulturist, 
was  the  president  during 
the  first  five  years..  Dr.  R. 
M.  Byrnes,  Dr.  H\  H.  Hill, 
Mr.  Robert  Clark,  Dr.  W. 
H.  Mussey,  Prof.  J.  F. 
Judge,  Mr.  R.  B.  Moore, 
Mr.  S.  E.  Wright,  Mr. 
Julius  Dexter,  Dr.  Charles 
F.  Low,  and  Dr.  Joseph 
F.  James  were  tireless 
workers  at  a  time  when  the 
outlook  for  any  substantial 
support  for  the  institution 
was  not  very  bright 

Among  members  yet  living  who  upheld  the  society 
in  its  infant  days,  are  Dr.  O.  D.  Norton,  Prof.  G.  W. 
Harper,  Mr.  Davis  L.  James,  Mr.  Charles  Dury,  Dr.  F. 
W.  Langdon,  and  Dr.  J.  H.  Hunt. 

As  the  successor  of  the  Western  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  the  society,  on  September  5,  1871,  received  the 
entire  property  of  the  former  institution,  consisting  of 
about  $350  in  money,  a  library  of  265  volumes,  and  a 
collection  of  specimens  of  natural    history.     The    survi- 


Y.M.  C.  A., 
Seventh  and  Walnut. 


34^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ving  members  of  the  academy  were  elected  life  members 
of  the  society.  Amongst  these  were  U.  P.  James, 
Robert  Buchanan,  George  Graham,  S.  T.  Carley,  E.  O. 
Hurd,  and  J.  M.  Edwards. 

The  society  has  published  its  proceedings  and  contri- 
butions to  science  in  "  The  Journal  of  the  Cincinnati 
Society  of  Natural  history,"  now  in  its  twentieth  volume, 
which  has  brought  it  into  relation,  as  a  working  body, 
with  the  leading  scientific  institutions  of  the  world,  and 
which  enable  it  to  greatly  enhance  its  library 

During  the  first  seven  yearsof  its  existence  the  young 
society  was  dependent  upon  the  membership  dues  to  meet 
current  expenses,  and  in  this  time  of  need  the  trustees  of 
the  Cincinnati  College  liberally  provided  rooms  for  the 
meetings  and  collections  free  of  rent. 

Mr.  Charles  Bodmann,  a  member  of  the  society, 
was  so  impressed  with  the  good  accomplished  for  the 
public  by  such  an  institution  that  he  became  its  most 
conspicuous  benefactor  by  a  bequest  of  $50,000,  which 
w^as  received  in  July,  1877.  A  portion  of  this  has  been 
invested  in  a  home  for  the  society  (now  far  too  small  for 
its  needs)  at  312  Broadway,  and  the  remainder  is  kept  as 
a  permanent  fund  for  the  support  of  the  institution. 

The  large  and  valuable  collections  of  the  society 
illustrate,  as  nothing  else  can,  the  geology  and  mineralogy, 
the  fauna  and  the  flora,  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky, 
and  to  some  extent  of  the  world.  They  are  therefore  of 
great  value  in  teaching  of  the  natural  resources  of  this 
region. 

These  collections  are  open  to  the  public,  without 
charge,  from  9  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m.  daily,  Sundays  and  legal 
holidays  excepted. 

At  present  a  plan  is  under  consideration  looking 
to  the  transfer  to  the  University  of  these  valuable  collec- 


The  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History.     349 

tions  ;  the  only  important  condition  proposed  by  the' so- 
ciety being  the  erection,  by  the  University,  of  a  suitable 
fire-proof  building  to  receive  them,  which  building  shall 
be  open  to  the  public  at  reasonable  hours,  free  of  charge. 
The  present  officers  of  the  society  are  :  President, 
Dr.  C.  R.  Holmes;   First  Vice-President,  Mr.    Davis  L. 


Natural  History  Society  Building, 

It  Contains,  Besides  Lecture  Rooms, 
Extensive  Collections  of  Specimens. 

James;  Second  Vice-President,  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Kelley  ; 
Secretary,  Dr.  Arch  I.  Carson ;  Treasurer,  Mr.  T.  B. 
Collier;  members  at  large  of  the  Executive  Board,  Mr. 
Wm.  Hubbell  Fisher,  Mr.  Charles  Dury,  Dr.  M.  H. 
Fletcher.  Dr.  A.   !•  Woodward  ;     Director    of    Museum, 


350  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Josua  Lindahl,  Ph.  D.  ;  Librarian,  J.  M.  Nickles,  A. 
B.,  M.  S.  ;  Curators,  Prof.  Walter  H.  Aiken,  Botany; 
A.  C.  Billups,  A.  B.,  C.  E.,  Conchology ;  William  Os- 
burn,  A.  M.,  Entomology ;  H.  Wuestner,  Mineralogy; 
Charles  Andrew,  Photography  ;  Publication  Committee, 
Dr.  Joshua  Lindahl,  Editor,  Mr.  Davis  L.  James,  Mr. 
Charles  Dury,  Mr.  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

Presidents. 

1.  Dr.  John  A.  Warder,  1870-75. 

2.  Samuel  A.  Miller,  1875-76. 

3.  Dr.  W.  H.  Mussey,  1876-77. 

4.  R.  B.  Moore,   1877-78. 

5.  V.  T.  Chambers,  1878-80. 

6.  Dr.  R.  M.  Byrnes,  1880-83. 

7.  Dr.  J.  H.  Hunt,  1883-05. 

8.  Prof.  Geo.  W.  Harper,  1885-86. 

9.  Dr.  Walter  A.  Dun,  1886-87. 

10.  J.  Ralston  Skinner,  1887-89. 

11.  Wm.  Hubbell  Fisher,  1889-90. 

12.  Col.  J.  W.  Albert,  1890-92. 

13.  T.  B.  Collier,  1892-94. 

14.  D.  L.  James,  1894-96. 

15.  Dr.  F.  W.  Langdon,  1896-97. 

16.  Charles  Dury,  1897-98. 

17.  Dr.  O.  D.  Norton,  1898-99 

18.  Dr.  M.  H.  Fletcher,  1899-1901. 

19.  Dr.  C.  R.  Holmes,    1901 . 


CuviER  Club.  35 


CHAPTER   XLIV. 


CUVIER    CLUB. 


ONE  of  the  institutions  that  plays  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Cincinnati  scliool  system  is  the  Cuvier  Club, 
No.  30  Longworth  Street.  In  187 1  a  few  gentleman, 
fond  of  field  sports,  determined  to  form  a  sportsman's 
society,  whose  object  should  be  to  elevate  the  tone  of  field 
sports  and  to  enforce  the  game  laws.  They  organized 
the  Ohio  State  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Game  and 
Fish,    and    for  a  time  met  in  private  offices. 

They  soon  rented  a  room,  No.  200  West  Fourth 
Street,  where  they  met  until  February  5,  1874.  January 
I,  1875,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Cuvier  Club,  in 
honor  of  the  French  naturalist.  On  January  i,  1875,  in- 
vitations were  sent  out  to  citizens  at  large,  and  a  public 
reception  was  held  later,  about  five  hundred  visitors 
responding.  January  14,  1882,  the  club  met  for  the  first 
time  in  its  present  building.  A  reception  was  held  on 
the  occasion,  over  1,500  ladies  and  gentlemen  attending. 
It  was  decided  to  have  a  museum.  Social  features  were 
also  made  prominent,  and  an  annual  banquet,  held  every 
November,  was  provided  for.  This  is  now  one  of  the 
events  of  the  year. 

The  museum  comprises  2,000  birds,  192  fishes,  99 
animals  and  1,300  birds'  eggs.  The  library  is  a  rare  col- 
lection of  standard  works  on  natural  history,  most  of 
them  presented  to  the  society  by  Alexander  Starbuck 
(president  1900).  The  museum  is  open  to  the  public. 
Numerous  teachers  bring  their  classes  here  to  study    bird 


352 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


life  and  other  natural  curiosities.  On  several  occasions 
there  have  been  so  many  children  in  attendance  that  it 
was  necessary  to  secure  the  attendance  of  police  to  assist 
in  caring  for  the  crowds.  The  museum  is  free,  and  is 
constantly  sought  by  students  and  teachers  of  natural 
history.     Mr.  Charles   Dury,    the    costodian,    frequently 

lectures  in  the  schools 
on  natural  history 
topics.  The  Audu- 
bon Society  meets 
here.  The  C  u  v  i  e  r 
Club  has  done  more 
to  create  a  love  and 
respect  for  bird  and 
animal  life  than  any 
other  organization  in 
the  city.  At  present 
the  club  is  contem- 
plating moving  to 
more  commodious 
quarters,  where  it  can 
have  a  larger  museum 
room  and  more  lecture 
rooms. 


Dr.  Frank  W.  Langdon, 

Professor  Miami  Medical  College 

Neurologist  to  the  Cincinnati 

Hospital. 


THE  AUDUBON  SOCI- 
ETY OF  THE  STATE 
OF  OHIO. 


The  purposes  of  this  society  are  : 

1.  To  disseminate  a  knowledge  of  birds,  and  to 
teach  their  relations  to  man. 

2.  To  impart  information  respecting  the  economic 
value  of  birds  to  agriculture,  and  their  general  impor- 
tance to  the  welfare  of  man. 


Benn  Pitman. 

Benn  Pitman  was  born  in  England,  July  24, 
1822;  trained  for  an  architect,  but  came  to  the 
U.  S.  to  publish  books  and  further  the  spread 
of  the  phonetic  art;  inventor  of  the  electro 
process  of  relief  engraving  (1855).  It  was  in 
his  office  and  at  his  expense  that  the  first  suc- 
cessful results  of  photo  relief  engraving  were 
obtained  bj  Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  in  1865.  In  1858 
Mr.  Pitman  published  a  work  on  elementary 
mathematical  drawing.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  military  recorder.  He  reported  and 
edited  most  of  the  State  trials,  etc.  For 
twenty  years  he  taught  artistic  carving  at  the 
Cincinnati  Art  Academy.  Was  president  of 
Phonographic  Institute  Co.  and  biographer  of 
his  brother,  Sir  Isaac  Pitman.  [352A] 


Wm.  Hubbell  Fisher, 

President  Audubon  Society  Since  its  Organ- 
ization and  Director  of  the  Natural 
[3S2B]  History  Society. 


CuviER  Club.  353 

3.  To  cultivate  a  sensibility  to  the  beauty  of  living 
birds,  and  to  the  attraction  they  confer  upon  the  objects 
of  nature. 

4.  To  promote  an  abiding  interest  in  birds  and  in 
the  study  of  ornithology. 

5.  To  encourage  the  protection  of  birds,  their  nests, 
eggs,  and  haunts. 

6.  To  discourage  all  reckless  and  wanton  destruction 
of  any  birds. 

7.  To  discourage  the  wearing  of  feathers,  except 
those  of  our  domestic  fowl  and  of  the  ostrich. 

8.  To  encourage  and  provide,  so  far  as  practicable, 
for  the  education  of  children  and  adults  upon  any  and  all 
of  the  aforementioned  objects. 

This  society  was  organized  October  21,  1898. 

Its  first  officers  were  :  President,  William  Hubbell 
Fisher;  vice-president,  William  H.  Venable  ;  recording 
secretary,  Harriet  H.  Hastings  ;  corresponding  secretary, 
Clara  Russell. 

The  society  was  duly  incorporated  in  March,  1900, 
as  '*  The  Audubon  Society  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  and  has 
been  very  active  through  its  members  in  promoting  the 
protection  of  birds  and  of  bird  life  throughout  the  City  of 
Cincinnati  and  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  many  of  its  mem- 
bers have  frequently  addressed  the  pupils  of  the  district, 
intermediate,  and  high  schools,  to  enlist  their  efforts  for 
the  protection  of  birds. 

The  society  meets  once  a  month  in  the  Cuvier  Club 
and  hears  lectures  and  reports  of  committees.  These 
meetings  are  enjoyable  and  instructive. 

[23I 


354  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


CHAPTER  VL. 

THE    HAYWARD    SCHOOL    OF    ELOCUTION. 

THE  Hay  ward  School  of  Elocution,  which  has  its 
home  at  No.  518  E.  Fourth  Street,  was  founded 
less  than  five  years  ago  by  Mrs.  Frances  Rolph  Hayward. 

The  advent  into  the  States  of  the  Middle  West 
of  institutions  devoted  exclusively  to  the  teaching  of 
voice  culture,  and  the  forensic  and  dramatic  arts,  is  of 
comparatively  recent  date.  They  have  come  none  to 
soon,  if  the  "  American  voice  "  is  to  be  eliminated,  and 
our  future  generations  are  to  be  free  from  reproach  that 
we  have  the  least  cultured  voices  of  any  of  the  greater 
people  of  the  earth. 

The  Hayward  School,  with  a  well-equipped  faculty 
of  experienced  teachers,  has  been  a  success  from  the  be- 
ginning. Mrs.  Hayward  in  herself  presents  a  remark- 
able instance  of  what  correct  training  may  do  for  the 
voice  and  for  the  preservation  of  those  physical  adjuncts 
that  are  so  essential  in  callings  where  perfect  control  of 
the  vocal  powers  is  a  first  requisite. 

Her  early  school  training  was  under  the  best  mas- 
ters in  England,  and  in  her  home  life  she  was  fortunate 
in  the  tutelage  of  her  distinguished  father ;  for  she  is  a 
daughter  of  the  late,  the  Honorable  Dr.  John  Rolph,  of 
Cambridge,  England,  who  later  became  eminent  in  the 
annals  of  Canada  as  a  conspicuous  leader  in  that  great 
Parliamentary  struggle  which  wrested  from  Great  Britain, 
for  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  those  measures  of  liberal 
reform  which,  in  our  own  land,  were  gained  only  by  the 


Mrs.  Frances  Rolph  Hayward, 

Principal  of  the  Hajward  School  of  Elocution,      For  Many  Years 
Instructor  of  Elocution  in  the  Cincinnati  Law  School.         (355) 


35^  ScHooi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

long  and  bloody  struggle  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Dr.  John  Rolph,  statesman,  lawyer,  orator,  and  physi- 
cian, was  a  man  of  rare  gifts,  and  his  daughter's  endow- 
ments are  but  the  natural  fruit  of  heredity  and  training. 

Perhaps  the  highest  tribute  to  her  ability  that  she 
has  ever  received  in  this  the  land  of  her  adoption,  was  a 
position  accorded  her  for  many  years  as  teacher  of 
elocution  at  the  Cincinnati  Law  School.  It  is  not  often 
that  a  woman  is  chosen  to  instruct  classes  composed  ex- 
clusively of  men.  The  letter  of  Gen.  Jacob  D.  Cox,  for 
a  long  time  dean  of  the  law  school,  attesting  her  suc- 
cess as  an  instructress,  and  expressing  his  regret  at  losing 
her  services,  is  among  her  most  prized  testimonials. 

The  past  year  has  been  the  most  prosperous  of  the 
school's  existence.  In  addition  to  all  that  is  implied  in 
the  term  elocution,  the  Hayward  School  includes  in  its 
curriculum  voice  culture  and  training  for  the  stage, 
classes  in  physical  culture,  languages  and  English  lit- 
erature. The  school  thus  firmly  established  bids  fair  to 
grow  and  maintain  its  present  high  place  among  the  edu- 
cational institutions  of  our  city.  It  has  already  done 
much  to  awaken  a  hitherto  unknown  appreciation  of  the 
fact  that  grace  of  voice  is  as  essential  as  grace  of  presence 
and  manners  among  the  requisites  of  polite  life. 


CHAPTER  VLI. 

THE    NORMAL    SCHOOL. 

Carrie  Newhall  Lathrop. 

THE  Cincinnati  Normal    School    was    established    in 
September,  1868.      One  room  in  the  Eighth  District 
building  was  assigned  to  the  students,  and  two  rooms  of 


The  Normal  School.  357 

children  of  the  first  four  years  of  school  were  set  apart 
for  a  practice  department.  The  length  of  the  course 
was  one  year,  and,  in  order  to  induce  young  women  to 
take  the  training,  the  Board  of  Education  passed  a  regu- 
lation which  made  a  diploma  from  the  Normal  School 
equivalent  in  salary  to  two  years'  experience  in  teaching, 


MONTAVILLE    FlOWERS, 

Leading  American  Monologuist ;   Formerly 
Superintendent  of  Norwood  Public  Schools. 

so  that  the  graduate  of  the  Normal  School  began  teach- 
ing on  a  salary  of  $500,  and  her  untrained  associate  re- 
ceived only  $400. 

Such    a    consideration,    combined    with   the   profes- 
sional training,  attracted  to  the  city  a  number  of  experi. 


358  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

enced  teachers,  some  of  them  women  of  mature  years, 
who  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  better  their 
condition  professionally  and  pecuniarily.  At  that  time 
the  school  was  the  first  of  its  kind  and  size  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains.  The  plans  for  its  establishment 
were  conceived  in  great  wisdom,  after  earnest,  patient 
investigation  of  other  normal  schools,  and  then  wisely 
and  skillfully  adapted  to  the  needs  and  environment  of 
this  city.  It  was  established  on  an  exceedingly  broad 
basis  of  those  times,  and  indeed  many  of  its  features 
might  well  appear  in  the  best-equipped  normal  schools 
of  to-day.  For  this  a  debt  of  gratitude  is  due  the  Com- 
mittee on  Normal  School  and  to  John  Hancock,  superin- 
tendent. 

For  the  head  of  the  school  was  selected  a  graduate 
of  the  State  Normal  School,  of  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Miss  Sa- 
rah D.  Dungan,  who,  however,  resigned  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  owing  to  her  marriage.  She  is  now  Mrs.  Sa- 
rah D.  Jenkins,  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and  has  under  her 
charge  the  English  department  of  the  Preparatory  School 
for  Cornell  University,  the  English  in  the  public  schools 
of  Ithaca,  and  she  is  editor  of  The  Popular  Educator. 

In  the  second  year  of  the  life  of  the  school  another 
principal  came  from  the  East  to  take  charge  of  the  work 
just  begun.  Miss  Delia  A.  Lathrop,  a  graduate  of  the 
Albany  State  Normal  School  and  a  former  teacher  in  the 
Oswego  Normal  School.  After  a  service  of  eight  years 
Miss  Lathrop  resigned,  upon  her  marriage  to  Prof.  W. 
Williams,  of  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  O.  Of  late 
years  she  has  given  to  the  Ohio  State  Teachers'  Associ- 
ation, as  well  as  to  herself,  lasting  renown  by  suggesting 
and  planning  a  reading  circle  for  the  teachers  of  Ohio, 
a  movement  which  has  extended  to  every  State  in  the 
Union  and  to  Canada. 


The  Normal  School. 


359 


Fortunately  for  the  normal,  Mr.  Hancock's  imme- 
diate successor.  John  B.  Peaslee,  proved  a  staunch  sup- 
porter. As  the  school  grew  in  influence  and  in  strength, 
and  as  the  benefits  of  its  training  were  recognized,  the 
Board  of  Education  rescinded  the  regulation  permitting 
graduates  of  the  Normal  School  an  increased  salary,  but 
gave  them  the  preference  for  appointment,  other  things 
being  equal. 

In  1 87 1  a  German  course  was  introduced  with  a  Ger- 
man practice  department.  This  was  the  first  normal 
school,  it  is  said,  which  provided 
just  such  a  course.  Mr.  Karl 
Knortz  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
this  department.  This  position 
he  occupied  for  two  years,  when 
George  H.  Borger  succeeded  him. 
Mr.  Borger  continued  until  his 
death,  December,  1882,  when  Mr. 
L.  R.  Klemm  was  appointed. 

Upon  the  resignation  of  Miss 
Lathrop,  Andrew  Knell  was  ap- 
pointed principal.  Owing  to  ill- 
ness, however,  he  was  obliged  to 
resign  after  but  one  year  of  ser- 
vice. Immediately  ■  after,  John 
Mickleborough  assumed  charge  of 

the  school.  Mr.  Mickleborough  resigned  after  serving 
seven  years,  and  is  now  head  master  of  the  Boy's  High 
School,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  For  a  few  months  after  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Mickleborough,  and  prior  to  his  own 
resignation,  Mr.  Klemm  acted  as  principal,  having 
charge  of  the  instruction  of  both  English  and  German. 
Immediately  following,  Mrs.  Carrie  Newhall  Lathrop 
was  appointed  principal   of  the  school,    and    the    entire 


Joseph  Moses, 

Elected  Member  Board 
of  Education,  1874. 


360 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


charge  of  the  German  department  was  given  to  Mrs.  Jo- 
hanna M.  Huising,  who  acted  as  critic-teacher  in  the 
practice  department  and  gave  instruction  to  the  German 
class  for  one  hour  in  the  day.  These,  with  two  critic- 
teachers  of  the  English  practice  department,  first  and 
second  year  of  school,  constituted  the  teaching  force  of 
the  school.  In  course  of  time  two  teachers  were  added  to 
the  department  of  instruction,  but  the  pupils  received 
what  practice  was  possible  in  the  third  and  fourth  grades 
in  the  schools  throughout  the  city. 

One  may  read 
something  of  the  his- 
tory of  educational 
affairs  in  Cincinnati 
by  observing  the 
changes  in  the  rules 
and  regulations  per- 
taining to  admission 
into  and  graduation 
from  the  Normal 
School,  the  changes 
indicating  different 
conditions  and  dif- 
ferent needs.  The 
graduates  of  the  city 
high  schools  have  always  been  admitted  on  their  diplo- 
mas. For  a  time  graduates  of  high  schools  in  the  county 
and  from  the  cities  of  Covington  and  Newport  were  ad- 
mitted on  the  diplomas  of  those  schools,  paying  a  tuition 
fee  of  sixty  dollars.  Non-graduates  were  admitted  either 
by  special  examination  or  on  teacher's  certificates.  La- 
ter, under  the  administration  of  Dr.  E.  E.  White,  all 
persons  not  graduates  of  the  city  high  schools  were  re- 
quired to  pass  a  special  examination  for  admission,   and 


Garfield  School, 

Cumminsville;  Erected  1897;  Cost 
$62,897;  18  Rooms,  Seats,  1008 
Pupils  ;^J.  H.  Locke,  Princi- 
pal ;  L.  E.  Keller,  Trustee. 


The  Normal  School.  361 

gradually  the  standards  of  these  entrance  examinations 
were  raised.  The  course  was  extended  to  one  year  and  a 
half.  Still  later,  during  the  administration  of  W.  H. 
Morgan,  only  those  graduates  of  the  city  high  schools 
who  had  attained  an  average  of  80%  were  admitted 
without  examination,  the  others  being  admitted  on  spe- 
cial examinations,  in  which  they  were  required  to  attain 
80%.  Provision  was  made  by  which  university  gradu- 
ates could  take  a  special  course  in  primary  methods  and 
practice  in  five  months.  In  the  class  of  1899  there  were 
ten  university  graduates,  and  in  that  of  1900  eight. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Education,  May  7, 
1900,  the  Committee  on  Normal  Schools  submitted  the 
following  resolution,  which  was  adopted  : 

'•'•Resolved^  That  at  the  termination  of  the  current 
Normal  School  session  in  February,  1901,  the  school  be 
suspended,  and  that  the  superintendent  of  schools  be  re- 
quested to  assign  the  teachers  of  the  Normal  School  to 
other  regular  work.  The  present  Normal  School  class 
to  be  continued  to  the  end  of  the  present  Normal  School 
year." 

The  number  of  graduates  since  September,  1868,  is  : 
English,  1,153;  German,  328.  Total,  1,418.  At  the 
close  of  the  thirty-two  years  of  its  existence,  the  Normal 
School  had  sent  out  over  fifteen  hundred   graduates. 


CHAPTER  VLII. 

THE    AGNOSTIC    SUNDAY    SCHOOL. 

OUT  of  the  ordinary  is  the  Agnostic  Sunday  School, 
which  meets  every  Sunday  morning  at  Lincoln  Inn 
Court,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction  in  morals  to 


Charles  S.  Sparks. 


(362) 


The  Agnostic  Sunday  School.  363 

those  who  attend.  The  "course  of  study  "  is  modeled 
after  that  of  the  public  schools  in  nature  study.  Chil- 
dren are  not  taught  to  antagonize  doctrines  from  which 
good  may  be  derived,  but  are  told  how  to  weed  out  the  bad, 
that  is,  they  are  taught  facts.  The  "Golden  Rule"  of  Con- 
fucius is  used  as  the  basis.  This  rule  is  :  "  What  you 
do  not  like  when  done  to  yourself,  do  not  do  to  others." 

Lessons  in  morals  are  interwoven  with  natural  his- 
tory. Plants  and  the  lower  animals,  in  their  relation  to 
man  and  themselves,  are  made  topics  for  discussion. 
All  supernaturalism  is  stripped  off,  and  the  attempt  is 
made  to  have  the  pupils  see  nature  as  it  is,  or  rather, 
perhaps,  to  understand  what  is  known,  leaving  out  en- 
tirely the  elements  of  mystery. 

The  school  was  founded  Sunday,  February  3,  1901, 
by  Charles  S.  Sparks,  who  is  the  superintendent  and 
moving  spirit.  Mr.  Sparks  is  one  of  the  well-known 
attorneys  and  a  lecturer  of  national  prominence  on  ag- 
nosticism and  kindred  scientific  subjects. 

The  creed  of  the  school  is  as  follows  : 

"I  believe  that  when  one  is  dead  and  buried  he  is 
seen  and  heard  of  no  more.  I  believe  that  we  w^ill  know^ 
as  much  after  we  are  dead  as  we  knew  before  we  were 
born  ;  that  after  we  are  dead  we  will  be  as  dead — uncon- 
scious— as  we  were  before  we  were  born.  I  believe  that 
whatever  we  can  get  with  prayer  we  can  get  without  it. 
I  believe  that  all  sprang  from  a  common  cause  or  source. 
I  believe  that  the  chief  object  in  life  is  to  promote  human 
happiness.  I  believe  good-will  is  the  source  of  good 
deeds.  I  believe  that  kindness  begets  kindness,  and 
virtue  is  its  own  reward.  I  believe  that  education  will 
solve  all  the  myths,  miracles,  and  miseries  of  the  world. 
I  believe  in  the  equal  rights  of  all,  and  in  the  brotherhood 
of  mankind.     I  will  ever  strive  to  enlighten  and  better 


3^4 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


the  condition  of  my  fellow  beings.      So  be  each  personal 
eflFort  all  over  the  world,  now  and  forever." 

There  are  now  in  attendance  from  35  to  40  children 
and  from  40  to  50  adults.  These  are  divided  into  five 
grades,  or  classes,  under  skilled  instructors. 

JENNIE    o'kEEFE    MANN. 

Mrs.  Jennie 
O'Keefe  Mann,  a 
product  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati  public 
schools,  taught  for 
32  consecut  i  ve 
years  in  the  day 
schools,  and  8  years 
in  the  night  schools. 
Taught  under 
Lyman  Harding, 
John  Hancock, 
John.  B.  Peaslee, 
Emerson  E.  White. 
Married  John  C. 
Mann.  Taught  in 
the  Newburyport 
(Massachusetts) 
Training  School, 
and  for  9  years  past 
has  conducted  a 
private  school 
coaching  for  vari- 
ous examinations.  Her  scholars  are  found  occupying 
various  positions.  She  is  energetic  and  persevering,  and 
is  enthusiastic  in  her  devotion  to  the  profession. 

Mrs.  Mann  is  a  writer  on  educational  topics,  and  is 
the  author  of  numerous  sketches. 


Jennie  O'Keefe  Mann. 


Public  Library.  365 


CHAPTER  IIL. 


PUBLIC    LIBRARY. 


CINCINNATI  had  the  first  public  library  in  Ohio. 
It  began  operations  March  6,  1802,  and  grew  out  of 
a  popular  movement.  It  was  organized  in  the  famous 
Yeatman  Tavern,  the  first  meeting  to  organize  being 
held  there  in  February  of  1802.  Twenty-five  persons, 
representing  thirty-four  shares  of  stock  at  $10  each,  or 
$340,  were  interested.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  the  first  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Northwest  Territory  and  of  Ohio,  headed 
the  subscription  list.  Louis  Kerr  was  librarian.  For 
some  years  the  history  of  the  library  is  missing.  In  1808 
the  legislature  was  petitioned  to  incorporate  the  library. 
In  181 1  the  charter  was  obtained.  In  1814  about  300 
volumes  were  in  circulation.  In  18 16  there  were  1,400 
volumes,  valued  at  13,000.  It  was  housed  in  the  Cincin- 
nati College  building,  known  as  the  Lancaster  Seminary. 
David  Cathcart  was  librarian.  In  1826  the  library  had 
run  down,  and  had  1,300  volumes.  Eventually  it  was 
closed,  and  the  books  were  packed  in  the  cellar  of  a  book- 
store on  Main  Street. 

The  Public  Library  of  to-day  was  founded  by  act  of 
March  14,  1853.  Sixteen  school  libraries  were  started, 
but  consolidated  into  the  "Cincinnati  Common  School 
and  Family  Library,"  on  December  18,  1854.  Fifteen 
hundred  books  were  purchased  ;  and  the  library  opened  in 
the  Central  School  Building  July,  1856,  saw  a  removal 
to  the  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute  building.  Sixth  and  Vine. 

On  the  17th  day  of  August,  1868,  the  Handy  Opera 
House  property,  which  was  about  to    be    sold    at    public 


N.    D.    C.    HODGKS, 

Elected  Public  Librarian  April  20,  1900. 


(366) 


Public  Library  367 

auction,  was  examined  by  the  library  committee  and 
afterward  purchased  for  $83,000.  The  building  was  re- 
modeled by  J.  W.  McLaughlin.  In  1869  Mr.  Freeman 
resigned,  to  take  a  position  in  the  schools,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  W.  F.  Poole,  who  opened  the  library  of  to-day 
in  the  front  part  of  the  present  building  on  December  9, 
1870.  Mr.  Poole  had  been  engaged  and  took  charge  at 
the  Mechanics  Institute  building  on  November  5,  1869. 
His  first  official  act  was  to  appoint  W.  E.  Barnwell  as- 
sistant. Mr.  Poole  resigned  in  1873  to  go  to  Chicago. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  famous  "Poole's  Index." 
Thomas  Vickers  succeeded  Mr.  Poole.  The  present 
front  was  added  to  the  building,  and  was  dedicated  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1874,  Hon.  Geo.  H.  Pendleton  making  the 
dedicatory  address.  In  1880  Mr.  Vickers  was  succeeded 
by  Chester  W.  Merrill.  November  26,  1886,  A.  W. 
Whelpley  became  librarian.  February  19,  1900,  Mr. 
Whelpley  was  stricken  with  apoplexy  and  died  the  same 
night.  On  April  20,  1900,  N.  I).  C.  Hodges  was  elec- 
ted to  fill  out  the  unexpired  term  of  Mr.  Whelpley.  He 
assumed  charge  on  May  loth.  His  salary  is  $3,500.  Mr. 
Hodge?  at  the  time  of  his  election  was  in  charge  of  the 
scientific  department  of  the  library  of  Harvard  College, 
a  life  position.  For  some  years  prior  to  his  entering 
upon  that  work  he  had  been  connected  with  the  Astor 
branch  of  the  New  York  Free  Public  Library.  Previous 
thereto,  for  ten  years  he  was  editor  of  the  magazine 
Science.  He  is  an  alumnus  of  Harvard,  class  1874,  and 
has  been  a  tutor  there. 

LIBRARIANS. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Christin,  from ,  to  July  3,  1855. 

John  D.  Caldwell,  from  July  3,  1655,  to  March  16,  1856. 
N.  Peabody  Poor,  from  Nov.  2,  1857,  to  April  22,  1866. 


Reuben  Springer,  Founder  College  of  Music.  (368) 


Public   Library.  369 


Lewis  Freeman,  from  April  22,  1866,  to  Nov.  5, 
W.  F.  Poole,  from  Nov.  15,  1869,  to  Dec.  31,  1873. 
Thos.  V^ickers,  from  Jan.  i,  1874,  to  Dec.  31,  1879. 
Chester  W.  Merrill,  from  Jan.  i,  1880,  to  Nov.  26,  1886. 
Albert  W.  Whelpley,  from  Nov.  26,  1886,  to  Feb.  19,  1900. 
N.  D.  C.  Hodges,  from  April  20,  1900,  to . 

YOUNG    MEN'S    MERCANTILE    LIBRARY. 

The  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  was  founded 
April  18,  1835,  and  chartered  in  1836.  The  library  was 
first  opened  in  the  Ames  Building  on  Main  Street.  After 
several  removals  it  found  permanent  headquarters  in  the 
Cincinnati  College,  on  the  east  side  of  Walnut,  between 
Fourth  and  Fifth.  Here  it  has  remained  ever  since  Jan- 
uary 19,  1845.  This  building  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  all 
the  books  were  saved.  The  present  building  is  to  be 
torn  down  and  replaced  with  a  "sky  scraper,"  on  the 
tenth  floor  of  which  the  Y.  M.  M.  L.  will  have  perma- 
nent rooms.  In  1902  Andrew  Carnegie  gave  $180,000 
for  six  branch  libraries 


CHAPTER  IL. 

COLLEGE    OF    MUSIC. 

THE  COLLEGE  OF  MUSIC  is  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Its  object  is  to 
"  cultivate  a  taste  for  music,  to  organize  a  school  of  in- 
struction and  practice,"  etc. 

The  first  session  began  October  14,  1878.  Reuben 
Springer  and  other  citizens  endowed  it,  Mr.  Springer 
alone  giving  $306,750.  The  institution  is  eleemosynary, 
the    entire   income    being    devoted    to    school    purposes. 

[24] 


(370) 


W.  S.  Sterling, 
Dean   College  of  Music. 


*  College  of  Music.  371 

There  are  fifteen  trustees  elected  by  the  stockholders. 
The  buildings  (valued  at  $200,000)  adjoin  Music  Hall. 
In  May,  1900,  J.  G.  Schmidlapp  donated  $50,000,  to  be 
used  in  erecting  a  handsome  dormitory  in  memory  of  his 
wife,  who  had  been  killed  a  few  weeks  previous  in  a  rail- 
road accident  near  Kansas  City.  His  daughter,  a  young 
lady,  also  met  death  at  the  same  time. 

The  college  has  some  forty  rooms  for  instruction. 
Then  there  is  the  Odeon,  used  for  concert  purposes,  and 
the  Lyceum  for  smaller  audiences.  The  college  has  two 
departments,  an  academic  and  the  general  music  school. 
The  school  has  about  ]  ,000  pupils  and  is  rapidly  taking 
its  place  among  the  formost  institutions  of  its  kind. 


CHAPTER  L. 

CINCINNATI    CONSERVATORY    OF    MUSIC. 

THE  history  of  musical  culture  in  Cincinnati  is  inti- 
mately connected  with  that  of  the  Cincinnati  Con- 
servatory of  Musio.  Miss  Clara  Baur,  for  so  many 
years  the  directress,  may  pride  herself  on  the  distinction 
of  having  organized  the  first  music  school,  in  the  winter 
of  1867.  The  development  was  rapid,  the  success  com- 
plete. 

Of  Miss  Baur  it  has  been  truthfully  written  : 
' '  She  was  the  first  to  awaken  interest  in  the  broad  and 
thorough  culture  of  the  great  refining  art ;  the  first  to 
inculcate  the  necessity  for  instruction  in  the  science  as 
well  as  the  art  of  music  ;  the  first  to  conceive  the  dis- 
tinction of  Cincinnati  in  musical  taste. 

"  From  the  first  organization  of  the  Conservatory  it 


Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music.         373 

was  Miss  Baur's  aim  to  select  the  very  best  professional 
talent  for  her  faculty.  It  was  largely  ,  owing  to  her 
conscientiousness  and  good  fortune  in  this  regard  that 
her  school  was  blessed  with  such  uniform  prosperity  and 
success.  Far  and  near,  all  over  the  country,  its  reputa- 
tion became  more  and  more  firmly  established  long  before 
any  other  musical  institution  had  been  founded.  The 
Conservatory,  under  her  discreet  management,  was 
always  blessed  with  a  distinct,  consistent  method  in  all 
departments,  a  large  and  varied  faculty  of  musicians, 
endowed  with  natural  gifts,  and  prepared  by  high  cul- 
ture to  represent  their  specialties ;  two  requisites  most 
necessary  for  the  perfect  efficiency  of  a  music  school 
Herself  trained  in  the  famous  Stuttgart  Conservatory, 
with  the  view  of  becoming  thoroughly  imbued  with  all 
the  elements  of  knowledge  required  for  the  direction  of  a 
music  school.  Miss  Baur  was  from  the  start  eminently 
fitted  for  the  responsibilities  which  she  assumed,  and  car- 
ried out  subsequently  with  such  indomitable  energy  and 
persevering  success." 

In  the  spring  of  1902  the  Conservatory  removed 
from  Fourth  and  Lawrence  to  the  present  building,  the 
Shillito  mansion.  Highland  Avenue  and  Oak  Street. 


CHAPTER  LI. 

OHIO    MILITARY    INSTITUTE. 

IN  the  year  1833  Freeman  G.  Cary,  a  brother  of  the 
well-known  temperance  lecturer,  Gen.  Samuel  F. 
Cary,  established  an  academy  at  Pleasant  Hill,  now  Col- 
lege   Hill,    a   suburb    of    Cincinnati.      This    school    was 


374 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


maintained  as  a  private  undertaking  by  Mr.  Gary  for 
twelve  years,  during  which  time  the  attendance  increased 
from  eight  to  one  hundred  pupils.  The  school  having 
grown  beyond  Mr.  Gary's  means  to  care  for  all  who 
sought  admission,  in  1846  a  movement  was  set  on  foot 
which  resulted  in  the  incorporation  of  an  institution  of 
collegiate  rank,  under  the  title  of  the  "  Farmers'  GoUege 
of  Hamilton  County."     The  Gary  Academy  was  merged 

in  the  new  institution, 
of  which  Mr.  Gary 
was  chosen  the  first 
president.  Associa- 
ted with  him  were  the 
Rev.  John  W.  Scott, 
D.  D.,  and  the  Rev. 
Robert  H.  Bishop, 
D.  D.,  late  president 
of  Miami  University. 
Dr.  Bishop  was  one 
of  the  ablest  teachers 
of  the  West,  and  his 
grave,  a  simple  mound 
of  earth  on  the  college 
campus,  is  for  his  old 
pupils  and  friends  a 
place  of  pilgrimage 
to-day. 

The  halls  of  the 
commodious  building  that  had  been  erected  by  means  of 
a  popular  subscription,  to  which  over  400  persons  were 
contributors,  were  at  once  crowded  with  students.  In 
1848  there  were  109  students  in  the  college  proper,  and 
173  in  the  preparatory  department. 

The  rapid  growth  of  the   institution    very    soon    de 


Rev.  John  Hugh  Ely, 

Regent  Ohio  Military  Institute, 
College  Hill. 


Ohio  Military  Institute. 


375 


manded  enlarged  facilities.  By  means  of  the  issue  of 
limited  and  perpetual  scholarships,  an  endowment  fund 
of  $100,000  was  raised,  and  the  charter  was  modified  (in 
1852)  so  as  to  vest  the  entire  property  in  the  holders  of 
those  certificates.  Every  perpetual  scholarship,  the  par 
value  of  which  was 
$100,  entitled  the 
owners  thereof  to  free 
tuition  for  one  pupil. 
The  scholarships 
proved  in  the  end  an 
embarrassment  to  this 
institution,  since  the 
time  came  when  a 
hundred  dollars  sub- 
scription to  this  en- 
dowment fund  was  an 
entirely  inadequate 
return  for  the  exemp- 
tion from  the  payment 
of  tuition  fees. 

At  the  same  time 
that  these  changes 
were  effected,  the 
scholarship  owners, 
many  of  whom  were 
farmers,  resolved,  in 
order  "to  render  the  Head  Master  Ohio  Military  Institute, 
institution   what  it 

should  be,  and  meet  the  demands  of  the  age,"  to  establish 
an  experimental  farm,  and  to  provide  for  the  giving  of 
instruction  in  practical  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

To  carry  into    effect   this    resolution,    $100,000    was 
raised,  and  a  tract  of  land  of  about  100  acres,  in  proximity 


WiLMER    L.    SiLING, 


376 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


to  the  college  building,  was  secured,  and  "  ornamentally- 
and  tastefully  laid  out,  with  conservatory,  greenhouse, 
aviary,  vinery,  and  various  fruitages,  properly  located 
and  kept  in  a  model  way  ;  the  first  complete  institution 
of  its  kind  organized  on  the  continent  of  America." 

This  department  of  the  college  proved  a  failure  and 


Ohio  Military  INvStitute. 

eventually  the  ''  Model  Farm  "  was  sold,  and  the  pro- 
ceeds turned  into  the  general  endowment  fund  of  the 
institution. 

The  college  flourished  up  to  the  Civil  War.  Among 
the  students  during  this  period  were  many  persons  who 
afterwards  became  prominent  in  various  professions  and 
walks  of  life,  among  whom    may    be    mentioned    Bishop 


37^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

J.  M.  Walden,  Murat  Halstead,  and  Ex-President  Ben- 
jamin Harrison.     The  college    received    from    the    Civil 
War  a  blow  from  which  it  never  recovered,  and   its   ses- 
sions were    suspended    from    1870    to    1873.     When    its 
doors  were  reopened,  they  were  open  to  both   sexes. 

In  1884  the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed 
from  "  Farmers'  College  "to   "  Belmont  College." 

In  1890  the  fortunes  of  Belmont  College  seemed  to  be 
waning,  and  the  trustees  became  convinced  that,  if  the 
property  with  which  they  were  entrusted  was  to  be  fur- 
ther used  for  educational  purposes,  it  was  necessary  to 
make  some  change  in  their  methods.  The  outcome  of 
their  deliberations  was  the  founding  of  the  Ohio  Military 
Institute.  Since  then  the  institute  has  been  carried  on 
with  varying  success,  and  now  is  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition. For  the  first  four  years  the  institute  was  under 
the  charge  of  President  John  H.  McKenzie.  For  the 
next  three,  under  Col.  Dudley  Emerson.  In  1897  the 
Rev.  John  Hugh  Ely  assumed  control,  with  the  title  of 
regent.  Under  him,  Dr.  W.  L.  Siling  is  head  master, 
and,  with  an  able  corps  of  assistants,  overlooks  the  edu- 
cational and  moral  improvement  of  the  cadets.  Major 
James  Stewart,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  is  the  commandant  of 
the  cadets. 

The  names  of  the  successive  presidents  of  the  insti- 
tution are  as  follows:  Freeman  G.  Cary,  1847-1853; 
Isaac  J.  Allen,  1853-1856;  Rev.  Charles  N.  Mattoon, 
1856-1860;  Jacob  Tuckerman,  1 860-1 866  ;  Rev.  C.  D. 
Curtis,  1866-1870;  J.  S.  Lowe,  1873-1877;  Rev.  J.  B. 
Smith,  1877-1879;  Philip  Van  Ness  Myers,  1879-1890; 
Rev.  J.  H.  ALcKenzie,  1890-1894;  Col.  Dudley  Emer- 
son, 1894-1897;  then  Rev.  John  Hugh  Ely,  1897  to 
date. 


The  Eclectic  Medical  Institute.  379 


CHAPTER  LII. 

THE    ECLECTIC    MEDICAL    INSTITUTE. 
Harvey  W.  Felter,  M.  D. 

THE  ECLECTIC  MEDICAL  INSTITUTE  is  the 
parent  school  and  leading  exponent  of  the  American 
eclectic  system  of  medicine.  It  is  the  direct  successor 
of  the  Reformed  Medical  School  of  Cincinnati  (1842-45). 
The  latter  was  the  successor  of  the  medical  department 
of  Worthington  College,  at  Worthington,  O.,  and  de- 
nominated Reformed  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  but  bet- 
ter known  as  the  Worthington  Medical  College.  The 
medical  department  at  Worthington  was  the  Western 
branch  of  the  Reformed  Medical  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  the  latter  being  the  first  reformed  medical 
school  in  America,  and  the  outgrowth  of  a  reform  medi- 
cal movement  inaugurated  in  1825  by  Dr.  Wooster 
Beach. 

The  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  was  founded  by  Dr. 
Thomas  V.  Morrow,  who  had  previously  conducted  the 
school  at  Worthington.  He  was  ably  assisted  by  Drs. 
Alexander  H.  Baldridge,  Benjamin  L.  Hill,  and  Lorenzo 
E.  Jones.  These  gehtlemen,  together  with  Drs.  Hiram 
Cox  and  James  H.  Oliver,  comprised  the  first  faculty. 
The  college  is  located  at  1009  Plum  Street.  For  many 
years  it  fronted  at  228  W.  Court  Street.  It  was  char- 
tered by  a  special  act  of  the  Ohio  Legislature,  March  10, 
1845,  Col.  James  Kilbourne  being  especially  active  in 
securing  its  incorporation.      The   old    institute    building 


38o 


ScHOOi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 


was  twice  visited  by  fire,  and  partially  destroyed.  The 
present  building  was  erected  in  185 1,  and  dedicated  with 
impressive  ceremonies. 

The  rise  and  progress  of    the    school    was    rapid,    it 

having  graduated  in  its  first    ten    years    593    physicians. 

The  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  was  the  first  medical 

college  to  open  its  doors  to  women.      Prior   to    1877,    36 

women  graduated. 
Owing  to  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  lead- 
ing eclectic  medi- 
cal college  in  the 
world,  students 
come  from  every 
State  in  the  Union, 
from  Canada, 
Europe,  and  the 
West  Indies.  The 
Exposition  Univer- 
selle  of  1889  (Paris) 
awarded  to  the  in- 
stitute, for  best  col- 
lection  of  cata- 
logues, orders  of 
lectures,  text-books 
prepared  by  mem- 
bers of  the  faculty, 
medical  journals,  etc.,  a  silver  medal  and  diploma.  The 
collection  was  then  deposited  in  the  great  Bibliotheque 
Medicale.  To  date  (1903)  the  institute  has  graduated 
3,743  physicians.  No  honorary  degrees  are  granted.  In 
connection  with  the  school  is  the  Seton  Hospital  and  the 
Lloyd  Library. 

Among  members  of  tlie  faculties  who  have  achieved 


Eclectic  Medical  Institute, 
Court  and  Plum;  Chartered  in  1845. 


The  Eclectic  Medical  Institute. 


38: 


distinction  are  :  Wooster  Beach,  founder  of  the  eclectic 
school  of  medicine  ;  T.  V.  Morrow,  promoter  of  eclect- 
icism in  the  West,  founder  of  the  institute  ;  Benjamin  L. 
Hill,  author  of  the  first  strictly  eclectic  text-book,  "Hill's 
Eclectic  Practice  of  Surgery,"  member  of  the  Ohio  and 
Michigan  Legislatures,  and  consul  to  Nicaragua  under 
Lincoln;  Joseph  R.  Buchanan,  medical  philosopher, 
investigator,  scientist,  and 
general  scholar;  Storm 
Rosa,  first  homeopathic 
professor  in  the  West  and 
president  of  the  first  pub- 
lic meeting  of  the  home- 
opathists  in  the  West  (at 
Burton,  O.,  in  1847)  ;  J. 
B.  Stallo,  distinguished 
lawyer,  author,  diplomat, 
and  minister  to  Italy  under 
Cleveland;  Daniel 
Vaughen,  the  most  pro- 
found scholar  and  scientist 
Cincinnati  ever  produced  ; 
John  W.  Hoyt,  ex-gover- 
nor of  Wyoming,  origi- 
nator of  the  movement  to 
establish  a  National  Uni- 
versity at  Washington, 

D.  C.  ;  G.  W.  L.  Bickley,  historian,  adventurer,  and  chief 
of  the  order  of  the  Golden  Circle  ;  John  King,  scholar, 
author,  father  of  American  materia  medica  ;  William  B. 
Powell,  ethnologist  and  author  of  the  "History  of  the 
Human  Temperaments;"  John  M.  Scudder,  author  and 
originator  of  the  doctrine  of  specific  medication  ;  Edwin 
Freeman,    teacher     of    anatomy;     Herod    D.    Garrison, 


John    K.    Scudder, 

Secretary    Faculty    Eclectic 
Medical    Institute. 


382  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

scholar,  philosopher,  and  lecturer  ;  Andrew  J.  Howe,  fore- 
most eclectic  surgeon  of  his  day;  F.  J.  Locke,  31  years 
a  teacher  of  materia  medica ;  J.  A.  Jeancon,  scholar  and 
author ;  John  Uri  Lloyd,  chemist-pharmacist  and  au- 
thor of '' Etidorhpa  "  "Stringtown;"  William  E.  Bloyer, 
editor  of  Eclectic  Medical  Gleaner^  ex-president  of 
National  Eclectic  Medical  Association,  and  president  of 
National  Association  of  Orificial  Surgeons;  L.  E.  Rus- 
sel,  surgeon  of  national  repute. 

The  following  is  the  faculty  :  Frederick  John  Locke, 
dean  of  faculty  ;  John  Allard  Jeancon  ;  John  Uri  Lloyd, 
Phr.  M.,  Ph.  D.;  Rolla  L.  Thomas;  William  Edward 
Bloyer;  John  King  Scudder,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  ;  Robert 
Corbin  Wintermute ;  Lyman  Watkins ;  William  L. 
Dickson,  A.  M.,  LL.  B.  ;  Harvey  WickesFelter  ;  Bishop 
McMillen ;  Linus  E.  Russel ;  John  Reed  Spencer; 
Kent  Oscanyan  Foltz  ;  George  William  Brown  ;  Emer- 
son Venable,  A.  B.  ;  Edwin  Ricker  Freeman  ;  Charles 
George  Smith. 


CHAPTER  Lm. 

LAURA    MEMORIAL    WOMAN's    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


in 


THE  Laura  Memorial  Woman's  Medical  College 
connection  with  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  repre- 
sents the  union  of  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital  and  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Cincinnati.  The  latter  institution  was  founded 
in  1887,  the  former  in  1890. 

With  the  entrance  of   women    into    medicine,    there 
was  a  growing  demand  made  upon   the    medical    schools 


Laura  Memorial  Woman's  Medical  College.     383 


for  men,  in  Cincinnati,  on  the  part  of  women  desiring 
medical  instruction.  Ttiis  demand  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  these  colleges  for  women  ;  as  there  was  and  still 
is  some  objection  on  the  part  of  schools  for  men  to  the 
admission  of  women  to  their  classes. 

The  Laura  Memorial  Woman's  Medical  College, 
the  name  under  which  the  institution  is  now  chartered, 
was  endowed  in  1895, 
through  the  generos- 
ity of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Alexander  Mc- 
Donald.  These  bene- 
factors of  the  institu- 
tion purchased  and 
presented  to  the  col- 
lege the  large  and 
convenient  buildings 
now  occupied  by  the 
present  institution. 
This  gift  stands  as  a 
memorial  to  their 
daughter,  Laura  Mc- 
Donald Stallo,  and 
has  been  made  com- 
plete in  all  the  mani- 
fold departments  of 
a  thoroughly  equip- 
ped medical  school. 

The  institution,  as  thus  established,  represents  both 
the  former  schools,  and  is  the  only  medical  college  ex- 
clusively for  women  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  Since  the 
union  of  the  two  schools,  and  the  assumption  of  the 
present  name,  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  has  been  very 
largely  increased    in    capacity    by    a    perfectly    modern. 


Dr.  J.  M.  WiTHRow, 

Dean  Laura  Memorial  Woman's 
Medical  College. 


384  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

new  building,  including  all  of  the  equipment  necessary 
to  a  modern  hospital.  This  building  was  also  the  gift  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  McDonald. 

The  Presbyterian  Hospital,  thus  endowed,  represents 
the  clinical  department  of  the  Laura  Memorial  Woman's 
Medical  College,  and  its  students  iiave  exclusive  right  to 
all  of  the  bed-side  instruction  given  in  the  institution. 


Laura  Memorial  College,  616-630  W.  Sixth  Street. 

In  addition  to  this  there  has  been  established  a  com- 
plete and  commodious  college  clinic,  which  is  held  daily 
from  three  to  four  in  the  afternoon.  Here  diseases  are 
treated  free  of  charge  by  the  medical  teachers  connected 
with  the  college.  Patients  are  asked,  when  able  to  pay, 
a  nominal  charge  for  the  medicine  supplied.      Otherwise 


Laura  Memorial  Woman's  Medical  College.     385 

medicine,  as  well  as  treatment,  is  given  free.  About 
1,800  patients  avail  themselves  of  this  opportunity  annu- 
ally. 

The  college  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
College  Association.  Its  course  is  divided  into  four 
years,  of  seven  months  each.  There  is  in  connection 
with  the  college  a  laboratory  for  original  research.  The 
generosity  of  the  founders  of  the  institution  has  put  the 
college  beyond  the  necessity  of  depending  upon  the  fees 
of  its  students  for  its  support,  and  has  allowed  the  man- 
agers to  make  the  charges  for  tuition  very  reasonable. 

The  students  have  access  to  the  public  clinics  at  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital,  in  common  with  the  students  of  all 
the  other  colleges  of  the  city,  and  through  the  faculty 
are  given  access  to  the  Public  Library,  and  also  to  the 
medical  library  in  the  Cincinnati  Hospital.  One  of  the 
purposes  in  the  foundation  of  the  institution  by  its  bene- 
factors was  in  meeting  the  demand  for  medical  mission- 
aries in  foreign  missionary  fields.  For  this  purpose,  or 
in  order  to  meet  this  requirement,  they  have  always 
given  free  tuition  to  such  young  women  as  desire,  under 
the  supervision  of  the  foreign  missionary  bands  of  any 
of  the  evangelical  churches,  to  go  into  the  foreign  mis- 
sionary field  as  medical  missionaries.  Dr.  John  M. 
Withrow,  A.  M.,  dean  ;  Alexander  McDonald,  president 
board  of  trustees. 

THE    CINCINNATI    COLLEGIATE    SCHOOL. 

The  Cincinnati  Collegiate  School,  148  E.  Fourth 
Street,  was  organized  under  its  present  title  in  1877,  and 
was  only  Mr.  Eugene  F.  Bliss'  English  and  Classical 
School  reorganized,  under  the  firm  name  of  Bliss  &  Babin. 
The  Bliss  school  itself  was  simply  a  continuation  of  the 
famous  old  Brooks  school,    which  is  still   remembered  by 

[25I 


EnwARD  Senior,  Director  University  of  Cincinnati. 

(386) 


The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute.  387 

many  of  the  older  citizens.  After  a  partnership  of  two 
years,  Mr.  Bliss  retired,  and  since  that  time  the  school 
has  continued  under  the  management  of,  its  present  head 
master,  the  Rev.  J.  Babin,  A.  B.  The  languages  are 
here  taught  very  minutely  and  to  any  extent  required. 
Mr.  Babin's  experience  in  Eastern  as  w^ell  as  foreign 
schools,  especially  in  the  great  English  public  schools, 
has  enabled  him  to  introduce  some  improvements  that 
have  been  of  great  benefit  to  his  pupils. 


CHAPTER  LIV. 

THE    OHIO    MECHANICS    INSTITUTE. 
John  L.  Shearer. 

THE  history  of  educational  work  in  Cincinnati  would 
be  incomplete  without  a  chapter  devoted  to  the 
Ohio  Mechanics  Institute,  whose  record  extends  back 
seventy-five  years.  The  institution  is  therefore  the  old- 
est educational  institution  of  the  city,  with  an  unbroken 
period  of  service. 

The  men  who  founded  this  school  are  dead,  but 
their  names  will  be  honored  as  long  as  the  city  stands 
and  the  early  struggles  of  the  "Queen  City"  are  re- 
counted to  the  rising  generation.  On  November  20,  1828, 
the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  on  February  9th  of 
the  following  year  the  institute  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  Ohio. 

Dr.  J.  D.  Craig,  who  had  been  giving  scientific 
lectures  in  connection  with  Dr.  John  Locke,  called  a 
meeting  of  citizens,   formed    a    committee,    and    secured 


388 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


the  incorporating  act.     The  names  of  those  who  assisted 

him  are    Thomas    Riley,    Lyman   Watson,    William    C. 

Anderson,  David  T.    Disney,    George    Graham,    Calvin 

Fletcher,     Clement     Dare,     WiJliam     Disney,     William 

Greene,  James 
Brewer,  Jeffrey 
Seymour,  Israel 
S  c  h  o  o  1  e  y,  and 
Elisha  Brigham. 

For  twenty 
years  the  school 
occupied  various 
habitations:  the 
city  council  cham- 
bers, the  old  Col- 
lege Building  on 
Walnut  Street,  the 
Enon  Baptist 
Church  (1830),  a 
private  school- 
room,  and  then  the 
famous  Trollope's 
Bazaar  on  E.  Third 
Street.  In  this  lat- 
ter home  (in  the 
year  1838),  under 
the  auspices  of  the 
institute,  were 
founded  the  "Cin- 
cinnati     Industrial 

Exhibitions,"  through  which  the  city    became  known  to 

the  whole  country  as  an  industrial  center. 

Until  the  great  "  Centennial  "  in  1888,  the  institute 

devoted  a  large  share  of  its  efforts  to   the   cause    of    Cin- 


The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute, 

Southwest  Corner  Sixth  and 
Vine  Streets. 


The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute.  389 

cinnati's  business  prosperity.  In  February,  1838,  a  Me- 
chanics' and  Citizens'  Ball  was  held  at  the  National 
Theatre,  and  $3,400  was  raised  for  the  benefit  of  the 
school.  In  1839  the  institution  purchased  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope's  "  Folly,"  as  the  bazaar  had  been  styled;  $10,000 
was  the  price.  Again  the  institute  was  unable  to  hold 
its  property,  and  in  1847  the  bazaar  reverted.  The 
present  home  of  this  grand  old  institution  is  over  fifty 
years  old,  the  corner-stone  being  laid  on  July  4,    1848. 

To  recount  the  many  important  events  with  which 
this  time-honored  structure  is  associated  would  fill  several 
volumes.  It  is  the  gift  of  many  donors.  From  twenty- 
five  cents,  a  day's  labor,  a  load  of  lumber,  a  keg  of  nails, 
to  the  gifts  of  thousands  of  dollars  made  by  Miles  Green- 
wood and  Marston  Allen,  ranged  the  contributions 
that  finally  cleared  the  indebtedness.  Two  years  ago 
(1900)  it  was  completely  remodeled,  two  additional 
stories  built  upon  its  substantial  walls  and  fitted  up  w^ith 
every  modern  convenience. 

The  purpose  of  the  institute  has  been  from  its  very 
beginning  the  education  of  the  skilled  workman.  Since 
1856  technical  class  instruction  has  been  carried  on,  so 
that  more  than  17,000  students  have  gone  out  to  enrich 
this  and  other  cities  by  their  superior  training.  The 
present  season  has  brought  together  a  students'  body  of 
1,045,  in  departments  which  are  of  great  practical  ability 
in  a  city  dependent  so  largely  upon  its  manufacturing 
industries.  Machine  design,  architectural  drawing,  trade 
designing  of  every  description,  technical  chemistry, 
mathematics,  physics  and  applied  electricity,  the  modern 
languages,  industrial  economy,  painting,  wood-carving 
and  modeling,  manual  training  in  a  great  variety  of 
branches  useful  in  our  city,  together   with  the    essentials 


John  L.  Shearer,  Superintendent  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute. 


U9*>) 


The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute.  391 

of  a  good  English  high  school  education,  are  taught  by  a 
corps  of  twenty-five  eminent  specialists. 

For  many  years  the  class  instruction  of  the  insti- 
tution was  limited  to  evening  hours ;  now  day  and 
evening  departments  are  maintained. 

The  Ohio  Mechanics  Institute  founded  the  first 
public  library  in  the  city,  and  the  present  Public  Library 
had  its  first  home  in  the  institute  building.  The  Board 
of  Education  also  occupied  quarters  at  the  institute  for  a 
time.  The  signal  tower  of  the  Fire  Department  was  also 
located  on  the  building  for  many  years. 

In  i8f,6  "  The  School  of  Design  of  the  Ohio  Me- 
chanics Institute"  was  founded,  and  it  was  so  success- 
ful that  it  led  to  the  introduction  of  drawing  into  the 
public  schools. 

In  1893  Dr.  James  Leslie  was  elected  president. 
The  first  president  was  John  P.  Foote  (  19 years)  ;  second, 
Miles  Greenwood  (7  years);  third,  Charles  F.  Wilstach 
(17  years);  fourth,  Thomas  Gilpin  (1-7  years);  fifth, 
James  Allison  (3  years).  R.  E.  Champion  was  a  noted 
superintendent.  He  died  in  London,  England,  in  1898, 
and  in  a  few  months  the  superintendency  was  filled  by 
the  election  of  John  L.  Shearer,  the  present    incumbent. 

The  officers  for  1902-1903  are:  President,  James 
Leslie;  vice-president,  Walter  Laidlaw  ;  secretary,  John 
M.  Hubbell ;  treasurer,  H.  E.  Hannaford.  Directors: 
Bert.  L.  Baldwin,  P.  G.  March,  William  G.  Fisher,  Geo. 
Muenzenmaier,  Fred.  A.  Feier,  C.  H.  M  Atkins,  Ernst 
F.  DuBrul. 


392  Schools  of  Cincinnati, 


CHAPTER  LV. 

THE    CINCINNATI    COLLEGE    OF    DENTAL    SURGERY. 

(Dental  Department  of  Ohio  University). 

IN  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-three  the  conditions  in 
Cincinnati  seemed  to  indicate  that  a  dental  college, 
in  addition  to  the  one  in  existence,  was  necessary,  so  a 
number  of  professional  men,  business  men,  and  educators 
got  together  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  this  institution. 

Those  most  deeply  interested  were  :  Francis  B. 
James,  O.  W.  Martin,  George  B.  Harte,  Philip  D. 
Fosdick,  W.  T.  McLean,  G.  S.  Junkerman,  and  others. 
The  school  was  incorporated  on  the  17th  day  of  April, 
1893.  The  following  gentlemen  were  the  incorporators  : 
William  T.  McLean,  Andrew  G.  Norman,  George  W. 
Boyce,  Jonathan  L.  Cilley,  George  B.  Harte,  and  G.  S. 
Junkerman. 

The  corporation  was  duly  organized  and  launched 
by  the  law  firm  of  Jones  &  James,  and  a  lease,  with 
the  privilege  of  purchase,  was  secured  on  the  premises 
now  occupied  by  the  west  half  of  the  college  building, 
known  as  233  W.  Court  Street.  One  year  later  the  in- 
stitution purchased  the  property  then  occupied  by  them, 
and  still  another  year  passed  when  they  purchased  the 
east  half  of  the  building,  now  occupied,  giving  them 
forty-three  feet  front  on  Court  Street.  The  college  ex- 
pended about  $10,000  in  remodeling  the  building,  besides 
thoroughly  equipping  it  with  the  most  modern  improve- 
ments known  to  the  science  of  dentistry.  The  building 
w^as  constructed  especially  for  the    purpose    of    affording 


The  Cincinnati  College  of  Dental  Surgery.     393 


good^light  and  sanitation.  During  the  first  year  of  the 
school's"^  career  it  had  a  class  of  13  students.  The 
greatest  number  it  has  ever  had  has  been  109,  and  thus 
far  about  200  have  been  graduated.  These  are  practic- 
ing in  the  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  are 
uniformly  successful. 

There  are  remaining  in  the  faculty  four  of  the  origi- 
nal members:  W. 
T.  McLean,  L.  S. 
Colter,  A.  V. 
Phelps,  and  G.  S. 
Junkerman.  The 
college  complies 
strictly  with  the 
laws  regulating  in- 
stitutions of  learn- 
ing. Its  vested  au- 
thority is  to  confer 
the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Dental  Surgery, 
and  its  diplomas  are 
granted  under  its 
corporate  seal.  The 
regular  term  is  seven 
months.  Ten  days 
are  allowed  after  the 
opening  of  the  term 
for  students  to  ma- 
triculate, and  an  extra  t*^.n  days  are  allowed  in  cases  of 
illness. 

The  officers  and  teachers  concentrate  their  attention 
and  expend  their  energies  with  one  single  end  in  view — 
to  prepare  students  in  their  chosen  profession,  that   they 


G.  S.  Junkerman,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S., 

Dean  Cincinnati  College  of 
Dental  Surgery. 


(394) 


The  Cincinnati  Collkge  of  Dental  Surgery. 


The  Cincinnati  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  395 

may  practice  in  any  state  or  country.  Its  trustees  con- 
sider this  an  extraordinary  advantage  to  students  who 
contemplate  the  pursuit  of  dentistry  as  a  profession.  The 
professors  of  the  college  do  the  demonstrating  in  the  clinic 
rooms  and  laboratories.  These  duties  are  not  left  to  any 
new  and  inexperienced  practitioners. 

The  college  equipments  are  most  complete,  each  de- 
partment having  the  most  modern  and  improved  appur- 
tenances for  practical  operative  procedures.  The  infirm- 
ary and  laboratories  are  unequaled  for  all  classes  of 
work.  Heat,  light,  and  ventilation  have  been  thoroughly 
arranged,  so  as  to  make  the  student  comfortable  while 
attending  to  his  duties.  Individual  desks,  electric  and 
foot  lathes  are  among  the  college  equipments.  In  the 
operating  room  are  found  all  modern  chairs.  The  finest 
discipline  is  maintained  among  the  students.  The 
rights  of  every  student  are  respected,  and  in  the  presence 
of  good  order,  makes  it  possible  for  a  student  to  pursue 
his  studies  unmolested. 

Students  contemplating  entering  this  college  need 
not  have  had  any  previous  office  experience,  as  this 
feature  of  their  education  is  attended  to  in  this  institution. 
The  careful  training  to  equip  every  student  to  start  into 
practice  after  graduation  is  provided  for,  therefore  the 
trustees  can  safely  say  that  a  student  may  and  will  receive 
a  full  and  complete  dental  education  before  being  released 
as  a  graduate. 

The  present  faculty  consists  of  the  following  : 

G.  S.  Junkerman,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.  (dean  of  the 
faculty). 

A.  V.  Phelps,  M.  D. 

W.  T.  McLean,  M.  I).,  D.  D.  S.  (vice-dean  of 
faculty). 

L.  S.  Colter,  B.  S.,  M.  D. 


39^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

W.  H.  Gensley,  D.  D.  S.  (secretary  of  faculty) 
F.  A.  Lush,  B.  S.,  D.  D.  S. 
J.  W.  Rowe,  B.  A.,  M.  D. 
D.  E.  Sheehan,  D.  D.  S. 


Dr.  Louis  Grossman, 

Rabbi  Plum  Street  Temple;      Prof,  of  Theology  and 
Ethics  in  Hebrew  Union  College. 

The  college  has  an  advisory  board  of  visitors  com- 
posed of  John  A.  Caldwell,  Howard  Ferris,  Henry  A. 
Morrill,  Wm.  Howard  Neff,  Wm.  H.  Anderson,  Daniel 
T.  Wright,  Wm.  H.  Taft,  Wm.  O.  SprouU,  Rankin  D. 
Jones,  Joseph  S.  Peebles,  J.  C.  Ernst,  G.  F.  Junkerman 


The  Cincinnati  College  of  Dental  Surgery.     397 

In  June,  1902,  this  institution  was  made  the  Dental 
Department  of  Ohio  University,  of  Athens,  O. 

MIAMI    DENTAL  COLLEGE. 

The  Miami  Dental  College  was  established  in  1896 
under  a  State  charter,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Elm 
and  Shillito  Place.  In  1899  it  was  moved  to  No.  8  E. 
Seventh  Street.  Dr.  Edwin  B.  Swift,  dean.  In  1899 
there  were  seven  graduates,  and  in  1900  there  was  one, 
but  the  attendance  increased.  In  1900  the  school  closed 
for  lack  of  support. 

AMERICAN    HEALTH    COLLEGE. 

The  American  Health  College  and  Vitapathic  Sani- 
tarium was  organized  in  Cincinnati  in  1876,  and  chart- 
ered in  1883.  The  society  owns  its  own  college  building 
and  sanitarium  in  Fairmount.  To  date  400  doctors  have 
been  licensed.  John  Bunyan  Campbell,  president  and 
founder.  This  college  objects  to  much  medicine,  and  uses 
few  drugs.      Electricity  plays  a  prominent  part. 


CHAPTER  LVI. 

THE    NELSON    BUSINESS  COLLEGE. 

THE  NELSON  BUSINESS  COLLEGE  was  found- 
ed in  1856  by  the  late  Richard  Nelson,  who  had 
been  superintendent  of  the  public  schools  of  Wheeling, 
W.  Va.,  just  prior  to  corning  to  this  city. 

The  school  prospered  from  the  first,  and  is  one  of 
the  substantial  and  staid  institutions  of  the  city,  having 
probably  educated  more  business  men  than  any  other 
school  of  its  kind  here. 


39^ 


Schools  of  Cincinnati 


April  4,  1900,  Mr.  Nelson  died,  and  his  daughter, 
Miss  Ella  Nelson,  became  principal.  She  conducted  the 
school  successfully  until  January  i,  1902,  when  she  was 
succeeded  by  her  brother,  Richard  J.  Nelson  (director 
from  the  incorporation  in  1883,  and  president  since  Jan- 
uary I,  1902),  for  years  principal  of  the  Springfield,  O., 
branch  of  the  college.  The  school  is  incorporated  as  The 
Nelson  Business  College    Company,    and    capitalized    at 


3W- 


I 


Richard  J   Nelson, 
President  of  The  Nelson  Business  College  Company. 

$50,000.      Dr.  J.  P.  Geppert  is  vice-president,  and  J.  L. 
Mitchell  secretary. 

The  college  is  now  located  in  that  superb  edifice,  the 
Odd  Fellows'  Temple,  Seventh  and  Elm.  It  occupies  the 
fourth  floor  (22,000  sq.ft).  The  school  rooms  are  light 
and  airy,  and  the  location  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any 
other  school  in  this  country. 


Watters  Business  College.  399 


CHAPTER  LVII. 

WATTERS    BUSINESS    COLLEGE. 

WATTERS  BUSINESS  COLLEGE  was  founded 
in  1852  by  the  late  James  M.  Watters,  an  expert 
and  consulting  accountant,  who  enjoyed  the  national 
reputation  of  being  the  best  versed  expert  and  authority 
on  accounts  in  this  country. 

During  his  41  years'  experience  as  a  professional  and 
practical  accountant  he  wrote  up  and  settled  537  sets  of 
books  for  as  many  different  business  houses.  He  worked 
hard  to  establish  a  school,  and  succeeded  in  bringing  his 
college  to  the  front. 

On  tlie  day  of  his  death,  January  5,  1891,  he  was 
succeeded  in  the  management  by  his  oldest  son,  J.  Harry 
Watters,  expert  accountant.  To  this  present  time  the 
school  has  had  unusual  success. 

The  college  is  located  in  the  Lincoln  Club  Building, 
southwest  corner  of  Eighth  and  Race,  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  street  cars,  and  but  a  short  distance  from  the 
various  railway  stations.  The  beautiful  Garfield  Park  is 
immediately  in  front,  and  the  surroundings  are  very 
pleasant,  being  free  from  those  places  of  resort  and 
amusement  which  are  calculated  to  distract  the  attention 
of  students. 

Students  receive  individual  attention  from  skilled 
instructors,  who  are  expert  book-keepers,  accountants, 
and  commercial  educators.  The  aim  of  the  school  is  to 
teach  how  to  keep  books.  Instruction  is  also  given  in 
shorthand,  typewriting,  penmanship,    business    arithme- 


J.  Harry  Watters, 
(400)  President  of  The  Watters  Business  College  Co 


Watters  Business  College.  401 

tic,  and  all  those  branches  that    are    essential    to    a  first- 
class  business  education. 

Prior  to  accepting  the  management  of  the  business 
department  of  the  college,  J.  Harry  Watters  was  engaged 
as  expert  accountant  by  different  merchants  and  banks. 
He  wa?  the  principal  expert  employed  by  the  Government 
in  the  civil  and  criminal  trial  of  certain  directors  of  the 
late  Fidelity  National  Bank.  He  was  afterwards  an  ap- 
plicant for  the  position  of  national  bank  examiner,  and 
received  many  recommendations  from  persons  of  promi- 
nence. 

OTHER    BUSINESS    COLLEGES. 

The  Bartlett  Commercial  College,  526  Walnut ;  or- 
ganized 1834;  chartered  1847;  incorporated  1899.  C. 
M.  Bartlett,  president. 

Cincinnati  School  of  Phonography  ;  AmyR.  Camp- 
bell, principal ;   College  Building. 

Miss  Littleford's  Shorthand  School,    Pike  Building. 

Traub's  Cincinnati  Business  College,  Nos.  13-15  E. 
Fifth  Street ;   Louis  Traub,  principal. 


CHAPTER  LVni. 

SCHOOL    JOURNALS. 

CINCINNATI  has  never  been  the  home  of  successful 
school  journals.  Many  have  been  started,  but  all 
sooner  or  later  have  failed.  Apparently  those  managing 
the  papers  made  strenuous  efforts  to  keep  up,  but  the 
field  did  not  appear  profitable,  and  the  publications 
ceased  to  appear. 

[26] 


402 


ScHOOi^s  OF  Cincinnati. 


The  following  extract  is  from  "  Ford's  History  of 
Cincinnati  :"  Educational  journalism  has  had  a  varied 
existence  in  Cincinnati,  as  everywhere  else,  when  pro- 
fessional ventures  of  this  kind  have  been  hazarded.  So 
long  since  as  July,  1831,  very  nearly  half  a  century    ago, 

the  Academic 
Pioneer  ap- 
peared in  this 
city,  the  pioneer, 
indeed,  of  all 
such  journals, 
not  only  in  Cin- 
cinnati, but  in 
the  State.  It 
was  a  monthly 
magazine,  "  con- 
ducted by  a  com- 
mittee under  the 
auspices  of  the 
famous  Western 
Academic  Insti- 
tute, or  College 
of  Teachers. 
Unhapp  i  ly,  it 
did  not  survive 
its  second  num- 
ber, but  then 
died  for  want  of 
sustenance.  Somebody,  nevertheless,  had  the  hardihood 
to  start  a  Common  School  Advocate  here  in  1837,  and 
courageously  maintained  it  until  1841.  The  Universal 
Advocate  was  also  started  in  the  former  year ;  but  by 
whom  or  how  long  it  kept  up  the  struggle  for  existence 
history   says   nothing.     March    of    the   same    year,    too, 


Isaac  M.  Martin, 

Publisher  of  a   '*  History  of  the  Schools 
of  Cincinnati  "  (1900). 


School  Journals.  403 

strange  to  say,  considering  the  infancy  of  educational 
journalism,  and  the  financial  pressure  of  that  time,  saw 
the  birth  of  still  another  school  paper  here,  the  Western 
Acade?nician,  edited  by  the  well-known  teacher,  John 
W.  Picket,  and  adopted  as  the  organ  of  the  Teachers' 
College.      It  lasted  for  a  twelve-month.      Then    the    next 


*% 


X 


Joseph  F.  Meader, 
A  Woodward  College  Student  in  1841. 

year,  in  July,  came  the  first  number  of  the  ^Educational 
Disseminator^  published  for  a  time  by  S.  Picket,  Sr., 
and  Dr.  J.  W.  Picket,  but  soon  discontinued.  In  1846 
stronger  and  more  hopeful  auspices,  at  least  financially, 
attended  the  birth  of  The  School  Friend,  which  was 
started  in  October  by  Messrs.  W.  B.  Smith  &  Com- 
pany, the   leading    school-book    publishers    of    the    city. 


404 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Mr.  Hazen  White  became  editor  of  this  in  1848  ;  and  at 
the  beginning  of  1850  the  Ohio  School  J 0117' rial,  which 
had  been  edited  and  published  at  Kirkland,  and  after- 
wards at  Columbus,  by  Dr.  Asa  B.  Lord,  was  consoli- 
dated with  it,  under  the  title  of  The  School  Friend  and 
Ohio  School  yournal.  Dr.  Lord  was  editor,  assisted  by 
Principal  H.  H.  Barney,  of  the  Cincinnati  Central 
School,  and  Cyrus  Knowlton  ;  but  they  all  did  not  save 
the  magazine  from  suspension  in  September,  1851.  The 
Western  School  yournal,  a  monthly  publication,  devoted 
to  the  cause  of  education  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  was 
supported  by  W.  H.  Moore  &  Co.,  a  part  of  the  time 
without  any  paid  subscription,  from  March,  1847,  to 
1849.  Subsequent  ventures  in  the  same  direction  were 
the  Ohio  Teacher,  started  in  May,  1859.  edited  by 
Thomas  Rainey,  and  published  at  Cincinnati,  Columbus, 
and  Cleveland,  but  not  long ;  the  yournal  of  Progress 
and  Rducation^  Social  and  Political  Economy,  and  the 
Useful  Arts,  published  from  January,  i860,  to  August, 
1861,  by  Elias  Longley,  with  Superintendent  John  Han- 
cock, of  the  Cincinnati  public  schools  as  editor  of  the 
educational  matter;  The  News  and  Educator,  1864  to 
1866,  Nelson  &  Co.,  publishers.  Superintendent  Hancock 
and  Richard  Nelson,  editors,  succeeded  in  January,  1867, 
by  the  Educational  Times',  An  America?!  Monthly 
Magazine  of  literature  and  education,  of  which  Super- 
intendent Hancock  edited  the  first  number ;  The  JVa- 
tional  Normal,  an  organ  of  the  Lebanon  Normal  School,- 
started  October,  1868,  with  Josiah  Holbrook,  at  first,  and 
Messrs.  George  E.  Stevens  &  Co.,  of  this  city,  after- 
wards, as  publishers,  and  R.  H.  Holbrook  and  Sarah 
Porter  as  editors,  the  monthly  surviving,  at  times  quite 
prosperously,  until  October,  1874;  and  the  Public 
School  journal,  started  in  i860   and    now    published    at 


School  Journal.  405 

Mt.  Washington,  by  Prof.  F.  E.  Wilson,  with  an  edi- 
torial and  business  office  at  No.  1 1  E.  Fourth  Street,  Cin- 
cinnati. Meanwhile,  considerable  editorial  work  has 
been  done  by  Cincinnati  educators  upon  the  Ohio  your- 
fial  of  Editcation,  ^\\\Qh.    was    started    at    Columbus    in 


John  B.  Shotwell, 

Compiler  and  Publisher  of  "Schools  of  Cincinnati" 

(1902),  Editor  of  "  School  Life,"  October  3,  1899, 

to  January  20,  1902. 


January,  1852,  and  still  surviving  in  vigor,  by  Principal 
Barney  in  1852,  Cyrus  Knowlton  in  1853,  Joseph  Ray 
1854  to  1855,  and  Superintendent  Hancock  in  1865.  The 
mathematical  department  in  the  Journal  was  for  a  time 
in  charge  of  Dr.  Ray,  then  a  professor ;   F.  W.  Hurtt,  of 


4o6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

the  Woodward  High  School,  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Ray. 
(Dr.  E.  E.  White,  superintendent  of  schools,  should  be 
added  to  this  list  of  notable  educators.) 

The  Public  School  Journal  is  now  published  by  The 
Public  School  Journal  Co.,  of  which  John  Butler  is 
president ;  William  Dearness  and  Mr.  Butler  are  the 
editors.  The  office  is  Room  37,  Carlisle  Building,  Fourth 
and  Walnut.      The  journal  is  monthly,  $1  per  year. 

October  3,  1899,  a  new  paper  appeared,  published 
by  John  B,  Shotwell,  ex-second  assistant  in  the  First 
Intermediate  School,  and  a  teacher  also  in  the  night  high 
school.  The  Journal  was  a  weekly,  and  was  styled  a 
school  newspaper.  It  suspended  January  20,  1902, 
owing  to  failure  to  collect  over  $600  of  subscriptions  that 
were  in  arrears.  The  editor  then  turned  his  attention  to 
preparing  for  publication  "Schools  of  Cincinnati" 
(this  volume),  which  has  taken  about  eighteen  months' 
continued  application. 


CHAPTER  LIX. 

CINCINNATI    COLLEGE    OF    PHARMACY. 

(Department  of  Pharmacy,  Ohio  University.) 

THE    history   of  the  Cincinnati  College  of    Pharmacy 
may  fairly  be  said  to  date    from    the  act    of   incor- 
poration of  March  23,  1850. 

At  the  very  beginning  of  its  career  the  institution 
took  into  careful  consideration  the  existing  conditions 
and  needs  of  the  practice  of  pharmacy  and  pharmaceuti- 
cal education.  Fifty  years  ago  the  opportunities  for  the 
interchange  of  thought  were  extremely  limited,  and  con. 


Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy. 


407 


sequently  the  diffusion  and  cultivation  of  the    science    of 
pharmacy  was  slow. 

Notwithstanding  the  many  difficulties  encountered 
and  the  great  obstacles  to  overcome,  the  institution  had 
a  steady  and  substantial  growth.      Its    career    of    useful- 


C.  T.  P.  Fennel,  Actuary  College  of  Pharmacy, 


ness  and  success  has  been  remarkable.  From  its  infancy 
it  has  been  recognized  as  a  prime  factor  in  matters,  per- 
taining to  pharmacy,  and  to-day  stands  as  the  recognized 
leader  in  true  pharmaceutical  education. 


4o8 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


The  early  history  of  the  American  Pharmaceutical 
Association  clearly  shows  the  important  part  played  by 
the  pioneers  of  pharmacy  of  Cincinnati.      Such   men    as 

E.  S.  Wayne,  Wm.  B.    Chapman,    W.    J.    M.    Gordon, 
J.  A.  Smith,  Geo.  Eger,  T.  L.  A.  Greve,  A.  Fennel,  J. 

F.  Judge,  Wm.  H.  Adderly,  and  Wm.  Karrman  saw   to 

it  that  pharmaceuti- 
cal culture  did  not 
languish.  The  gal 
axy  of  shining  lights 
could  be  increased  al- 
most indefinitely,  but 
their  names  have  been 
recorded  imperish- 
ably  in  the  history 
not  only  of  Cincin- 
nati's pharmacy,  but 
of  national  pharmacy. 
The  institution  has 
been  in  the  front  rank 
for  every  measure 
seeking  the  elevation 
of  pharmacy  and  its 
supporters.  It  is  to- 
day the  oldest  phar- 
macy college  west  of 
the  Alleghanies. 

The    college 
building  is  located   at 
614-616-618  W.  Court  Street.      It  is  a  well-built  and  im- 
posing structure,  and  is  thoroughly  equipped  with    labo- 
ratories, lecture  halls,  etc. 

The  college  confers  four  degrees,  each  degree  in  con- 


Da.  Julius  II.  Eichberg. 

Dean  Colle.ire  of  Pharmacy;     Prof. 

of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera 

peutics  Miami  Medical 

College. 


Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy.  409 

formity  with  the  course  pursued  and  the  conditions  re- 
quired : 

Bachelor  of  Pharmacy  (Phar.  B.). 

Pharmaceutical  Chemist  (Phar.  C). 

Master  of  Pharmacy  (Phar.  M.). 

Doctor  of  Pharmacy  (Phar.  D.). 

The  degree  of  Ph.  G.  (Graduate  of  Pharmacy)  is 
no  longer  given. 

Women  are  admitted  on  the  same  conditions  as  men. 

Students  entering  for  a  degree  must  have  a  prelimi- 
nary general  education,  at  least  equivalent  to  that  re- 
quired for  admission  to  a  public  high  school. 

Following  is  the  faculty  :  Dr.  Julius  H.  Eichberg, 
Ph.  G.,  dean;  Chas.  T.  P.  Fennel,  Ph.  G.,  Ph.  D.  ; 
A.  O.  Zwick,  B.  L.  S.,  Ph.  G.  ;  Otis  L.  Cameron, 
M.  D.  ;  Chas.  A.  Apmeyer,  Ph.  G.  ;  Edward  Hefner, 
Ph.  B.  ;   Adolph  Leue,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

In  June,  1902,  the  College  of  Pharmacy  became  the 
department  of  pharmacy  of  the  Ohio  University,  at 
Athens. 


CHAPTER  LX. 

SCHOOL    LIBRARIES. 
W.  C.  Washburn. 

AFTER  the  free  school  system  had  been  established  in 
1829,  those  pupils  who  ranked  highest  in  the  an- 
nual examinations  were  rewarded  by  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees and  Visitors  with  prizes  of  books,  for  which  purpose 
one  hundred  dollars  was  appropriated  by  the  City  Council. 
This  remained  the  practice  for  several  years,  in  the  hope 


4IO 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


that  it  would  "  have  a  salutary  effect  in  inspiring  a  spirit 
of  ambitious  but  generous  emulation  among  the  students. ' ' 
These  presentations  were  usually  made  by  the  mayor  in 
public. 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  Trustees,  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1836,  we  learn  that  "juvenile  libraries" 
had  been  formed,    "by  way  of  experiment,"  in  some  of 

the  schools,  by  volun- 
t  a  r  y  contributions 
from  the  scholars  and 
"the  liberal  assist- 
ance of  the  public  ;" 
and  it  is  suggested 
that  the  Apprentices' 
Library,  "  now  under 
the  care  of  the  City 
Council,"  be  made 
accessible  to  all  the 
pupils  of  the  schools. 
Two  years  later  we 
are  told  "  the  pupils 
and  teachers,  in  many 
of  the  districts,  have 
succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing libraries,  consist- 
ing, in  some  in- 
stances, of  seven  to 
eight  hundred  vol- 
umes;" and  that  "  most  of  the  schools  have  petitioned 
the  Board  to  expend  the  sum  (one  hundred  dollars)  here- 
tofore appropriated  for  annual  premiums  to  pupils,  in 
books  for  their  libraries." 

In  his  report,  June,  1839,  Elam  P.  Langdon,  presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  writes  :   "  There  is  a  library    contain- 


JoHN  P.  Dehner, 

Member  Board  of  Education, 

1884- 1886. 


School  Libraries.  411 

ing  a  greater  or  less  number  of  books  in  every  school 
district.  In  some  of  the  districts  the  citizens  have  con- 
tributed for  this  purpose  from  $30  to  $100."  The  Legis- 
lature, May  4,  1853,  provided  a  tax  of  one-tenth  of  a  mill 
for  the  purchase  of  libraries  and  apparatus  for  the  schools 
"  under  direction  of  the  State  Commissioner  of  Common 
Schools." 

Sixteen  of  these  libraries  were  supplied  to  the  school 
districts  of  Cincinnati,  each  being  a  duplicate  of  the 
others.  This  method  of  disbursing  the  fund,  however, 
was  unsatisfactory  to  the  Board  of  Education,  because 
of  the  "  wasteful  multiplication  of  books;"  and  in  a 
meeting  of  the  Board,  December  18,  1854,  resolutions 
were  adopted  that  there  should  be  but  one  library  (see 
page  365). 

Concerning  the  library  thus  founded,  Rufus  King 
reports  in  March  1855  •  "  -^^  ^  beginning,  some  fifteen 
hundred  volumes  were  selected,  containing  a  wide  choice 
of  histories,  etc.,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  works  of 
fiction,  such,  for  example,  as  those  of  Miss  Edgeworth, 
Scott,  Cooper."  He  continues  :  "It  is  this  latter  de- 
partment of  the  library  from  which  the  least  good  is  to 
be  hoped,"  and  he  advises  that  it  be  "  watched  with 
closest  attention."  At  this  time  school  children  were 
not  allowed  to  take  out  novels. 

About  six  years  ago  Superintendent  Morgan  en- 
couraged the  principals  to  inaugurate  plans  to  establish 
libraries  in  the  schools  over  which  they  had  charge. 
Public  entertainments  were  given ;  voluntary  contri- 
butions were  made  by  pupils,  patrons  and  teachers  ;  sub- 
scriptions were  solicited,  and  in  many  instances  large 
sums  of  money  were  donated  by  public-spirited  citizens. 

Many  of  the  schools,  therefore,  possess  libraries  that 
merit  special  attention.      In  the  Twenty-seventh  District 


412 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


is  the  A.  Howard  Hinkle  Library,  named  for  the  princi- 
pal donor,  and  showing  in  its  printed  catalogue  about 
five  hundred  volumes.  The  North  Fairmount  School 
Library  has  a  printed  catalogue  of  about  the  same  num- 
ber, purchased  with  contributions  from  teachers  and 
friends  of  the  school.      The  Fifteenth  District  has   about 

three  hundred  vol- 
umes, obtained  by 
teachers'  donations 
and  gifts  from  vari- 
ous sources.  In 
the  Sixth  District 
is  the  Charles 
Fleischmann  Li- 
brary, containing 
twelve  hundred 
English  and  Ger- 
man works,  estab- 
lished in  i8g7  with 
money  donated  by 
the  late  Charles 
Fleischmann, 
whose  heirs  add  to 
the  sum  annually. 
Another  of  the 
city's  public-heart- 
ed German  citi- 
z  e  n  s  ,  the  late 
Christian  M  o  e  r- 
lein,  bequeathed 
$i,ooo  to  found  a  library  in  the  Webster  School.  The 
Nineteenth  District  has  an  excellent  library  of  five  hun- 
dred books,  established  in  1895  with  money  raised  by  an 
entertainment     given   by    the    scho(-l.        The    Thirtieth 


Judge  Fred.  S.  Spiegel, 

A  Member  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  April,  1880. 


School  Libraries. 


413 


District  has  nine  hundred  volumes,  purchased  with  the 
proceeds  of  two  public  entertainments.  The  Twenty- 
first  District  has  also  a  well-stocked  library.  In  the 
Windsor  School  a  considerable  amount  has  been  raised 
to  provide  a  library.      The  Eighth  District  has  a  valuable 


William  Henry  Davis,  Jr., 
Clerk  of  the  University  Board  Since  February  18,  1901. 


professional  library  in  the  office  of  the  school  for  the 
teachers'  use,  and  a  pupils'  library  of  appropriate  books 
in  each  class-room.  Teachers  of  the  Whittier  School  have 
a  small  but  good  library,  and  are  perfecting  plans  to  add 


414  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

largely  to  it.  In  the  Tenth  District  is  an  English  and 
German  library  of  nearly  seven  hundred  volumes  for 
teachers'    and  pupils'  use. 

The  Hughes  High  School  Library  had  its  beginning 
in  one  of  the  sixteen  duplicate  libraries  furnished  to  the 
city  by  the  State,  as  told  elsewhere  in  this  sketch.  It  has 
now  grown  to  twenty-seven  hundred  volumes.  Many 
other  schools  have  excellent  nuclei  of  books,  to  which 
important  additions  will  be  made  as  results  of  plans  and 
measures  now  in  progress. 

"  Old  Woodward  "  High  School  is  the  proud  pos- 
sessor of  the  largest  of  the  school  libraries,  the  foundation 
for  which  was  a  legacy  from  the  old  Woodward  College, 
the  collection  thus  dating  from  1831,  when  the  college 
was  opened.  Many  valuable  additions  have  since  been 
made,  until  the  library  now  comprises  about  four  thousand 
volumes,  among  them  being  some  rare  treasures  from  the 
old  college. 

In  1902  valuable  collections  of  supplementary  readers 
were  furnished  each  school  by  the  Board  of  Education. 


CHAPTER  LXI. 

THE    principals'    ASSOCIATION. 

IN  1868,  under  the  leadership  of  Superintendent  John 
Hancock,  G.  A.  Carnahan,  J.  E.  Sherwood,  and  E. 
H.  Prichard  sent  out  an  invitation  to  the  principals  of 
the  Cincinnati  schools  to  meet  at  the  rooms  of  the  Board 
of  Education,  for  the  organization  of  an  association 
whose  object  should  be  the  discussion  of  educational 
problems. 


The  Principals'  Association. 


415 


The  principals  responded,  and  it  was  decided  to  call 
the  new  society  The  Principals'  Association  of  Cincin- 
nati, and  to  limit  the  membership  to  those  who  have 
supervision  of  the  work  of  other  teachers  in  the  public 
schools  of  Cincinnati.  A  committee  was  appointed  to 
frame  a  constitution  and  by-laws.  The  committee  re- 
ported at  the  next  meeting,  and  a  permanent  organi- 
zation was  effected, 
with  the  following 
officers :  President, 
Vice-President,  Re- 
cording Secretary, 
Corresponding  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer ; 
These  hold  office  for 
one  year.  The  regu- 
lar election  of  officers 
is  held  the  first  week 
in  September. 

Since  September 
12,  1896,  annual  dues 
have  been  $2.  Meet- 
ings are  held  monthly, 
except  in  July  and 
August.  Occasional- 
ly special  meetings 
are  held. 

Some  of  the  sub- 
jects discussed  during  the  past  ten  years  are  : 

Personal  and  official  duties  of  the  principal. 

Individuality  of  the  child. 

Individuality  of  the  teacher. 

Character  at  the  end  of  education. 


W.  H.  Remley, 

Principal  of  the  Twenty-eighth 
District  School. 


4i6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

To  what  extent  can  correllation  be  profitably    made 
to  teach  the  subject  given? 

Normal  order  of  child-growth. 

Influence  of  mental  fatigue   upon   the    mentality    of 
the  child. 

The  mental  effects  of  physical  exercise. 
The  influence  of  manual  training  upon    other    parts 
of  school  work. 

Constructive  instincts  and  activities  of  children. 
Moral  training  of  school  children. 
How  shall  the  child  study? 
When  and  where  shall  the  child  study? 
Home  influence  in  school   work,    or    how    to  secure 
parental  co-operation. 

How  shall  we  instil  the  love  of  truth    in    the    minds 
of  our  pupils? 

Arithmetic  in  the  lower  grades. 
Libraries,  how  to  conduct  and  use  them. 
The  attitude  of  the  American  teacher. 
How  to  maintain  dignity,  personally,  professionally, 
and  intellectually. 
Thought  period. 

Where  should  a  principal's  supervision  be  most  con- 
stant? 

Language  and  composition. 

How  shall  we  teach  geography  inductively   and   ac- 
cording to  present  course  of  study? 

Descriptive  appliances  for  teaching  geography    and 
history. 

What  are  the  best  incentives  for  study   and    charac- 
ter? 

The    extra  scholastic    functions    of    the    elementary 
school. 

Advance  in  education. 


Charles  A.  Miller, 
Member  of  the  Board  of  Education,  April,  1879. 

(417) 


[271 


4i8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  extent  and  limits  of  educational  discipline 
necessary  to  success  in  life. 

Literature  in  the  primary  grades. 

The  preparation  of  the  teacher. 

How  shall  the  teacher  instruct  so  that  the  pupil's 
interest  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  shall  continue 
after  he  shall  leave  school  .^^ 

Previous  acquired  knowledge  as  a  factor  in  the  pu- 
pil's further  progress. 

How  shall  we  develop  self-helpfulness  and  self- 
reliance  in  the  pupil.? 

In  addition  to  the  discussion  of  the  above  topics,  a 
number  of  distinguished  educators  have  appeared  before 
the  association.  Superintendent  Morgan  in  the  67th 
annual  report  says  :  "  The  Principals'  Association  has 
never  done  more  useful  or  successful  work  than  during 
the  last  four  years  of  its  history,  and  the  enthusiasm 
aroused  has  urged  it  on  to  even  better  work  in  the  years 
to  come.  It  has  grown  to  an  organization  of  profes- 
sional, dignified,  and  pedagogical  character,  and  its  in- 
fluence is  for  good  upon  the  ambition  and  the  ethical  in- 
tents of  the  subordinate  teacher." 

The  following  is  as  complete  a  list  of  presidents  as 
can  be  obtained  from  the  records  : 

1873-4,  A.  A.  Gierke. 

1874-5,  John  B.  Peaslee. 

1875-6,  James  E.  Sherwood. 

1876-7,  H.  H.  Raschig. 

1877-80,  J.  S.  Highlands. 

1880-1,  N.  K.  Royse. 

1881-2,  A.  S.  Reynolds. 

1882-5,  C.  H.  Evans. 

1885-9,  James  E.  Sherwood. 
1889-90,  H,  H.  Raschig. 


The  Principals'   Association.  419 

1890-3,  J.  S.  Highlands. 
1892-3,  E.  H.  Prichard. 
1893-4,  John  Akels. 
1894-5,  J-  ^'  Scheidemantle. 
1895-6,  G.  W.  Burns. 
1896-8,  R.  C.  Yowell. 
1898-9,  G.  W.  Oyler. 
1899- 1900,  Louis  M.  Sciiiel. 
1900-1,  A.  B.  Johnson. 

OFFICERS  OF    I9OI-2. 

President,  C.  J.  O'Donnell. 
Vice-President,  W.  H.  Remley.   » 
Treasurer,  M.  F.  Andrew. 
Secretary,  Fred.  W.  Dearness. 
Cor.  Secretary,  Maximilian  Braam. 


CHAPTER  LXn. 

THE    HOUSE    OF    REFUGE. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  REFUGE  was  opened  for  the  re- 
ception of  inmates  October  7,  1850.  It  is  situated 
about  four  miles  northwest  of  the  Post-office,  on  the  east 
side  of  Colerain  Avenue. 

The  grounds  belonging  to  the  institution  contain 
9J  acres.  The  main  building,  which  faces  west,  is  a 
castellated  edifice  of  rough  blue  limestone,  with  window 
caps,  casings  and  portico  of  white  Dayton  stone,  present- 
ing an  imposing  front  of  277  feet.  The  north  wing  con- 
tains one  hundred  and  twelve  sleeping  rooms  for  boys. 
The  south  wing  is  occupied  exclusively  by  the  girls,  and 
contains  seventy-two  single    sleeping    rooms,    one    ro(»m 


420 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


large  enough  to  contain  twelve  beds,  two  sewing  rooms, 
one  school  room,  two  store-rooms,  and  hospital  depart- 
ment. Twelve  years  ago  a  new  building  was  erected 
for  the  kindergarten  department,  or  first  division  girls. 
The  Refuge  will  furnish  accommodations  for  four  hundred 
and  fifty  inmates,  and  the  requisite  number  of  officers  for 

their  care. 

The  boys  are 
divided  into  four, 
and  the  girls  into 
three  divisions,  or 
families.  Each 
of  the  seven  fami- 
lies have  separate 
school,  sleeping 
apartments  and 
dining  rooms,  work 
shops,  recreation 
rooms,  and  play 
grounds. 

The  school  or- 
ganization consists 
of  six  divisions  for 
boys,  and  three  for 
girls,  beginning 
with  the  kinder- 
garten, the  remain- 
der being  classified 
as  nearly  as  cir- 
cumstances will  al- 
low according  to  the  advancement  of  the  pupils.  With 
the  limited  time  at  their  disposal,  no  attempt  to  give  a 
superficial  instruction  in  a  large  number  of  studies  is 
made,  but  the  aim  is  to  impart  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  a  few  necessary  branches. 


James  Allison, 

Superintendent  House  of  Refuge 
Since  May  26,  1895. 


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422  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Instruction  is  given  in  reading,  writing,  spelling, 
geography,  mental  and  written  arithmetic,  and  general 
instruction  in  morals  and  manners.  Scholars  are  pro- 
moted from  grade  to  grade  as  advancement  in  studies 
appear  to  justify,  and  are  incited  in  this  and  other  ways 
to  exert  themselves  to  their  own  improvement.  Each 
class  comes  under  the  immediate  tuition  of  the  teacher, 
and  is  a  heart-to-heart  work,  little  independence  being 
placed  in  any  monitorial  system  of  instruction.  The 
results  obtained  compare  favorably  with  those  of  similar 
grades  in  any  of  our  public  schools.  An  exhibit  of  school 
work  is  on  permanent  exhibition  in  the  building,  and 
open  for  inspection  at  all  times.  Every  inmate  is  required 
to  attend  school;  there  is  no  such  thing  as  "playing 
hookey."  The  small  children  in  the  kindergarten  and 
primary  grades  attend  both  morning  and  afternoon 
classes;  the  boys  of  working  age,  one-half  of  each  day, 
the  remaining  half  day  being  devoted  to  instruction  in 
our  manual  training  departments  learning  some  useful 
trade.  The  girls,  in  addition  to  their  school  work,  are 
taught  plain  sewing  and  receive  practical  instruction  in 
general  domestic  service  in  every  department  of  the  house. 

The  chief  aim  of  the  Refuge  is  to  train  its  inmates 
to  habits  of  industry  and  obedience  to  law,  by  imbuing 
their  minds  with  principles  of  morality  and  religion,  by 
furnishing  them  means  to  earn  an  honest  living,  and, 
above  all,  by  separating  them  from  the  corrupting  influ- 
ences of  vice,  old  associates,  and  bad  environment. 

Printing,  carpentry  and  joinery,  cabinet-making, 
wood-turning,  wood-carving  and  engraving,  painting, 
shoemaking,  tailoring,  brick-laying,  and  sloyd  are  taught. 

Average  number  of  children  during  the  year  (1901) 
was  428.  Number  of  inmates  admitted  since  the  opening 
of  the  house,  October  7,  1850,    12,929.      Of  this  number 


The  House  of  Refuge. 


423 


10,524  were  boys  and  2,405  girls.      Established  in  perma- 
nent country  homes,   1,340. 

Our   Companion  is  printed  monthly.      All  the  work 
is  done  by  the  boys. 

After  the  death  of  Superintendent  Fulton,  the  board, 
Alay  26,  1895,  fortunately  secured  the  services  of  one  of 
their  former  members,  James  Allison,  Esq.,  to  assume  the 
duties  of  the  superin- 
tendency.  Mr.  Allison 
was  well  acquainted 
with  the  general  con- 
duct of  the  house  and 
much  of  the  details, 
and  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties  has  hap- 
pily given  satisfaction 
to  those  who  promoted 
him  to  the  most  hon- 
orable position  in  their 
power  to  give.  Mr. 
Allison  enjoys  a  large 
acquaintance  among 
the  leading  business 
men  and  officials  of 
the  city.  His  experi- 
ence among  his  fellow- 
men  as  an  executive  is 
testimony  sufficient  as  to  his  qualifications;  and  with  a 
heart  full  of  sympathy  for  the  children  and  forceful 
courtesy  in  directing  his  assistants,  he  has  already  ac- 
complished many  necessary  changes,  besides  suggesting 
such  improvements  as  will  increase  the  efficiency  of  reform 
measures,  and  place  the  Refuge  on  more  advanced  grounds. 

In  1893-5  ^^'^'  Allison  was  chief  of    the   department 


Alex  Matthews, 

Member  Board  of  Education, 
1894-1903. 


V424)        Attorney-at-Law;  Principal  Mt.  Healthy  Schools,  1884-88. 


The  House  of  Refuge.  425 

of  manufactures  at  the  World's  Fair  (Chicago).  For 
three  years  he  was  president  of  The  Ohio  Mechanics'  In- 
stitute. In  his  younger  days  Mr.  Allison  taught  coun- 
try schools  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana. 

Officers — Superintendent  and  Secretary,  James 
Allison ;  Assistant  Superintendent,  P.  R.  Costello ; 
Book-keeper,  J.  B.  Jackson;  Physician,  Wm.  H.  Tay- 
lor;  Matron,  Mrs.  Mary  Devinney. 

Directors  for  the  year  ending  December  31,  1901 — 
Henry  Behrens,  president;  John  Webb,  Jr.,  James  Dal- 
ton,  Lawrence  Poland,  Wm.  B.  Carpenter,  Guy  W. 
Mallon,  Robert  S.  Fuhon,  Thos.  J.  Peale. 


CHAPTER  LXIII. 


THE    TEACHERS    CLUB. 


ON  February  18,  1892,  a  number  of  teachers  and 
others  interested  in  the  cause  of  education  convened 
at  the  Normal  School  in  response  to  an  invitation.  Col. 
D.  W.  McClung  was  elected  temporary  chairman,  and 
Arthur  O.  Jones  temporary  secretary. 

Upon  request  of  the  chair,  Mr.  Sherwood  and  Miss 
Sullivan  stated  the  object  of  the  meeting  to  be  to  organ- 
ize a  club  composed  of  teachers  and  ex-teachers  for  social 
and  literary  advancement  of  the  profession.  It  was  de- 
cided to  hold  the  next  meeting  in  the  lecture  room  of  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  February  25th. 

On  February  25th  a  large  number  assembled  at  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  the  report  of  the  committee  on  consti- 
tution was  received  and  adopted. 


426 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


On  April  7th  Messrs.  Akels,  Sands,  and  Freeman 
were  appointed  to  draw  up  the  by-laws  of  the  club. 
They  were  afterwards  adopted  with  few  exceptions  as 
read  by  the  committee.  Miss  Sullivan  and  Messrs. 
Mumper,    O'Donnell,    Sherwood,    and    Booth  were  ap- 


G.  W.  Burns, 
Principal  of  the  Eighteenth  District  School. 

pointed  a  committee  to  secure  a  charter,  and  on  Novem- 
ber loth  the  articles  of  incorporation  of  the  club  were 
handed  to  the  president,  the  thanks  of  the  club  being 
voted  to  Judge  A.  H.  Bode  for  his  assistance  in  the  mat- 


428  ScHOoi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

ter.  On  March  i,  1894,  a  committee,  consisting  of 
Messrs.  Booth,  Freeman,  Harper,  presented  a  set  of  by- 
laws for  governing  the  Board  of  Managers. 

A  board  of  fifteen  directors  in  addition  to  the  offi- 
cers constitutes  the  Board  of  Managers.  The  Board  of 
Managers  is,  by  virtue  of  the  by-laws,  made  the  execu- 
tive body  of  the  club,  to  originate,  perfect,  and  carry 
into  execution  all  such  plans  as  are  essential  to  the  well- 
being  and  success  of  the  club.  Regular  meetings  of  the 
Board  of  Managers  are  held  on  the  first  Wednesday  of 
each  month,  except  June,  July,  and  August. 

There  are  seven  standing  committees  of  the  Board 
of  Managers,  appointed  by  the  president,  of  each  of 
which  he  is  ex-ojfficio  a  member,  viz  :  (i)  Committee  on 
Lectures  and  Entertainment,  consisting  of  ten  members  ; 
(2)  Committee  on  Temporary  and  Permanent  Quarters, 
five  members;  (3)  Committee  on  Auditing  and  Finance, 
three  members  ;  (4)  Committee  on  Elections  and  Mem- 
bership, five  members ;  (5)  Committee  on  Publication, 
five  members;  (6)  Committee  on  Rules  and  Regulations, 
five  members ;  Conference  Committee  of  Education  and 
Special  Study,  five  members. 

The  duties  of  each  of  the  standing  committees  are 
very  clearly  defined  in  the  by-laws  of  the  Board  of  Mana- 
gers, and  at  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Managers  next 
preceding  the  annual  meeting  of  the  club  for  the  election 
of  officers,  each  committee  furnishes  the  president  of  the 
club  a  written  report  of  its  work,  signed  by  a  majority  of 
its  members.  For  the  transaction  of  business,  twenty 
members  constitute  a  quorum  of  the  club,  and  ten  mem- 
bers a  quorum  of  the  Board  of  Managers.  The  annual 
dues  are  two  dollars  for  each  member,  payable  on  or  be- 
fore the  annual  meeting  in  March.  Each  person  pro- 
posed for   membership   must    have    the    endorsement    of 


The   Teachers  Club. 


439 


three  members,  and  shall  be  voted  upon  at  the  next  meet- 
ing of  the  Board  of  Managers.  There  are  two  regular 
meetings  of  the  club ;  one  is  held  on  the  first  Saturday 
after  the  first  Wednesday  in  March,  at  2  p.  m.,  at  which 
time  the  officers  are  elected ;  the  second  meeting  is  held 
on  the  first  Saturday  after  the  first  Wednesday  in  Octo- 
ber, at  3  p.  M. 

Beginning 
January  i,  1897, 
the  club  leased  for 
a  few  years  rooms 
in  the  Odd  Fellows' 
Temple.  These 
were  handsomely 
furnished,  and  on 
February  5th  were 
opened  with  a  re- 
ception, the  Com- 
mittee on  Enter- 
tainment providing 
good  music,  addres- 
ses, and  light  re- 
freshments. Later 
the  club  removed 
to  the  vacant 
Second  Interme- 
diate school  house,  on  Ninth  Street,  near  Main,  into 
rooms  provided  by  the  Board  of  Education.  Scarcely  a 
day  passes  by  in  which  the  doors  of  the  club's  rooms  are 
not  opened  for  some  educational  purpose. 

The  rooms  are  well  provided  with  periodicals,  with 
libraries,  and  all  the  modern  equipments  and  conveni- 
ences, and  they  have  been  an  important  factor  in  securing 
a  better  acquaintanceship  among  the  teachers,  in    arous- 


Hezekiah  B.  Baily, 
Woodward  College  Graduate,  June, 


[850. 


43<^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ing  an  interest  in  all  educational  questions,  in  promoting 
harmony  of  feeling  and  action,  and  in  insuring  a  hearty 
co-operation  in  all  things  pertaining  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  schools. 

The  idea  of  the  pension  law  originated  with  the  Aid 
and  Annuity  Society.  Convinced  of  the  inability  of  the 
society  to  secure  suflicient  pension,  Messrs.  Morgan,  Coy, 
Raschig,  SprouU,  Sands,  and  others  most  zealously  ad- 
vocated the  enactment  of  a  new  law.  The  Teachers 
Club  appointed  a  committee,  of  which  Mr.  Raschig  was 
the  chairman,  and  the  law  was  formed  and  enacted. 
Later  it  was  found  unconstitutional,  and  in  1902  another 
law,  optional  with  the  teachers,  was  passed. 

For  several  years  the  club  gave  an  annual  banquet 
at  the  leading  hotels,  but  this  practice  was  finally  aban- 
doned, and  now  there  is  usually  a  mid-winter  reception 
at  Odd  Fellows'  Temple  and  a  summer  outing  (see  page 
266).  The  membership  is  about  1,000.  The  club  has  a 
winter  lecture  course  (at  the  Odeon)  that  always  brings 
out  a  fine  audience. 

The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  the  lecturers  -who 
have  appeared  before  the  club  at  the  Odeon  : 

Francis  W.  Parker,  Chicago,  111. 

President  Harper,  Chicago  University. 

President  Adams,  Wisconsin  University. 

President  Schurman,  Cornell  University. 

Dr.  Dan  Millikin,  Hamilton,  O. 

Mrs.  Mary  Wright  Sewall. 

President  Canfield,  State  University,  Columbus,  O. 

Prof.T.  C.  Mendenhall,  The  Bering  Sea  Controversy. 

Chas.  F.  Underbill,  reading,  Shakespeare's  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream. 

Prof.  P.  V.  N.  Myers,  The  Under  World  as  a  Fac- 
tor in  History. 


The  Teachers  Club.  431 

J.  DeWitt  Miller,  Three-thirds  of  a  Man. 

Leon  H.  Vincent,  Emerson. 

Symposium,  The  Government  of  Cities. 

J.  DeWitt  Miller,  Uses  of  Ugliness. 

Mrs.  Alice  Freeman  Palmer,  Personal  Recollections 
of  Whittier,  Holmes,  and  Philip  Brooks. 

Fred  Hovey  Allen,  An  Illustrated  Lecture  on  Cathe- 
drals. 

Harvey  J.  Buntin,  In  the  Foosteps  of  Stonewall 
Jackson. 

Prof.  S.  H.  Clark,  The  Meaning  and  Purposes  of 
Tragedy. 

Anna  S.  Peck,  Mexico,  Including  the  Ascent  of 
Popocateptl  and  Orizaba. 

PIIESIDENTS. 

1892-3,  W.  H.  Venable. 
1893-6,  Prof.  W.  O.  SprouU. 
1896-8,  E.  W.  Coy. 
1898-9,  Geo.  W.  Harper, 
1899-1900,  J.  P.  Cummings. 
1900-1901,  G.  W-  Burns. 
1901-1903,  R.  C.  Yowell. 


.    CHAPTER  LXIV. 

THE    BARTHOLOMEW-CLIFTON    SCHOOL. 

(For  GirLs.) 

TWO  years  ago  the  Bartholomew  English  and  Classi- 
cal School  for  Girls,  which  had  for  twenty-five 
years  been  one  of  the  best-known  of  our  educational 
institutions,    was    moved    to    Clifton,    and    consolidated 


43" 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


with  the  Clifton  School,    of   which    Miss    E.  Antoinette 
Ely  was  principal. 

Miss  Ely  is  a  Cincinnati  woman,  who,  after  gradu- 
ating from  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  studied  in  Ger- 
many at  the  University  of  Leipsic.  Upon  the  opening 
of  the  University  of  Chicago,  in  1892,  she  was  appointed 
to  a  fellowship  in  Latin    in    its    graduate    school.      Here 


The  Bartholomew-Clifton  School. 

(For  Girls.) 


she  studied  two  years.  After  receiving  her  Master's  de- 
gree from  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  Miss  Ely  taught 
in  several  of  the  best  preparatory  schools  of  this  city,  and 
has  for  years  made  a  study  of  school  methods  in  this 
country  and  abroad. 

With  Dr.  George  K.  Bartholomew  as   regent,    Miss 
E.  Antoinette   Ely,    A.    M.,    principal,    Miss    Mary    F. 


The  Bartholomew-Clifton   School.         433 

Smith,  associate  principal,  and  a  large  corps  of  teachers, 
this    school  is  unusually  well  equipped  for  good  work. 

Situated  at  Evanswood,  Clifton,  one  of  the  old  fam- 
ily estates  of  Cincinnati's  most  beautiful  suburb,  and 
easily  reached  by  three  street  railway  lines,  the  school 
offers  the  advantages  to  be  gained  from  close  proximity 
to  the  city,  combined  with  the  fresh  air,  light,  and  free- 
dom of  the  country. 

The  special  aim  is  to  provide  a  sensible,  thorough, 
and  well-ordered  training  for  girls.  The  work  is  divided 
into  two  departments,  the  lower  and  the  upper  school. 
Throughout  the  eight  forms  of  the  lower  school  an  effort 
is  made  to  lead  the  children  through  the  necessary  drill 
in  the  fundamental  English  studies,  with  French  or  Ger- 
man, and  with  lessons  in  nature  study,  familiar  science, 
drawing,  music,  physical  culture,  and  sewing. 

The  upper  school  has  two  regular  courses  : 

The  general  academic  course  is  recommended  for 
girls  not  intending  to  go  to  college.  This  course  is 
strong  in  English,  literature,  and  history,  includes 
modern  languages,  familiar  science,  current  events,  the 
history  of  art,  and  substitutes,  for  those  who  desire,  a 
training  in  business  forms  and  simple  accounts,  and  work 
in  modern  languages  and  literature  for  higher  mathe- 
matics and  advanced  classics. 

The  college  preparatory  course  fits  girls  for  admis- 
sion into  any  of  the  colleges  open  to  women.  Students 
who  are  sufficiently  advanced  in  the  elementary  studies 
are  received  for  elective  courses.  Classes  for  advanced 
work  in  languages,  history,  literature,  and  science  are 
open  to  those  who  have  completed  the  general  academic 
course  and  to  others  of  mature  years. 

A  high  standard  is  maintained  throughout  the  school. 
[28] 


434  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Each  pupil  is  permitted  only  so  many  studies  as  she  can 
accomplish  with  the  zest  that  comes  from  work  done  with 
honesty,  understanding,  and  thoroughness. 

A  limited  number  of  pupils  who  desire  the  advan- 
tages of  a  quiet,  well-ordered  home  life  are  offered  resi- 
dence in  the  school. 


CHAPTER  LXV. 

CINCINNATI    TEACHERS    ASSOCIATION. 

IN  October,  1893,  the  following  notice  was  sent  to 
male  teachers  : 

"  The  suggestion  has  been  made  that  an  association 
of  the  male  teachers  of  Cincinnati  would  be  of  advantage. 

"  The  undersigned  have  decided  to  ask  their  fellow 
assistant  teachers  to  meet  on  October  19th,  at  4  o'clock, 
at  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Seventh  and  Walnut,  to  consider 
the  advisability  of  forming  such  an  association,  its  proper 
aims,  and  other  aspects  of  the  matter. 

"  The  superintendent  of  schools  (Mr.  Morgan)  heart- 
ily favors  the  project. 

"Will  you  not  come  to  the  meeting,  whether  you  feel 
inclined  toward  the  idea  or  not.? 

"A.   F.   KUERSTKINER, 

J.  Remsen  Bishop, 
Alan  Sanders, 
O.  W.  Martin." 
Quite  a  number  of  teachers  responded  to    this    invi- 
tation, and  W.  H.  Venable    was    chosen    president    pro 
tem.     It    was    decided   to    form    an   association   of  male 
teachers.      A  committee  of  three,    J.     Remsen    Bishop, 


Cincinnati  Teachers  Association. 


435 


M.  Braam,  and  E.  M.  Sawyer,  was  appointed  to  draft 
constitution  and  by-laws.  The  committee  reported  at 
the  next  meeting,  and  the  first  election  followed  as  fol- 
lows :  J.  R.  Bishop,  president;  E.  M.  Sawyer,  vice- 
president;  Maximilian  Braam,  secretary;  and  J.  C. 
Heywood,  treasurer. 

At  the  meeting 
of  the  association, 
November  lo,  1894, 
the  name  was  changed 
from  Cincinnati  Male 
Teachers  Association 
to  the  Cincinnati 
Teachers  Associa- 
tion. Meetings  are 
held  the  second 
Wednesday  of  each 
school  month,  at  4  p. 
M.,  in  the  hall  of  the 
Sixth  District  School. 

Subjects  discus- 
sed, mostly  by  teach- 
ers :  Relations  of  the 
teachers  to  the  super- 
i  n  t  e  n  d  e  n  t,  J.  R. 
Bishop.  School 
Management,  Ex- 
Superintendent  J.  B.  Peaslee.  Report  of  committee  of 
ten,  E.  W.  Wilkinson.  History  in  public  schools,  W. 
S.  Strickland  and  G.  A.  Carnahan.  Magic  lantern  in 
geography  teaching,  F.  P.  Goodwin.  Drawing,  its 
grammar  and  expression.  Miss  Christine  Sullivan.  The 
use  and  abuse  of  memory  in  education,  W.  H.  Venable. 
Arithmetic,  H.  H.  Brader.     Some  hints  to  teachers,  Geo. 


Dr.  Joseph  Ray, 

The  Mathematician;     First  Principal 
of  Woodward  High  School. 


43^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

F.  Sands.  Study  of  the  natural  sciences,  Geo.  W.  Har- 
per. What  and  how,  C.  C.  Long.  Committee  of  fif- 
teen on  geography,  F.  P.  Goodwin.  The  historical 
sense  in  children,  F.  M.  Youmans.  Mistakes  of  the 
teacher,  W.  S.  Strickland.  Why  teachers  should  be 
members  of  teachers'  organizations,  Superintendent  W. 
H.Morgan.  Life  certificates,  John  A.  Heizer.  A  "roll- 
ing stone  gathers  no  moss,"  Hon.  J.  H.  Bromwell.  The 
voice  in  the  school  room.  Dr.  Max  Thorner.  Ethical 
training,  Miss  Clara  B.  Jordon  and  Miss  Amanda  Kuer- 
steiner.  Mental  and  physical  hygiene.  Dr.  Elizabeth 
Campbell.  Vacation  schools,  Mrs.  C.  N.  Lathrop,  Miss 
M.  L.  Armstrong,  and  F.  M.  Youmans.  Civics,  Mayor 
Julius  Fleischmann. 

PRESIDENTS. 

1893-5,  J.  Remsen  Bishop. 
1895-6,  Maximilian  Braam. 
1896-7,  Fred  M.  Youmans. 
1897-8,  W.  S.  Strickland. 
1898-9,  John  A.  Heizer. 
1899-1900,  E.  W.  Wilkinson. 
1900-1901,  John  S.  Hauer. 
1901-1902,  C.  H.  Porter. 


CHAPTER  LXVL 

MATHESIS. 

TWENTY-NINE  teachers  met  at  the  Ninth  Street 
District  building,  February  20,  1894,  in  response  to 
a  request  from  Superintendent  Morgan  that  each  school 
should    send  a  delegate  to  represent  it  in   the    movement 


Mathesis. 


437 


to  organize  a  society  composed  of  the  lady  teachers. 
Mrs.  Jennie  H.  Jones  was  elected  temporary  chairman, 
and  Miss  Ida  J.  Boyer  secretary. 

Miss  Christine  Sullivan  explained  the  object  of    the 
meeting  to  be  to  organize  a  lady  teachers'  society  for  • 

1.  The  promotion  of  agreeable  and   useful    relations 
among  teachers. 

2.  The  discussion  of  pedagogical,    literary,    artistic 
and     scientific     subjects 

relating  to  the  profes- 
sional work  of  the  teach- 
ers. 

3.  The  dissemina- 
tion of  principles  and 
facts  which  promise  to 
exert  a  salutary  influence 
on  women  teachers  of 
our  schools,  and  through 
them  on  the  schools. 

4.  T  h  e  establish- 
ment of  an  order  which 
shall  render  the  women 
teachers  of  our  schools 
helpful  to  each  other. 

The  subjects,  place, 
time      and       frequency, 

dues  and  initiation  fees,  were  discussed  with  the  follow- 
ing results  :  The  society  shall  meet  at  4  p.  m.  on  the  first 
Tuesday  of  each  month,  except  July,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember. Dues  shall  be  one  dollar  per  annum,  and  no 
initiation  fee  prior  to  September  i,  1894;  subsequently 
an  initiation  fee  of  one  dollar  shall  be  exacted. 

At  each  meeting  a  president  and  secretary    shall    be 
chosen  to  preside  at  the  following  meeting,  but  thetreas- 


James  M.  Brandt, 

Winner  of  the  Oratorical  Prize 
Cincinnati  Law  School,  1896. 


438 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


urer  shall  be  chosen  for  one  year.     For  the  next  meeting 
the  following  officers  were  elected  : 
President,  Ida  J.  Boyer. 
Secretary,  Sue  Armstrong. 
Permanent  treasurer,  Addie  Boyd. 
The   name,    "  Mathesis,"    desire    of  learning,  ^2i% 

chosen  as  the   title   of 
the  association. 

By  a  provision  of 
the  constitution  the 
permanent  officers  of 
the  society  are  elected 
on  the  last  Tuesday 
in  February,  to  serve 
for  one  year.  They 
are  president,  fi  r  s  t 
vice-president,  second 
vice-president,  re- 
cording secretary, 
corresponding  secre- 
tary, assistant  corre- 
sponding secretary, 
and  treasurer,  and  an 
executive  committee 
of  five. 

From  April  2, 
1895,  to  April  6, 
1897,  the  society  held  meetings  in  the  Library  Hall  at 
the  invitation  of  the  Library  Board  of  Managers,  after 
which  meetings  were  held  in  the  Teachers'  Club  Rooms, 
Odd  Fellows'  Temple,  for  a  few  years.  The  Sixth  Dis- 
trict Hall  is  now  the  monthly  meeting  place. 

At  the  regular  meeting  in    June,    a    social    is    held. 
These  socials  are  largely  attended    and   greatly   enjoyed. 


Samuel  T.  Logan, 

Principal  of  the  First  District 
School. 


Mathesis. 


439 


The  rooms  are  decorated  with  flowers,  refreshments  are 
served,  a  fine  orchestra  renders  music,  and  some  pleas- 
ing literary  exercises   are    given.       The    membership    is 


First  District  School, 

Liberty,  near  Broadway;  Erected  1867;  Cost  $76,313; 

21  Rooms,  Seats  1,134  Pupils;  Samuel  T.  Logan, 

Principal;  Charles  Weidner,  Jr.,  Trustee. 

about  150.      Up  to  the  time  of  her  death,  Miss   Christine 
Sullivan  was  the  leading  spirit. 

The  following  is  a  partial  list   of   the    speakers    and 


440  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

the  papers  read   since   the   organization   of  the   society  : 

Science  teaching  in  the  lower  grades,  effects  of  alco- 
hol and  cigarettes  upon  young  people,  Miss  Patrick. 

A  practical  lesson  on  the  use  of  the  molding  board, 
Miss  Magurk. 

Thought  period,  Misses  Doerner,  Hermes  and  Brown. 

Illustrated  composition,  illustrated  lessons,  etc., 
Miss  Sullivan. 

Composition,  the  written  expression  of  thought,  pa- 
triotism and  national  songs,  etc.,  Miss  MacAvoy. 

The  report  of  the  committee  of  ten,  J.  R.  Bishop. 

What.f"  how?  heredity  and  environment,  C.  C.  Long. 

Nature  studies,  Miss  Burnet. 

The  woman  teacher,  Margaret  Sutherland. 

Thou  shalt  not.  Dr.  DanMillikin. 

Art  spirit  in  the  public  schools,  W.  W.  Taylor. 

The  brain  the  organ  of  the  mind  ;  divisions  of  the 
mind,  Dr.  R.  H.  Whallon. 

Acquisition  of  voluntary  power.  Miss  McGowan. 

Idiosyncrasies,  Mrs  Carrie  N.  Lathrop. 

The  normal  child,  how  to  detect  aberrations,  S.  T. 
Logan. 

Well-directed  effort,  Miss  Janet  Knox. 

Control  of  the  thoughts  and  feelings,  Miss  Rothe. 

Actions  arise  from  motives,  Miss  Bohlander. 

Our  native  song  birds,  Louis  M.  Schiel. 

Messengers  of  Spring,  Miss  Selma  Wood. 

PRESIDENTS. 

Temporary,  Ida  J.  Boyer. 
1895-7,  Christine  Sullivan. 
1897-8,  Susie  Rennick. 
1898-1900,  Christine  Sullivan. 
1900-1901,  Ella  A.  Rothe. 
1901-1902,  Mary  McGowan. 


442  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ST.    XAVIER    college. 

This  institution,  known  at  present  as  St.  Xavier 
College,  was  established  October  17,  1831,  by  the  Right 
Rev.  Edward  D.  Fenwick,  D.  D.,  first  bishop  of  Cin- 
cinnati, under  the  name  of  "  Athenceum .'' ^  In  1840  it 
was  transferred,  by  the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  J.  B. 
Purcel],  D.  D.,  to  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
who  have  conducted  it  ever  since  under  the  title  first 
mentioned.  It  was  incorporated  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  State  in  1842.  In  1869  an  act  was  passed 
which  secures  to  the  institution  a  perpetual  charter  and 
all  the  privileges  usually  granted  to  universities. 

The  course  of  study  embraces  the  doctrine  and  evi- 
dences of  the  Catholic  religion,  logic,  metaphysics, 
ethics,  astronomy,  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  mathe- 
matics, rhetoric,  composition,  elocution,  history,  geogra- 
phy, arithmetic,  penmanship,  book-keeping,  actual  busi- 
ness, commercial  law,  the  Latin,  Greek,  English,  Ger- 
man, and  French  languages.  The  college  is  provided 
with  suitable  collection  of  mineralogical  and  geological 
specimens.  In  the  department  of  chemistry  extensive 
improvements  have  been  made,  both  in  point  of  a  large 
stock  of  apparatus  and  of  excellent  facilities  for  work. 


CHAPTER  LXVII. 

THE    BIBLE. 

SEPTEMBER  6,  1869,  the  following  was  introduced 
into  the  Board  of  Education  : 
"Whereas.  There  is  a  desire  on  the  part  of  various 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church  to  unite  certain   schools 


The  Bible. 


443 


under  the  control  of  the  church  with  the  public  schools, 
and  to  place  such  schools  under  the  control  of  the  Board 
of  Education  ;  therefore  : 

'•'Resolved,  That  a  Committee  of  Conference,  con- 
sisting of  5,  be  appointed  by  the  chair,  who  shall  report 
at  an  early  day  to  this  board  upon  the  basis  said  schools 
can  be  consolidated    with    the    public  schools,   also  : 

''Resolved,  That  the  president  and  vice-president  be 
added  to  this    committee." 
At  this  point  Samuel  A. 
Miller  moved  to  amend  by 
adding  the  following  : 

' '  Resolved,  That  re- 
ligious instruction  and  the 
reading  of  religious  books, 
including  the  Holy  Bible, 
are  prohibited  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Cincinnati, 
it  being  the  true  object  and 
intent  of  this  rule  to  allow 
the  children  of  the  parents, 
of  all  sects  and  opinions  in 
matters  of  faith  and  wor- 
ship, to  enjoy  alike  the 
benefits  of  the  common 
school  fund  : 

""Resolved,  That  so  much  of  the  regulations  on  the 
course  of  study  and  text-books  in  the  intermediate  and 
district  schools  as  reads  as  follows,  '  The  opening  exer- 
cises in  every  department  shall  commence  by  reading  a 
portion  of  the  Bible,  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the 
teacher,  and  appropriate  singing  by  the  pupils,'  be  re- 
pealed." 

Discussion  waxed  warm,  citizens  held    public   meet- 


W.  R.  Benedict, 

Professor  of  Philosophy,  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati. 


444 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


ings,  and  the  matter  was  thoroughly  debated.  On  Novem- 
ber I  St  the  resolutions  were  adopted  by  a  vote  of  22  to 
16;  of  the  22,  ten  were  Catholics  and  a  majority  were 
foreign  born,  and  this  lead  to  considerably  of  a  cry  that 
Catholics  had  been  gotten  on  the  board  for  the  express 
purpose  of  ousting  the  Bible,  as  for  many  years  no  more 
than  2  or  3  of  that  faith  had  ever  been  on  the  board  at 
one  time.  It  was  urged  by  some  that,  the  Bible  out  of 
the  way,  the  Catholic  parochial  schools  would  unite  with 
the  public  schools.      Others  claimed    that    the    Catholics 

wanted  the  school  funds  divided 
with  them,  etc. 

In  support  of  the  talked  of 
union  of  the  public  and  parochial 
schools,  the  following  was  cited  : 
"  The  entire  government  of 
public  schools  in  which  Catholic 
youths  are  educated  can  not  be 
given  to  the  civil  power. 

"  We,  as  Catholics,  can  not 
approve  of  that  system  of  edu- 
cation for  youth  which  is  apart 
from  instruction  in  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  the  teaching  of  the 
church.  If  the  School  Board 
can  offer  anything  in  conformity 
with  these  principles,  as  has 
been  done  in  England,  France,  Canada,  Prussia,  and 
other  countries  where  the  rights  of  conscience  in  the 
matter  of  education  have  been  fully  recognized,  I  am 
prepared  to  give  it  respectful  consideration. 
"  John  B.  PuRCELL, 

Archbishop  of  Cincinnati. 
"Cincinnati,  Sept.  18,  1869." 


Merwin  Sherman 

TURRILL, 

For  29  Years  Principal  of 

the  26th    District  School 

(Now     the      Salmon     P. 

Chase),  Cumminsville. 


The  Bible 


445 


The  day  following  the  adoption  of  the  resolutions, 
that  is,  November  2,  1869,  John  D.  Minor  etal.  brought 
suit  to  overthrow  the  action  of  the  Board  of  Education. 
A  temporary  restraining  order  was  granted,  and  so  Bible 
reading  continued  while  the  case  was  being  tried,  and 
up  to  December,  1872,  when  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio 
held  that  the  Board 
of  Education  was 
right  in  ousting  the 
Bible.  The  trial 
started  before  a  full 
bench,  that  is,  the 
Superior  Court  in 
general  term,  on 
Monday,  November 
30,  1869,  Judges 
Bellamy  S  t  o  r  e  r  , 
Hagans,  and  Al- 
phonso  Taft  were  on 
the  bench.  Attor- 
neys for  the  plain- 
tiffs (those  in  favor 
of  the  Bible  reading) 

Edward  Hefner, 


Instructor  in  Latin,  College 
of  Pharmacy. 


were  :      Sage     and 

Hinkle,      Wm.     M. 

Ramsey    and    King, 

Thompson      and 

Avery.      Opposing  counsel  were  :   Walker   and   Conner, 

solicitors   for   the   city;   Stanley    and    S.    R.Matthews, 

George  Hoadly,  and  Stallo  and  Kittredge. 

The  principal  arguments  were  made  by  Stanley 
Matthews,  George  Hoadly,  J.  B.  Stallo,  Judge 
Sage,  Wm.  M.  Ramsey,  and  Rufus  King.  February 
15th  following,  the  Court  gave  its  decision,  two  for   and 


446  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

one  against  the  reading.  This  made  the  injunction  per- 
petual. Judges  Storer  and  Hagans  upheld  the  Bible, 
while  Judge  Taft  held  that  the  Board  of  Education 
could  do  as  it  saw  fit.  This  decision  of  course  was  a 
Bible  victory,  and  the  reading  continued.  The  case 
was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  direct,  and  in  De- 
cember, 1872,  that  body  sustained  the  opinion  of  Judge 
Taft,  that  the  Board  of  education  was  supreme  in  school 
matters.  Upon  this  the  daily  reading  of  the  Scriptures 
ceased,   and  has  never  been   resumed. 

The  reading  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  schools  began 
simultaneously  with  their  establishment,  viz.,  in  1829. 
No  notes  or  comments  were  made  by  the  teachers.  In 
1842  it  was  made  a  rule  "that  no  pupil  should  be 
required  to  read  the  Testament  or  Bible  against  the 
wishes  of  parents  or  guardians."  It  is  said  the  reading 
went  unchallenged  until  that  time  when  Bishop  Pur- 
cell,  then  a  city  school  examiner,  made  an  objection  ; 
hence  the  new  rule.  In  1852  it  was  ruled  that  "the 
opening  exercises  in  every  department  shall  commence 
by  reading  a  portion  of  the  Bible,    etc. 

In  his  finding.   Judge  Welch    says  : 

"  United  with  government,  religion  never  rises 
above  the  merest  superstition ;  united  with  religion, 
government  never  rises  above  the  merest  despotism ; 
and  all  history  shows  us  that  the  more  widely  and 
completely  they  are  separated,  the  better  it  is  for 
both."  The  Court  also  held  that  McGuffey's  readers, 
which  contained  selections  from  the  Bible,  were  not 
included  in  the  resolutions,  or  decisions. 


The  Colored  Schools.  447 


CHAPTER  LXVIII. 

THE    COLORED    SCHOOLS. 

IN  the  minutes  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors 
of  April  5,  1830,  O.  M.  Spencer  reported  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"  The  people  of  colour  in  the  First  Ward  pray  that  a 
school  may  be  opened  in  it  for  the  benefit  of  their  chil- 
dren." 

This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  colored  children 
were  not  taken  special  cognizance  of  by  the  authorities  in 
1829,  when  the  public  school  system  was  established. 
It  is,  however,  recorded  that  in  the  private  schools  of 
those  years  there  was  no  distinction  on  account  of  color. 
Indeed,  colored  children  of  a  light  hue  were  received  into 
private  schools  as  late  as  1835,  when  Mr.  Funk  kept  such 
a  school  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Sixth  and  Vine. 

According  to  John  I.  Gaines,  the  first  school  organ- 
ized for  colored  people  was  in  1825,  by  Henry  Collins, 
a  colored  man,  who  began  in  an  old  pork  house  (some 
say  carpenter  shop)  on  the  south  side  of  Seventh  Street, 
between  Broadway  and  Deer  Creek.  The  school  did 
not  last  a  year.  The  colored  population  of  Cincinnati 
at  that  time  was  about   250. 

In  a  one-story  frame  building  known  as  "King's 
Church,"  on  the  brink  of  Sixth  Street  Hill,  looking  down 
into  Deer  Creek,  a  colored  man  from  Virginia,  named 
Owen  T.  B.  Nickens,  opened  the  first  successful  colored 
school,  in  1834.     The  charge  for  tuition  was   one    dollar 


448 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


per  month,  when  he  could  get  it,  and  though  many  paid 
in  unredeemed  promises,  none  were  turned  away  for  lack 
of  payment. 

In  1836  Mr.  Nickens'  school  removed  to  New  Street, 
near  Broadway,  where  he    was    succeeded    a    few    years 

later  by  John  Mc- 
Micken,  a  natural  son 
of  Charles  McMicken, 
the  founder  of  the 
University  of  Cincin- 
nati. The  latter  was 
urged  to  do  something 
for  the  education  of 
colored  youth.  He 
responded  by  paying 
for  a  tract  of  land 
containing  10,000 
acres,  lying  north  of 
Liberia,  between  that 
republic  and  Sierra 
Leone,  called  it  "Ohio 
in  Africa,"  and  told 
them  to  go  there  and 
settle. 

(Baker  Jones  was 
summoned  to  Cincin- 
nati, and  efforts  were 
made  to  induce  him  to  lead  such  a  colony.  He  was 
willing  to  go,  but  being  refused  what  he  demanded  in 
the  way  of  preparation,  he  went  back  to  Mercer  County, 
his  home.  Peter  H.  Clark  was  then  selected  to  go  as  an 
explorer  to  this  "Ohio  in  Africa."  But  when  he  reached 
New  Orleans  he  refused  to  embark  in  the  dirty  lumber 


John  I.  Gaines, 

After  Whom  Gaines  High  School 
was  Named  ;   He  died  Novem- 
ber 27,  1859;  aged  38. 


The  Coi.ored  Schools.  449 

schooner  that  had  been  chartered  to  carry  him  and  one 
hundred  and  nineteen  other  persons.     The  others  started. 

Before  getting  out  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  the  un- 
fortunate emigrants  were  attacked  by  smallpox.  The 
captain  finally  put  into  Charleston,  S.  C,  for  medical 
help.  Here  all  the  well  ones  were  put  into  jail  for  com- 
ing into  the  State  in  contravention  of  law.  After  linger- 
ing there  three  months  they  were  freed  and  set  out  again 
on  their  journey.  In  less  than  six  months  ninety  per 
cent,  of  them  were  dead. 

Having  done  so  much,  Mr.  McMicken  inserted  a 
clause  in  his  will  prohibiting  colored  youth  from  sharing 
in  the  benefits  of  any  educational  facilities  he  might  pro- 
vide for  the  youth  of  the  Qj.ieen  City.) 

In  1834  the  faculty  of  Lane  Seminary,  alarmed  by 
the  threats  of  Kentucky  mobbists,  forbade  their  students 
to  discuss  the  slavery  question.  A  large  number  of  stu- 
dents rebelled.  Some  went  to  Oberlin,  which,  with 
doors  open  for  the  discussion  of  all  questions  and  for  the 
education  of  all  races  and  sexes,  was  at  that  time  found- 
ed, and  for  the  special  benefit  of  these  seceders.  Some  of 
the  students  came  down  to  the  city  and  established 
schools  for  the  education  of  colored  youth. 

Three  of  these  teachers,  August  Wattles  and  the 
Misses  Mathews  and  Bishop,  found  employment  in  the 
East  End.  The  ladies  were  in  after  years  succeeded  by 
Misses  Lowe,  Rakestraw,  and  Merrill.  One  teacher, 
Mr.  Fairchild,  found  pupils  in  the  West  End  of  the  city. 

It  was  no  easy  thing  to  secure  a  place  in  which  these 
schools  could  assemble,  for  the  mob  spirit  was  so  ram- 
pant and  so  powerful  that  there  was  danger  of  the  de- 
struction of  any  building  so  occupied,  hence  considerable 
difficulty  was  experienced  by  those   determined    to    have 

[29I 


45« 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


schools.  John  O.  Wattles,  a  white  man,  describes  a 
scene  of  which  he  was  an  eye  witness.  It  was  enacted 
at  the  Baptist  Church,  on  Western  Row,  the  site  of    the 


Peter  H.  Clark, 

Ex-Superintendent  of  Colored  Schools, 
Ex-Principal  of  Gaines  High  School. 

Central  Union  Depot.  "  The  howling  of  the  rowdies 
around  the  church,  chiming  with  the  rattling  of  the  win- 
dow shutters    and   the    whistling   of   the    winter    winds 


The  Colored  Schools.  451 

through  the  vacant  panes  and  the  cracks  of  the  door,  the 
rattle  of  the  stones  and  brickbats  against  the  house, 
while  the  little  ones  within  would  gather  up  close  to  the 
teacher,  and  huddle  closer  together,  trembling  with  fear 
and  knowing  not  what  to  do,  whether  to  stay  and  await 
the  fire  of  the  assailants,  or  rush  out  and  brave  the  curses 
of  the  drunken  rabble.'' 

There  was  a  determination  not  to  allow  the  blacks 
to  be  taught,  and  all  sorts  of  indignities  were  heaped 
upon  teachers,  who  found  their  goods  set  upon  sidewalks, 
and  themselves  forced  to  go  from  place  to  place  for  food 
and  lodging. 

A  room  for  the  girls  of  the  East  End  was  found  in 
the  Deer  Creek  Methodist  Church,  which  was  afterwards 
known  as  New  Street  Chapel.  The  approach  to  it,  at 
that  time,  was  by  way  of  an  alley  opening  into  Sixth 
Street.  Baker  Jones  allowed  the  use  of  two  of  his  houses 
on  Sixth  Street,  just  east  of  Broadway  (on  "The 
Green  ").  In  one  of  these  Mr.  Wattles  taught  an  ad- 
vanced class  of  boys,  and  in  the  other  Miss  Bishop  taught 
the  primary  classes  of  the  same  sex.  Mr.  Jones  is  worthy 
of  honorable  mention  in  this  connection.  He  was  a  man 
of  considerable  wealth  for  that  day  ;  also  a  man  of  intel- 
ligence and  advanced  ideas. 

Prof.  Fairchild,  who  taught  in  the  colored  schools 
here,  became  eminent  in  educational  and  theological 
work.  He  was  for  a  time  a  professor  at  Oberlin  College, 
and  afterwards  president  of  Berea  College,  Kentucky. 

An  association,  the  history  of  which  has  never  been 
written,  aided  much  in  the  establishment  and  mainte- 
nance of  schools.  Under  its  influence  schools  were  es- 
tablished in  Columbus,  Chillicothe,  Circleville,  Zanes- 
ville,  Dayton,  and  other  places.  The  famous  Liberty 
School  House  was  one  of  their  structures.  Mrs.  Sarah 
Bella  Garrard,   afterwards    Mrs.    vSarah    Bella    McLean, 


452  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

was  president,  and  Rev.  Walter  Yancey  agent  to  collect 
funds. 

Still  mob  violence  frequently  kept  the  scholars  from 
attending  school,  and  prejudice  was  so  intense  the  white 
teachers  were  refused  accommodation  in  boarding  houses, 
and  were  oblisjed  to  rent  a  house  and    board    themselves. 


A.  J.  DeHart, 

Principal  of  the  Douglass  School,  the  onlj  Colored 
School  in  the  City  (1902). 

Colored  men  heartily  co-operated  in  their  work,  and  en- 
couraged both  teachers  and  scholars  in  I  heir  efforts. 
In  1841  Messrs.  Goodwin  and  Denham  opened  a  school 
in  Baker  Street  Church.  This  was  the  largest  of  all  the 
colored  schools,  having  an   enrollment   of    two    or    three 


The  Colored  Schools.  453 

hundred  pupils.  These  schools  continued  with  varying 
success  for  several  years,  some  of  them  flourishing  and 
others  barely  hanging  on  the  ragged  edge  of  existence. 

THE    CINCINNATI    HIGH    SCHOOL, 

As  Gilmore's  school  was  called,  was  established  in 
1844  by  the  Rev.  Hiram  S.  Gilmore,  a  philanthropic 
gentleman  of  considerable  wealth,  who  purchased  a  lot 
at  the  east  end  of  Harrison  Street,  and  erected  thereon 
a  building  of  five  commodious  rooms  and  a  chapel.  In 
the  yard  lie  placed  a  complete  set  of  physical  apparatus 
for  gymnastic  exercises. 

While  the  building  and  outfit  were  the  property  of 
Mr.  Gilmore,  he  was  assisted  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
school  by  the  tuition  paid  by  some  pupils,  the  contri- 
butions of  white  friends,  and  by  the  society  hitherto 
alluded  to. 

No  expense  was  spared  to  make  this  school  a  success. 
Good  teachers  were  employed,  and  besides  the  common 
branches  of  an  English  course,  Latin,  Greek,  music,  and 
drawing  were  taught. 

Mr.  Gilmore  acted  as  principal,  doing  no  teaching, 
and  for  a  considerable  time  his  brother-in-law,  Joseph 
Moore,  taught  the  advanced  classes.  Pupils  were  pre- 
pared for  college,  and  quite  a  fair  proportion  of  them 
went  from  this  school  to  Oberlin  and  such  colleges  as 
drew  no  color  line  on  matriculation. 

While  the  enrollment  reached  several  hundred,  the 
receipts  never  equaled  the  expenses.  Under  the  direc- 
tion of  Dr.  A.  L.  Childs  and  Prof.  W.  F.  Colburn,  re- 
spectively, the  departments  of  elocution  and  music  reached 
a  high  state  of  efficiency.  Regularly  during  vacation  the 
classes,  under  direction  of  the  principal,  journeyed 
through  Ohio,  New  York  and   Canada,    giving  concerts 


W.  H.  Parham, 

Superintendent  of  Colored  Schools  1866-  1876. 
<^454)         cipal  Gaines  High  School  1887- 1890, 


Prin- 


The  Colored  Schools.  455 

and  exhibitions,  the  profits  of  which  were  devoted  to 
furnishing  clothing  and  books  and  otherwise  assisting 
indigent  students. 

The  inspiration  given  to  colored  youth  for  the  bet- 
terment of  their  individual  condition  and  the  elevation  of 
their  race,  by  Gilmore's  school,  was  of  almost  incalcula- 
ble benefit  to  the  people.  From  its  ranks  came  P.  B.  S. 
Pinchback,  ex-governor  and  U.  S.  senator-elect  (refused 
admission)  of  Louisiana;  John  M.  Langston,  ex-dean 
of  Howard  University  Law  School  (Washington,  D.  C), 
also  congressman  from  Virginia  and  minister  to  Hayti ; 
Thomas  C.  Ball,  the  artist;  Peter  H.  Clark,  ex-princi- 
pal Gaines  High  School ;  Monroe  Trotter,  Ex-United 
States  recorder  of  deeds  under  President  Cleveland ; 
John  I.  Gaines,  the  Nestor  of  public  school  advocates ; 
Dr.  C.  F.  Buckner,  M.  D.,  of  this  city;  Rev.  Philip 
Tolliver,  presiding  elder  of  the  A.  M.  E.  Church  ;  Joseph 
H.  Perkins,  the  great  orator  of  the  Ohio  Valley;  and  a 
host  of  others. 

PUBLIC  schools. 

In  1849  there  was  a  tie  in  the  Ohio  Legislature  be- 
tween the  Whigs  and  the  Democrats,  a  handful  of  Free 
Soilers  holding  the  balance  of  power.  These  Free  Soil- 
ers  made  this  proposition  to  the  two  parties  :  (a)  Re- 
peal the  black  laws  ;  (b)  establish  free  schools  for  col- 
ored children  ;  (c)  elect  Salmon  P.  Chase  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  and  we  will  vote  with  you  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  legislature  and  the  distribution  of  State 
offices. 

The  Democrats  accepted  the  offer,  and  the  promised 
legislation  was  enacted.  But  the  school  and  city  author- 
ities of  Cincinnati  held  that  the  clause  of  the  act  which 
authorized  colored  men  to  elect  their  school  directors  was 


456  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

unconstitutional,  and  therefore  they  refused  to  pay  over 
the  money  necessary  to  maintain  the   schools. 

Six  trustees  were  elected,  teachers  appointed,  and 
houses  rented,  but  no  money  was  forthcoming.  Led  by 
John  I.  Gaines,  Wm.  Benkley,  Richard  Phillips,  Dennis 
Hills,  Jno.  Woodson,  Wallace  Shelton,  L.  C.  Flewellan, 
and  others,  the  colored  people  came  together  in  public 
and  resolved  to  raise  money,  employ  counsel,  and  sue  the 
city.  The  city  was  divided  into  Eastern  and  Western 
Districts,  with  Walnut  Street  as  the  dividing  line  (later 
changed  to. Vine  Street)  ;  teachers  were  employed  and 
salaries  fixed. 

After  serving  three  months,  bills  were  presented  to 
the  council  for  the  teachers'  pay  and  expenses,  and,  as 
expected,  payment  was  refused.  Flamen  Ball,  law  part- 
ner of  Salmon  P.  Chase,  was  first  in  charge  of  the  case, 
and  he  at  once  began  action  by  asking  the  court  for  a 
writ  of  mandamus.  The  proceedings  were  begun  in 
1851,  but  a  decision  was  not  had  till  early  in  1852.  The 
decision  affirmed  the  constitutionality  of  the  act,  and  re- 
quired the  setting  aside  of  a  pro  rata  share  of  the  funds, 
and  the  placing  of  those  funds  at  thecommandof  a  board 
elected  by  the  colored  people.  The  delayed  salaries  were 
ordered  paid,  and  the  schools  set  in  working  order. 
Peter  H.  Clark,  one  of  the  teachers  employed  for  that 
trial  term,  turned  over  his  salary  of  one  hundred  and  five 
dollars  to  the  fund  for  defraying  the  expense  incurred  in 
the  suit  against  the  city.  At  first  Mr.  Clark  was  the 
only  teacher  in  the  Western  District,  but  later  he  was  as- 
sisted by  Mr.  Tolbert,  a  white  man. 

For  the  Eastern  District,  Owen  T.  B.  Nickens  and 
Miss  Mary  J.  Hallam  were  employed.  Miss  Hallam 
taught  the  girls  in  a  church  which  stood  on  North  Street, 
between    Sixth    and    New   Streets.      The  schools     were 


Francis  W.  Johnson,  M,  D. 

Graduate  Earlham  College,  1884;  Columbus, 

Ohio,    Medical    College,   1890;    Starling 

Medical    College   (Post  Graduate), 

1891;  Assistant  City  Paymaster, 

Treasurer's    Office,    1902. 


The  C01.ORED  Schools.  457 

therefore  fully  established  in  1852,  under  their  own 
board  of  six  trustees  (later  made  nine  when  the  Walnut 
Hills  District  was  added) ,  and  with  their  own  superinten- 
dent, Stephen  L.  Massey,  a  white  man.  Peter  H.  Clark 
succeeded  Superintendent  Massey  after  a  brief  interval ; 
VV.  H.  Parham  succeeded  Mr.  Clark  in  1866. 

In  the  legislative  session  of  1852-3  the  control  of  the 
schools  was  taken  away  from  the  colored  people  and  ves- 
ted in  the  white  Board  of  Education.  Soon  that  body 
tired  of  the  change,  and  consented  to  the  re-transfer.  Then 
they  remained  under  the  colored  board  until  1874,  when 
the  management  was  again  placed  in  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation. 

The  Eastern  District  school  house  on  Seventh  Street, 
east  of  Broadway,  was  erected  in  1858.  By  a  contract 
made  with  Nicholas  Longworth  in  February,  1858,  he 
covenanted  to  build  a  house  on  condition  that  he  be  paid 
6%  on  the  value  of  the  house  and  lot,  which  was 
$12,979.49. 

Five  school  houses  composed  the  entire  property  of 
the  colored  board.  Colored  men  could  vote  only  for 
members  of  their  board,  this  limited  exercise  of  the  fran- 
chise being  all  they  had  up  to  1870,  when  Article  15  U. 
S.  Const,  was  adopted.  Whites  did  not  vote  for  the 
colored  board. 

John  Isom  Gaines,  after  whom  Gaines  High  School 
was  named,  was  born  in  Cincinnati.  He  was  for  years 
clerk  of  the  colored  byard.  He  died  on  Thanksgiv- 
ing Day,  November  27,/i859.  The  remains  were  first 
buried  in  the  Colored  American  Graveyard,  Avondale, 
and  in  1884  were  removed  to  the  Colored  American 
Graveyard  at  Oakley,  near  Madisonville,  O.  In  1859 
the  colored  people  of  Cincinnati  and  vicinity  erected  a 
monument  over  the  grave.  Mr.  Gaines  was  a  remarkable 
man  in  many  respects.      He  was    engaged    in    supplying 


.45^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

provisions  for  steamboats,  and  his  store  on  the  river  front, 
just  east  of  Broadway,  was  known  from  Pittsburg  to  New 
Orleans.  Most  boats  had  colored  stewards  in  those  ante 
bellum  days,  and  these  made  their  purchases  of  Mr. 
Gaines,  who  dealt  in  fruits,  vegetables,  canned  goods,  etc. 
His  home  was  at  415  New  Street,  where  a  daughter, 
Arabella  E.  Gaines,  still  resides.  Mr.  Gaines  was  a 
Whig  and  Republican  sympathizer,  and  made  speeches 
for  the  parties,  although  he  had  no  right  to  vote.  His 
son,  Maurice  Gaines,  is  now  (1902)  in  London,  England, 
manager  of  a  theatrical  troup  of  which  he  was  himself 
some  years  ago  the  leading  song  and  dance  artist. 

The  inscription  on  Mr.  Gaines'  monument  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

"  Erected  by  the  colored  citizens  of  Cincinnati,  in 
commemoration  of  the  invaluable  services  of  John  I.  Gaines 
in  the  cause  of  education,  and  his  untiring  efforts  to  ele- 
vate his  race.  (  Opposite  side)  John  Isom  Gaines.  Born 
in  Cincinnati,  Nov.  6,  1821.  Died  Nov.  27,  1859. 
Aged  38  years  and  21  days." 

For  a  number  of  years  Peter  H.  Clark  (now  in  Sum- 
ner High  School,  St.  Louis,  Mo.)  labored,  after  school 
hours,  instructing  advanced  classes  of  young  people  and 
preparing  teachers  to  maintain  the  supply  demanded  by 
the  colored  schools  within  a  large  radius  of  Cincinnati. 
In  fact,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  from  1859  to  1895  not  a 
teacher  in  the  colored  schools  but  had  been  trained  by 
him.  No  one  realized,  as  he  did,  the  pressing  need  of  a 
high  school  for  colored  youth,  and  in  1865  he  began  to 
advocate  its  establishment.  Always  timid  and  appre- 
hensive of  its  cost,  a  majority  of  the  Board  opposed  the 
idea,  but  in  July,  1866,  the  measure  received  a  majority 
of  one  vote,  and  in  September  the  school  was  opened 
under  the  title  of  Gaines  High  School,  with    the   follow- 


The  Colored  Schools.  459 

ing  faculty  :  Peter  H.  Clark,  principal ;  L.  D.  Easton ; 
Alice  V.  Carter  ;  R.  Dempker,  drawing  ;  J.  C.  Christine, 
German ;  W.  Schiele,  music.  Four  years  later.  June, 
1870,  the  first  class  of  six  was  graduated.  The  following 
studies  comprised  the  curriculum  of  the  school :  Algebra, 
geometry,  trigonometry,  astronomy,  higher  arithmetic, 
book-keeping,  physics,  physiology,  botany,  chemistry, 
geology,  history,  literature,  rhetoric,  mensuration,  Latin, 
German,  drawing,  and  music.  The  sessions  were  held 
in  the  Court  (near  John)  Street  building,  known  at  first 
as  the  Western  District  School,  and  later  as  the  Gaines 
and  Western  School. 

For  more  than  twenty  years  the  colored  people  had 
an  abiding  faith  in  the  school  and  its  progress.  The 
number  of  young  persons  it  was  instrumental  in  estab- 
lishing in  good  positions  in  life  was  its  greatest  recom- 
mendation to  favor  in  their  eyes,  and  the  demand  for 
Gaines  High  School  students  as  teachers  became  so 
urgent  that  it  was  for  a  time  difiicult  to  hold  them  until 
graduation,  so  eager  were  parents  to  have  them  accept 
places. 

In  1874  the  colored  board  was  abolished  never  to 
be  re-established.  Two  years  later  the  superintendency 
of  colored  schools,  held  by  W.  H.  Parham,  was  abolished, 
and  in  1887,  when  the  Arnelt  law  went  into  force, 
separate  colored  schools  as  a  class  were  abolished,  for 
the  law  now  permitted  colored  children  to  attend  schools 
for  whites ;  the  inspiring  influence  of  Gaines  High 
School,  Peter  H.  Clark,  w^as  removed.  All  the  colored 
schools  were,  under  rule  109,  placed  upon  a  plane  of 
suffrance  that  is  both  humiliating  and  galling,  alike  to 
teachers  and  pupils.  The  result  need  hardly  be  told. 
Gaines  High  School  enrollment  fell,  in  three  years,  from 
one    hundred  and  thirty  to  a  beggarly  five  pupils,  and  of 


460  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

course  was  abolished.  With  the  exception  of  Douglass 
School  and  a  one-roomed  colony,  all  the  others  have 
been  closed, and  it  is  thought  the  time  is  near  when 
there  will  be  no  separate  schools  for  the  colored  children. 
In  1866  Wm.  H.  Parham  was  elected  superintendent 
of  colored  schools,  which  position  he  filled  until  1876 
when  the  office  was  abolished  as  related  above,  all  colored 
schools  passing  by  law  under  the  care  of  superinten- 
dent, John  B.  Peaslee,  Mr.  Parham  was  then  made 
principal  of  all  the  colored  district  schools,  and  in  1887 
he  succeeded  Peter  H.  Clark  as  principal  of  Gaines  High 
School,  and  continued  there  until  1890,  when  he  resigned 
and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  law.  Mr.  Parham  be- 
gan teaching  in  this  city  in  i860.  In  1863  he  became 
principal  of  the  Eastern  District,  succeeding  John  G. 
Mitchell,  who  resigned  to  become  president  of  Wilber- 
force  University,  Xenia,  O.  Mr.  Parham  was  the  first 
colored  graduate  of  the  Cir/cinnati  Law  School  (1874). 
He  was  also  the  first  colored  man  to  become  a  notary  in 
Ohio,  and  he  was  the  first  colored  man  to  be  nominated 
for  the  Ohio  Legislature,  etc.  Noted  men  members  of 
the  colored  board  were  :  Peter  F.  Fossett,  who  had  been 
a  slave  of  Thomas  Jefferson  ;  Wallace  Sheldon,  "  father 
of  the  colored  Baptists  of  Ohio;  Col.  Robert  Harlan, 
race  horse  man,  politician,  and  special  agent  of  the 
Treasury  under  Gen.  Grant;  Hartwell  Parham,  tobacco 
man,  father  of  W.  H.  Parham  ;  Marshall  Jones,  who  pre- 
sented a  sword  and  flag  to  Col.  Wm.  M.  Dickson  of  the 
"  Black  Brigade;"  Joseph  C.  Corbin,  state  school  com- 
missioner of  Arkansas  during  reconstruction  days ; 
Robert  Gordon,  the  coal  man,  the  wealthiest  colored  man 
ever  in  Cincinnati,  and  father-in-law  of  George  H. 
Jackson,    the    attorney. 

The  picture  of  John  B.  Peaslee  shown  on  page  zj3  of 


The  Colored  Schools.  461 

this  book    was  photographed  by  A.  S.  Thomas,  the  noted 
colored  artist,  as  was  the  picture  of  Peter  H.  Clark. 


CHAPTER  LXIX. 

MEDALS    AND    PRIZES. 

ALL  medals  in  the  schools  were  abolished    October  3, 
1901.      The  following  letter  explains  their    origin  : 

Cincinnati,  Dec.  31,  1855. 
To  the  Union  Board  of  High  Schools  : 

In  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  my  late  father,  I 
propose  founding  a  mathematical  prize  for  the  Wood- 
ward High  School  and  for  the  Hughes  High  School. 
I  will  give  $50  every  year  to  the  pupil  who  shall  pass  the 
best  examination  in  mathematics  in  each  of  these  respec- 
tive schools,  the  prize  so  bestowed  to  be  in  money  or  a 
medal,  as  the  Union  Board  may  deem  best,  to  be  called 
"The  Joseph  Ray  Mathematical  Prize."  The  first 
award  to  be  made  at  the  close  of  the  examination  in  July 
next.  Respectfully  yours, 

Daniel  G.  Ray." 

April  14,  1856,  the  offer  was  accepted,  medals  being 
chosen.  An  award  was  not  made  at  once.  Peter  S. 
Michie,  of  Woodward,  received  the  first ;  this  was  in 
1857  (Mr.  Michie  went  to  West  Point,  and  later  became 
a  professor  there). 

Mr.  Ray's  gift  was  changed  later,  two  gold  and  two 
silver  medals  being  given.  These  medals  were  ordered 
by  the  Union  Board,  which  sent  the  bill  to  Mr.  Ray  for 
liquidation.  After  1872-3  the  Ray  medals  were  given 
for  general  scholarship.  In  1881  Mr.  Ray  died,  and  the 
"  Ray  "  medals  ceased.  However,  David  Sinton,  on 
April  31,  1883,  offered  to  continue  them,  and  the  "  David 


462 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Sinton"  medals  were  thereafter  given.     These  were  also 
for  general  scholarship. 

When  the  Walnut  Hills  High  School  was  started, 
there  were  no  medals  for  general  scholarship,  so  Charles 
P.  Taft,  son-in-law  of  David  Sinton,  donated  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  two  general  scholarship  medals. 

Aside  from  the 
above  were  the  "  un- 
known "  medals  for 
girls,  medals  given  by 
teachers,  graduates, 
and  by  the  Alumnal 
Associations  as  well. 

Harry  M.  Levy 
gave  the  "Jordan" 
medals  (gold  and  sil- 
ver) for  excellence  in 
Latin.  These  medals 
were  in  honor  of 
Clara  B.  J  o  r  d  o  n, 
teacher  of  Latin  at 
Hughes,  and  were  for 
Hughes  pupils  only. 

Mrs.  E.  Cort 
Williams  gave  a  gold 
medal  to  Walnut  Hills 
for  the  best  oration. 
This  medal  was  in 
honor  of  her  husband's  memory.  The  Christian  Boss 
medal  (gold)  was  given  at  the  same  school  for  excellence 
in  German.  It  was  in  honor  of  Christian  Boss.  For 
several  years  Francis  B.  James  gave  gold  medals  for  the 
best  orations  at  Woodward. 

At  various  times  other  public-spirited    citizens  gave 


D.  L.   RUNYAN, 

Principal  of  the  Salmon  P.  Chase 

School,  North  Side, 

Cumminsville. 


John  M.  Walden,  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D., 

Bishop  M.  E.  Church;  Member  Board  of  Education  in  1865. 

(463) 


4%  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

medals  for  excellence  in  different  subjects,  such  as  litera- 
ture, science,  etc.  For  quite  a  period  H.  H.  Tatem, 
Rankin  D.  Jones,  and  Louis  D.  Marks  gave  the  alum- 
nal  medals  for  Hughes. 

About  1875  Timothy  C.  Day,  ex-congressman  and 
attorney,  left  by  will  an  amount  of  property  to  the  Young 
Men's  Mercantile  Library  Association,  in  trust,  the  in- 
come to  be  applied  to  the  distribution  of  tickets  to  the 
Association  Library.  This  distribution  occurs  annually, 
children  from  the  intermediate  and  high  schools  being 
beneficiaries.  These  tickets  are  now  (1902)  the  only 
prizes  awarded  in  the  Cincinnati  schools  to  individual 
pupils.  One  year  John  R.  McLean,  proprietor  of  the 
Enquirer^  a  morning  daily  paper  in  Cincinnati,  gave 
$300  in  gold  to  various  pupils.  Gen.  A.  Hickenlooper, 
of  the  Cincinnati  Gas  &  Electric  Company,  usually  gives 
prizes  to  the  cooking  school,  as  does  Mayor  Fleischmann, 
who  is  president  of  a  yeast  manufacturing  company. 

The  reasons  given  for  the  abolishing  of  medals  are  : 
(i)  Medals  engender  too  much  hard  feeling  and  excite 
unnatural  competition.  (3)  There  have  been  too  many 
quarrels  over  the  awards.  (3)  And  most  pronounced  : 
the  teachers  are  opposed  to  medals  owing  to  the  immense 
amount  of  detail  required  to  be  kept  in  the  records,  to 
prevent  mistakes  and  misunderstandings. 

The  giving  of  alumnal  medals  started  at  Woodward, 
when  a  balance  of  the  Woodward  Monument  Fund  was 
turned  over  to  the  Union  Board. 

MEDALS    ABOLISHED. 

Medals  abolished  :  Hughes,  seven.  4  gold  and  3  sil- 
ver;  Woodward,  four,  3  gold,  i  silver;  Walnut  Hills, 
six,  5  gold,  I  silver;  a  total  of  17,  12  gold  and  5  silver. 
The  last  medals  were  given  at  the  commencement  of 
June  7,   1901. 


Thk  Fi.orai.  Pakades.  46: 


CHAPTER  LXX. 


THE    FLORAL    PARADES. 


THE  public  schools  participated  in  two  floral  parades  : 
one  on  Friday,  September  28,  1900,  and  the  other  on 
Monday,  September  16,  1901.  Both  parades  were  great 
successes.  The  second  was  more  striking  in  some  re- 
spects than  the  first,  but  interest  in  it  was  not  so  general, 
probably  on  account  of  the  prevailing  excitement. 

President  McKinley  had  been  shot  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Saturday,  September  7th,  and,  as  he  died  on  the  mor- 
ning of  the  14th  following,  the  city  was  in  mourning 
when  the  second  Fall  Festival  was  held.  Indeed  the  re- 
mains of  the  President  were  in  transit  from  Buffalo  to 
Washington  while  the  parade  was  moving.  The  occa- 
sion was  thus  a  memorial.  Floats  and  carriages  gaily 
decorated  were  draped  in  black,  making  a  scene  never 
to  be  forgotten.  Church  hymns  and  patriotic  airs  took 
the  place  of  the  popular  "ragtime"  and  other  lively  airs 
which  had  made  up  the  musical  program.  The  greatest 
respect  was  paid  the  dead  President  on  every  side. 

Speakingof  the  first  floral  parade,  the  judges  report- 
ed to  the  Committee  on  Awards:  "The  judges  regret 
that  they  were  not  permitted  to  consider  the  various  dis- 
plays made  by  the  public  schools,  which,  in  their  judg- 
ment, were  of  remarkable  beauty,  taste,  and  variety  of 
design,  which  made  that  particular  feature  a  striking  and 
memorable  success." 

The  decoration  of  the  school  carriages  and  floats  was 
[30] 


a 
S 
o 
O 
o 


X       O 


C/3 


-A 


The  Florai.  Parades. 


467 


done  chiefly  by  teachers  and  pupils.  Many  schools  spent 
as  high  as  $300  and  $300  for  paper  flowers  and  material, 
while  from  two  to  three  weeks  of  regular  school  time  was 
spent  in  preparation.  John  L.  Shuff  (see  page  143) 
was  chairman  of  the  floral  parade  committees. 


Harry  L.  Gordon, 

Chairman  of  the  Nij^ht  Pageant  Committees,  Fall  Festivals 

1901-2;     Appointed  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Ohio,  June 

26,  1902,  to  Succeed  Carl  L.  Nippert,  Resigned. 


The  floral  parades  were  only  part  of  a  general  series 
of  civic  demonstrations  "for  the  honor  and  glory  of 
Cincinnati."  Cleveland,  for  years  the  second  city  in 
Ohio,  had  forged  to  the  front,    and    Cincinnati    business 


468  ScFrooi.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

men  felt  it^  necessary  to  advertise.  For  some  years  there 
had  been  no  annual  festival  or  exposition,  hence  the  Fall 
Festivals  of  1900  and  1901.  Great  crowds  of  visitors 
were  attracted  to  the  city,  and  both  affairs  were  phe- 
nomenal successes.  To  this  success  no  one  contributed 
more  than  did  the  public  schools  by  their  showings  in 
the  parades  and  by  the  children's  choruses  at  Music  Hall. 
The  order  of  I-Tan-Nic-Nic  was  organized  in  1901,  and 
Harry  L.  Gordon  was  the  "  Great  Itan  "  of  the  occasion. 
June  36,  1902,  Mr.  Gordon  (who  was  a  State  sena- 
tor) was  appointed  Lieutenant-Governor  to  succeed  Carl 
L.  Nippert  (appointed  to  the  probate  judgship).  Men- 
tion should  be  made  also  of  the  displays  of  the  parochial 
schools.  These  were  in  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  dis- 
plays, and  assisted  materially  in  the  success  of  the 
demonstration. 


CHAPTER  LXXI. 

COLI.EGE    OF    MUSIC. 

(See  Page  369.) 

THE  COLLEGE  OF  MUSIC  OF  CINCINNATI, 
a  national  school  of  music  and  dramatic  art,  rests 
upon  the  May  Festival  scheme,  as  that  in  turn  rests  upon 
the  Saengerfest  of  1869. 

In  the  summer  of  1869  the  North  American  Saeng- 
erbund,  which  was  organized  in  Cincinnati  in  1849, 
gave  a  festival,  which  w^as  very  successful. 

This  Saengerfest  was  housed  in  a  modest  but  com- 
modious structure,  a  mere  summer  shed,  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Elm  and  Fourteenth  Streets,  where  Music  Hall 


Frank  Vander  Stucken, 

Honorary  Dean  College  of  Music;    Conductor  Cincinnati 

Symphony  Orchestra.  (469) 


47^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

now  stands.  It  occurred  to  thoseof  the  English-speaking 
element  that  grand  concerts  might  be  given  without 
that  lavish  resort  to  stimulants  which  was  an  offence  to 
the  more  religiously-inclined  people.  Thus  arose  the  far- 
famed  May  Festivals  in  furtherance  of  this  view. 

The  first  festival  .was  held  in  1873,  the  director  being 
then,  as  ever  since,  the  Nestor  of  orchestral  leaders, 
Theodore  Thomas.  The  first  two  May  Festivals  were 
given  in  the  hollow-sounding  shed,  and  so  successful 
were  they  that  it  was  proposed  to  build  a  solid  structure, 
which  might  be  an  eternal  monument  to  the  glory  of  this 
city,  and  be  a  fountain  head  of  ennobling  influences  to 
the  entire  nation.  In  May,  1878,  the  Music  Hall  was 
completed  and  dedicated  with  a  festival  which,  in  the 
matter  of  monetary  magnificence,  has  never  been  equaled, 
the  gross  receipts  being  $78,000.  The  success  of  this 
enterprise  was  largely  due  to  the  philanthropy  of  one 
prominent  citizen,  Reuben  R.  Springer.  This  worthy 
man,  who  had  from  the  humblest  beginnings,  by  patient 
industry  and  commercial  instinct,  amassed  a  fortune  of 
$2,000,000,  offered  to  give  half  of  the  necessary  funds  for 
the  permanent  Music  Hall,  provided  the  citizens  at  large 
would  contribute  the  other  half.  This  generous  offer 
was  accepted  by  the  public,  and  was  at  once  acted  upon. 
Large  and  small  sums  came  rolling.  The  various  trades 
unions  of  the  city  took  a  hand,  and  the  money  was  soon 
raised.  In  the  very  truest  and  best  sense.  Music  Hall  is 
the  temple  of  Cincinnati.  Mr.  Springer  died  in  1884; 
memorial  services  were  held  in  the  great  hall  that  he  had 
made  possible. 

The  success  of  the  May  Festivals  made  the  starting 
of  the  College  of  Music  a  comparatively  easy  matter — so 
easy  in  fact  that  a  school  was  begun  before  there  were 
adequate  provisions  for  such  an  establishment.     The  col- 


Miss  Jennie  Mannheimer, 

Monologue  Recitals;    Director  of  the  School  of  Expression, 

College  of  Music.  (471) 


472  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

lege  was  opened  October  14,  1878,  in  the  rooms  which 
surrounded  Music  Hall,  and  these  were  but  poorly  adap- 
ted to  the  purpose.  The  first  president  was  Col.  George 
Ward  Nichols,  and  the  first  music  director,  Theodore 
Thomas.  Each  of  these  men  was  great  in  his  way,  and 
each  filled  an  important  place  in  the  founding  of  the 
college,  yet  they  did  not  long  remain  in  amicable  rela- 
tions. 

After  a  year  and  a  half  Mr.  Thomas  resigned,  alleg- 
ing the  failure  to  fulfil  certain  expressed  conditions  of 
his  removal  to  Cincinnati  from  New  York.  These 
claims  were  in  reference  to  the  establishment  of  a  perma- 
nent orchestra.  After  his  return  to  New  York  in  the 
early  spring  of  1880,  the  college  went  on  as  before  and 
vindicated  its  right  to  exist  most  thoroughly;  for,  despite 
much  foolish  and  heated  talk  and  many  resignations, 
the  school's  prosperity  continued  to  be  so  great  that  all 
cavilling  was  silenced. 

Col.  Nichols  died  September  18,  1885.  He  was  a 
man  of  remarkable  powers.  He  had  marched  with  Sher- 
man through  Georgia,  and  had  written  the  most  success- 
ful book  of  the  year  concerning  it.  He  then  came  West, 
and,  having  allied  himself  in  marriage  to  one  of  the 
oldest  families  in  Cincinnati,  he  gave  himself  unselfishly 
to  the  promotion  of  all  good  things  in  the  city.  He  was 
once  art  critic  on  the  Evening  Post^  the  paper  of  Will- 
iam Cullen  Bryant,  and  that  poet  urged  him,  when  he 
was  on  the  eve  of  his  departure  for  Cincinnati,  always  to 
live  for  the  best  interests  of  the  ideal  side  of  life  and  the 
real  good  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived.  This  he 
most  certainly  did, 

Mr.  Peter  Rudolph  Neff,  retired  iron  merchant,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  presidency,  retaining  the    management   up 


College  of  Musk 


473 


to  January    15,    1897,    when    Hon,    Julius    Fleischmann 
became  president. 

When  the  movement  to  establish  a  permanent 
orchestra  was  consummated,  and  Mr.  Frank  Vander 
Stucken  was  engaged  as  director,  his  valuable  services  as 
orchestral  and  choral  director  were  added  to  the  work  of 
the  college.  The  office  of  dean  of  the  musical  faculty  was 
held  by  Mr.  Vander 
Stucken  for  six  years. 
W.  S.  Sterling  is  now 
dean,  Vander  Stucken 
honorary  dean. 

AN   ELEEMOSYNARY 
INSTITUTION. 

It  was  the  ideal 
of  both  Mr.  Springer 
and  Col.  Nichols,  who 
were  the  joint  crea- 
tors of  the  college, 
that  it  should  be  a  per- 
petual boon  to  the  tal- 
ented and  ambitious 
youth  of  the  whole 
country,  and  to  this 
end  it  was  made  an 
eleemosynary  institu- 
tion, /.  e.,  an  untaxa- 
ble establishment  like 

a  church.  Mr.  Springer  provided  it  not  alone  with    com 
modious  buildings,  especially  erected  to  fit  its    uses,    but 
also  gave  it  a  fund  of  railway   bonds    to    secure    running 
expenses.      Furthermore,  the  stock  holders   are    not    per- 
mitted   to    derive    dividends.       Thus    the    institution    is 


Thomas  H.  Darby, 

Professor  of  Law  in  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
^ight  Law  School. 


474  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

enabled  to  put  its  tuition  down  to  a  grade  of  modesty 
which  would  be  utterly  out  of  the  question  for  the  work 
of  such  masters  as  are  in  its  faculty  were  it  a  commercial 
enterprise.  May  1900,  J.  G.  Schmidlapp,  provided 
$50,000  for  the  handsome  dormitory  just  erected  on 
Elm  Street.  In  addition  to  the  dormitory,  are  the 
Odeon  (1,200  seating  capacity)  and  the  Lyceum,  which 
accommodates  an  audience  of  400. 

Board  of  Trustees. 
Julius  Fleischmann,  president.         R.  H.  Galbreath. 
Frank  B.  Wiborg,  vice-president.  N.  Longworth. 
Leopold  Markbreit,  secretary.  Peter  Rudolph  Neff. 

J.  G.  Schmidlapp,  treasurer.  I.  Burnet  Resor. 

W.  P.  Deppe.  Harry  M.  Levy. 

Larz  Anderson  (deceased).  C.  B.  Matthews. 

H.  S.  Fechheimer.  Louis  E.  Voorheis. 

J.  A.  Church  (resigned). 
Management. 

W.  S.  Sterling. Dean  of  the  Faculty. 

A.  J.  Gantvoort .:>. Business  Manager. 

Wm.  Howard  Neff Cashier  and  Assistant  Treasurer. 

(Adapted  from  J.  S.  Van  Cleve's  historical  sketch  of 
the  college,  printed  in  the  Courier.) 

MUSIC    HALL. 

Cincinnati,  O.,  May  i,  1900. 
To  the  Stock  Holders    of  the    Cincinnati   Music    Hall 

Association. 

Gentlemen — Twenty-five  years  ago  this  way,  Mr 
Reuben  R.  Springer,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  John  Shillito' 
agreed  to  give  towards  a  music  hall  the  sum  of  $125,000 
provided  a  like  amount  was  given  by  the  citizens  of  Cin 
cinnati  for  the  same  object.  The  condition  for  the  sub 
scription,  as  stated  by  him,   was,    "  that   the    music    hal 


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47^  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

building  should  be  capable  of  being  used  for  exposition 
purposes,  in  connection  with  suitable  buildings  that  may 
be  constructed  on  the  north  and  south  to  the  limits  of  the 
lot.  The  suggestion  came  to  Mr.  Springer,  undoubtedly, 
because  of  the  great  success  of  the  Exposition  of  1874, 
and,  second,  especially  of  the  Musical  Festival  of  1875, 
held  in  the  old  Saengerfest  Hall,  and  the  desire  for  better 
accomodations  for  them  in  the  future.  It  might  be  well 
to  remind  you  of  the  amount  of  Mr.  Springer's  great  lib- 
erality. His  endowment  of  Music  Hall  and  donations 
towards  the  buildings  amounted  to  about  $335,000;  his 
indirect  contributions  to  about  $35,000  more  ;  add  to  this 
his  endowment  and  contributions  to  the  College  of  Music, 
and  you  have  a  grand  total  of  over  half  a  million  dol- 
lars given  by  him  to  foster  musical  and  industrial  art  in 
our  city. 

Very  respectfully  submitted, 

A.  Howard  Hinkle,  President. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  Music  Hall  and  the 
College  of  Music  are  two  different  corporations,  each  hav- 
ing its  own  board  of  managers,  separate  funds,  etc.  The 
tendency  of  the  public  is  to  confound  the  two,  probably 
because  Reuben  R.  Springer  endowed  both,  and  because 
the  buildings  join. 

The  following  items  are  of  interest : 

Cost  of  Music  Hall,  $300,963.78;  cost  of  Exposition 
Wings,  $150,331.51  ;costof  remodeling  hall,  $118,330.41  ; 
value  of  organ,  donated  by  the  Cincinnati  Music  Hall 
Organ  Association,  $33,695. 

Samuel  Hannaford  was  architect. 

April  3,  1876,  the  city  agreed  to  forever  keep  the 
Music  Hall  property  free  of  taxes. 

THE    ORCHESTRA    ASSOCIATION. 

The  Cincinnati  Symphony  Orchestra  Association  in 
1901-2  entered  upon  its  eighth  season.  Frank  Vander 
Stucken,  of  the  College  of  Music,  is  conductor. 


College  of  Music.  477 

board  of  directors. 
Mrs.  C.  R.  Holmes,  president ;  Mrs.  R.  A.  Koehler, 
ist  V.  p.  ;  Mrs.  Clifford  Wright,  2d  v.  p. ;  Mrs.  L.  N. 
Stix,  rec.  sec'y  ;  Mrs.  Joseph  Wilby,  cor.  sec'y  ;  Miss 
Sarah  H.  Woolley,  fin.  sec'y;  Mrs.  Frank  D.  Jamison, 
treasurer;  Mrs.  Fred  H.  Alms,  Miss  E.  L.  Roedter,  Mrs. 
Chas.  P.  Taft,  Mrs.  J.  Walter  Freiberg,  Mrs.  Frederick 
Eckstein,  Jr.,  Miss  Krippendorf,  Miss  Lunkenheimer, 
Mrs.  L.  F.  Phipps. 


CHAPTER  LXXn. 

THE    OSCAR    J.     EHRGOTT    VOCAL    SCHOOL. 

THE  OSCAR  J.  EHRGOTT  VOCAL  SCHOOL, 
219  W.  Seventh  Street,  is  a  complete  vocal 
school,  embracing  all  the  branches  and  departments  of 
voice  culture,  from  the  rudimentary  lessons  to  the  fin- 
ishing touches  for  the  choir,  oratorio,  concert,  and 
operatic  stage. 

The  aim  of  director  and  faculty  is  to  accomplish 
the  best  possible  artistic  results  with  a  view  to  perma- 
nent success  and  preferment  in  the  emulations  of  social 
and  professional  life.  The  trend  of  modern  musical 
development  is  in  the  direction  of  a  greater  demand 
for  dramatic  action,  and  in  this  connection  the  Oscar 
Ehrgott  Vocal  School  will  meet  the  most  exacting  re- 
quirements. A  special  department  of  dramatic  action 
and  of  languages  has  been  established,  where,  besides 
the  English  language,  German,  French,  and  Italian 
are  taught  by  competent  instructors. 

Mr.  Ehrgott,   director,   is  kn(>wn  as  one  of  the  most 


47^  ScHOOJ.s  OF  Cincinnati. 

successful  concert  and  oratorio  singers  before  the  Ameri- 
can public,  and  his  teaching  ability  has  grown  apace 
until  it  is  now  recognized  far  and  wide.  Associated 
with  him  in  the  duties  of  teaching,  as  accompanist,  is 
Mrs.  Ehrgott,  the  well-known  organist.      Able  assistants. 


Oscar  J   Ehrgott, 

who  owe  their  entire  musical  training  to  Mr.  Ehrgott, 
emphasize  the  unification  and  consistency  of  the  curric- 
ulum. 

The  public  school  music  class  is  of  great  benefit  to 
teachers  and  supervisors  of  music.  The  instruction  is 
based  on    the    natural    music    course,    which    has    been 


The  Oscar  J.  Ehrgott  Vocal  School.       479 

adopted  in  the  schools  of  many  of  the  larger  cHies. 
Methods  are  presented  and  discussed  suitable  to  all  con- 
ditions of  school  life.  Particular  attention  is  paid  to 
the  child  voice,  its  care,  training,  and  development. 
The  subject  of  vocal  music  is  not  only  presented  to  the 
members  of  the  class  as  it  is  taught  to  children,  but 
opportunity  is  given  pupils  to  take  charge  of  the  work 
from  time  to  time,  thus  enabling  them  to  obtain  prac- 
tical experience  in  teaching  and  a  chance  to  test  the 
methods  advanced.  A  special  course  in  the  proper  use 
of  the  voice  is  given  for  the  benefit  of  ministers  and 
school  teachers.  Members  of  both  these  professions 
often  suffer  from  hoarseness  and  fatigue  because  they 
do  not  understand  the  scientific  principles  governing 
speech.  This  course  is  invaluable  to  ministers  and 
teachers  who,  by  reason  of  their  calling,  are  obliged 
to  put  their  voices  to  a  long  and  severe  strain. 
MISS  sattler's  school. 

Miss  Alma  Sattler's  Private  Day  School  for  Girls 
and  Boys  was  established  by  Miss  Sattler  in  1894. 
It  is  situated  on  Eden  Avenue,  Mt.  Auburn,  in  one  of 
the  healthiest  and  highest  localities  on  the  hill,  and  is 
within  easy  reach  of  five  different  lines  of  cars. 

Miss  Sattler  was  the  first  to  introduce  adjustable 
furniture,  vertical  writing,  systematic  physical  training, 
manual  work  (sloyd),  and  other  innovations  in  con- 
formity with  scientific  principles.  In  geography,  for 
instance,  the  mode  of  illustration  consists,  in  addition 
to  the  general  course  of  instruction,  of  sand  and  clay 
modeling,  relief  maps,  and  the  use  of  the  magic  lan- 
tern. Daily  weather  reports  are  kept  by  the  children, 
while  practical  nature  work  (the  growing  of  plants, 
etc.)  stimulates  them  to  closer  observation. 


480 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


The  school  consists  of  four  departments  :  Kinder- 
garten, primary,  intermediate,  and  advanced.  Boys  are 
admitted  to  the  primary  department  and  kindergarten. 
The  number  of  pupils  is  limited,  the  average  in  all  de- 
partments per  year  being  75. 

The  school  is  conducted  under  the  direction  of 
Miss  Sattler  and  a  corps  of  twelve  teachers. 

THE    NEUROLOGI- 
CAL   SOCIETY. 

The  N  e  u  r  o- 
logical  Society  of 
Cincinnati  was  or- 
ganized in  June, 
1902,  to  meet  the 
first  Thursday  in 
each  month.  The 
membership  in- 
cludes several 
prominent  physi- 
cians. 

OFFICERS. 

President,  Dr. 
Philip    Zenner. 

Secretary,  Dr. 
D.  I.  Wolfstein. 

Treasurer,  Dr. 
H.  H.  Hoppe. 


Fred'k  L.  Hoffmann, 

Professor  of  Law,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Night  Law  School. 


THE    CINCINNATI    SCHOOL    OF    EXPRESSION. 

The  Cincinnati  School  of  Expression  was  organized 
by  Miss  Jennie  Mannheimer  in  the  season  of  1893-4,  ^^ 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building.  In  1894-5  a  C.  S.  E.  Dra- 
matic Club  was  organized. 


Calvin  E.   Stowe's  Report.  481 


CHAPTER  LXXIII. 

CALVIN    E.    stowe's    REPORT. 

THE  following  was  passed  in  1836: 
^'Resolved,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  that  C.  E.  Stowe,  professor  in  one  of  the  literary 
institutions  of  this  State,  be  requested  to  collect  during 
the  progress  of  his  contemplated  tour  in  Europe,  such 
facts  and  information  as  he  may  deem  useful  to  the  State 
in  relation  to  the  various  systems  of  public  instruction  and 
education  which  have  been  adopted  in  the  several 
countries  through  which  he  may  pass,  and  make  report 
thereof  with  such  practical  observations  as  he  may  think 
proper  to  the  next  General  Assembly. 

''''Resolved,  That  His  Excellency,  the  Governor,  be  re- 
quested to  transmit  a  certified  copy  of  the  foregoing 
proceedings  to  Professor  Stowe." 

Prof.  Stowe  who  was  thus  honored  by  the  State  of 
Ohio  was  at  Lane  Seminary.  He  was  the  husband  of 
Harriett  Beecher  Stowe  and  son-in-law  of  Rev.  Lyman 
Beecher,  whose  declaration,  ''We  must  educate  or  we 
must  perish  by  our  own  posterity,"  has  been  accepted  as 
gospel  by  the  educational  world.  Prof.  Stowe  was  thus 
fortified  by  environment  to  undertake  the  task  assigned 
him.  He  was  a  young  man,  only  33  years  of  age,  highly 
educated  and  intensely  enthusiastic.  He  writes  that  the 
above  resolutions  sent  him  by  Gov.  Lucas  was  a  ready 
introduction  and  afforded  him  the  opportunities  he 
wanted. 

"In  the  progress  of  my  tour  I  visited  England,  Scot- 
[31] 


482 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


land,  France,  Prussia,  and  the  different  States  of  Germany, 
and  I  saw  the  celebrated  universities  of  Cambridge,  Ox- 
ford, Edinburg,  Glasgow,  Paris,  Berlin,  Halle,  Leipsic, 
Heidelberg,  and  some  others."  Prof.  Stowe  also  visited 
district  and  high  schools,  secured  all  the  information  he 
could,  and  on  returning  made  his  report  to  the  36th 
General  Assembly,  December  18,  1837. 


Nathan  Guilford, 
Superintendent  1850-2. 


Joseph  Merrill, 
Superintendent  1852-3. 


The  report  was  styled,  "  On  Elementary  Public  Insti- 
tution in  Europe,"  and  the  Ohio  system  of  education  of 
to-day  is  largely  based  upon  it.  Prof.  Stowe  seemed 
especially  pleased  with  the  Prussian  schools,  the  rigid  econ- 
omy, love  of  order,  strict  discipline,  and  the  habits  of  neat- 
ness, etc.,  inculcated.  He  says  of  these:  "I  know  of 
nothing  that  can  benefit  us  more  than  the  introduction  of 
such  oft-repeated  lessons  on  carefulness  and  frugality  into 


Cai.vin  E.   Stowe's  Report. 


483 


all  our  educated  establishments  ;  for  the  contrary  habits 
of  carelessness  and  wastefulness,  notwithstanding  all  the 
advantages  we  enjoy,  have  already  done  us  immense  mis- 
chief.  Very  many  of  our  families  waste  and  throw  away 
nearly  as  much  as  they  use,  and  one-third  of  the  expenses 
of  housekeeping  might  be  saved  by  system  and  frugality. 
It  is  true  we  have  such  an  abundance  of  everything  that 
this  enormous  waste  is 
not  so  sensibly  felt  as 
it  would  be  in  a  more 
densely  populated 
region,  but  it  is  not 
always  to  be  so  with 
us.  The  productions 
of  our  country  for 
years  past  have  by  no 
means  kept  pace  with 
the  increase  of  con- 
sumption, and  many 
an  American  family 
during  the  past  season 
has  felt  a  hard  pres- 
sure where  they  never 
expected  to  feel  one  ; 
especially  should  this 
be  made  a  branch  of 
female  education,  and 
studied  faithfully  and 

perseveringly  by  all  who  are  to  be  wives  and  mothers  and 
have  the  care  of  families.  ''Prof.  Stowe  advocated  strongly 
moral  instruction,  and  he  says  that  discipline  does  not 
break  the  spirits  of  the  children.  He  advocated  the  use 
of  the  Bible,  and,  in  fact,  seemed  to  accept  the  Prussian 
system  as  the  best  in  Europe.      In  a  separate  communi- 


JOSUA  LiNDAHL,  Ph.  D.,0FF.  d'Ac. 

Director   Cincinnati    Society   of 
•Natural   History. 


484 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


cation  to  Gov.  Lucas,  made  in  1838,  he  sends  an  article  on 
the  Prussian  system  and  its  applicability  to  the  United 
States.  This  article  was  prepared  originally  for  teachers, 
and  had  been  read  in  Columbus.  It  attracted  attention 
and  was  transmitted  to  the  General  Assembly.  Brief 
abstracts  from  below  will  show  that  many  of  the  so-called 
"modern"  ideas  on  education  came  from  Prof.  Stowe's 
writings. 


John  Hancock, 
Superintendent,  1867-74. 


A.  J     RiCKOFF, 

Superintendent,  1854-8. 


To  these  principles  our  attention  will  now  be  turned. 
"First,  the  placing  of  school  duty  in  the  same  ground  with 
military  duty  is  a  sound  principle,  and  ought  to  be  uni- 
versally acted  upon.  By  this  I  do  not  mean  that  our 
school  system  should  be  regulated  by  martial  law,  but 
that  the  same  considerations  of  public  good  and  of  public 
safety  which  makes  it  every  man's  duty  to  bear  his  pro- 


Calvin  E.  Stowe's  Report.  485 

portion  in  the  making  and  repairing  of  roads  and  sus- 
taining the  necessary  expenses  of  the  Government,  and 
oblige  him  to  give  his  personal  services  for  the  defense 
of  his  country  when  invaded,  also  impose  upon  him  the 
obligation  to  educate  his  children. 

"If  a  regard  to  the  public  safety  makes  it  right  for  the 
Government  to  compel  the  citizens  to  do  military  duty 
when  the  country  is  invaded,  the  same  reason  authorizes 
the  Government  to  provide  for  the  education  of  their 
children,  for  no  foes  are  so  much  to  be  dreaded  by  a 
republic  as  ignorance  and  vice.  A  man  has  no  more 
right  to  endanger  the  State  by  tlirowing  upon  it  a  family 
of  ignorant  and  vicious  children  than  he  has  to  give 
admission  to  the  spies  of  an  invading  army.  If  he  be 
unable  to  educate  his  children,  the  State  should  assist  him  ; 
if  unwilling,  ii  should  compel  him.  General  education 
is  a  much  more  certain  and  much  less  expensive  means  of 
defense  than  military  array,  etc.  *  *  *  Military  operations 
at  best  are  but  a  dangerous  attempt  to  cure  a  disease 
already  contracted,  but  general  education  on  right  princi- 
ples operates  as  a  preventation  of  evil.  Popular  educa- 
tion is  not  so  much  a  '  want '  as  a  '  duty.' 

Second,  the  care  for  the  supply  and  support  of 
teachers  in  the  Prussian  system  is  well  worthy  of  adop- 
tion in  our  country.  Teaching  should  be  a  profession  ; 
the  wants  of  the  country  can  never  be  adequately  supplied 
till  it  is  so.  But  how  can  men  of  competent  talents 
venture  to  make  teaching  their  profession  at  the  present 
low  rate  of  wages  and  uncertainty  of  support.?  [Wages 
then  were  $15  to  $20  per  month.  Support  seems  to  have 
been  as  uncertain  then  as  it  is  now. — Ed.]  How  can  they 
engage  in  an  occupation  so  laborious,  and  the  securities  of 
which  so  often  bring  in  premature  old  age,  and  a  pittance 
which  gives  them  but  a  bare  subsistence  from  day  to  day 


n 


486 


Schools  ov  Cincinnati 


and  leaves  them  no  provision  for  sickness  and  years  of 
debility?  [Teaching  in  Ohio  is  not  a  profession  ;  pensions 
were  granted,  but  are  uncertain  and  constantly  subject  to 
attack.  See  subject  of  pensions  in  another  part  of  this 
book. — Ed.] 

"Third,  uniformity  of  language  should  be  infused  in 
all  schools.    Whatever  may  be  the  popular  dialect  of  the 

district,  the  language 
of  the  nation  and  the 
government  must  be 
taught  in  the  schools  ; 
not,  indeed,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  vulgar 
tongue,  but  in  connec- 
tion with  it.  If  for- 
eign emigrants  who 
are  among  us  chose  to 
retain  their  native 
language  among 
themselves,  it  is  worse 
for  them  to  do  so,  but 
let  them  not  prevent 
their  children  learn- 
ing English  and  be- 
coming qualified  for 
American  citizens. 
Children  can  learn  two 
languages  as  easily 
and  as  rapidly  as  one, 
and  as  Charles  V.  said:  'So  many  languages  as  a 
man  learns,  so  many  times  is  he  a  man.' 

"Fourth,  the  Prussian  regulations  to  secure  universality 
and  uniformity  of  attendance  on  the  schools,  and  to  secure 
the  completion  of  the  prescribed  course  of  study,  is  worthy 
of  universal  adoption. 


James  E.  Sherwood, 

Principal  of  the  Windsor  School, 
Walnut   Hills. 


Calvin  E.   Stowe's  Report.  487 

"Fifth,  the  extensive  and  thorough  instruction 
required  by  the  Prussian  system  ought  to  be  required  of 
us.  It  has  been  seen  that  the  teachers  of  common  schools  ; 
in  addition  to  the  elementary  branches  of  science ;  are 
required  to  give  instruction  in  music,  drawing,  gardening, 
mechanics,  and  the  very  useful  arts:  By  this  means  all 
the  talent  born  in  the  nation  of  every  kind  is  called 
fourth  and  early  developed,  and  every  child  has  the  oppor- 
tunity of  discovering  his  peculiar  capabilities  and  making 
the  most  of  himself.  In  this  way  a  vast  amount  of  talent 
and  attainment  is  secured  to  the  nation  which  would 
otherwise  have  been  forever  unknown.  [If  Ohio  teachers 
had  pensions  and  were  free  from  political  intrigues,  they 
could  carry  out  this  plan  admirably.  But  so  long  as  a 
teacher  is  compelled  to  be  his  own  watch-dog  he  cannot 
fully  apply  himself  to  his  work.  This  is  one  of  the  evils 
of  our  system  of  schools. — Ed.  | 

"Sixth,  another  failure  of  the  Prussian  system  of 
universal  utility  is  the  constant  responsibility  of  teachers 
and  superintendents  and  their  regular  official  reports. 
Nothing  is  ever  well  done  without  responsibility  ;  and 
constant  responsibility  cannot  be  secured  without  regular 
official  inquiry  into  the  manner  in  which  duties  have 
been  performed. 

"Seventh,  the  religious  spirit  which  pervades  the 
whole  of  the  Prussian  system  is  greatly  needed  among 
ourselves.  Without  religion,  and,  indeed,  without  the 
religion  of  the  Bible,  there  can  be  no  efficient  discipline. 
No  such  thing  existed  in  the  institutions  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  if  we  except  the  stern  military  institutions  of 
Sparta,  and  it  first  commenced  in  the  schools  of  the 
Christian  Church.  The  experience  of  Germany  and 
France  has  shown  that  in  Christian  communities  school 
government  cannot  be  maintained  without  religious  in- 


1488) 


Carnegie  Library,  Newport,  Ky. 

Opened  June  25,  1902;  Cost  $30,000;  Gift  of  Andrew  Carnegie; 
Werner  &  Adkins,  Architects 


Calvin  E.  Stowe's  Report.  489 

fluences,  and  all  the  experiments  in  our  own  country  lead 
to  the  same  result.  [Prof.  Stowe  wrote  this  in  1837.  In 
1872  the  Bible  was  eliminated  from  the  public  schools  of 
this  city,  and  to-day  most  Bible  adherants  are  satisfied 
that  the  abolition  was  a  wise  move. — Ed.] 

"Eighth,  as  an  improvement  on  the  Prussian  system, 
I  would  establish  in  all  our  school  districts,  district 
libraries  for  the  use  of  pupils  as  well  as  teachers.  [On 
this  matter  Prof.  Stowe's  recommendation  was  almost 
immediately  taken.  The  collection  of  sixteen  of  these 
early  district  libraries  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  present 
Public  Library. — Ed.]  People  value  what  they  pay  for, 
and  it  is  altogether  desirous  that  they  should  feel  the 
expense  of  their  public  schools,  provided  their  burden  is 
not  too  heavy.  The  amount  of  taxation  in  this  country 
is  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  felt,  and  is  as  nothing 
when  compared  with  the  taxation  of  every  other  existing 
government." 


CHAPTER  LXXIV. 

THE    COLLEGE    OF    TEACHERS. 

THE  COLLEGE  OF  TEACHERS  was  perhaps  the 
most  important  of  the  early  educational  movements 
in  Cincinnati,  as  it  tried  to  organize  so  as  to  make 
teaching  a  profession.  Prominent  in  its  organization  were 
Albert  Picket  and  Alex.  Kinmont,  and  Cincinnati  was 
the  center.  The  college  was  a  congress  of  educators, 
which  existed  for  about  14  years  and  left  7  published 
volumes  of  its  "  Transactions." 

The  College  of  Teachers  grew  out  of  an  association  of 
teachers  organized  in   1829,   under  the  name  "Western 


490  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Literary  Institute  and  Board  of  Education,"  This  body 
numbered  about  20  persons,  including  Albert  Picket, 
Alexander  Kinmont,  Caleb  Kemper,  C.  B.  McKee, 
0.  Davenport,  Thos.  J.  Matthews,  John  L.  and  David 
Talbot.  Rev.  Elijah  Slack  was  the  first  president.  Rev. 
Slack  was   president   of   Cincinnati    College.     Milo    G. 


L.  M.  HosEA, 

Professor  of  Law  in  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Night  Law  School. 

Williams  was  corresponding  secretary.  Monthly  meetings 
for  discussions  were  held.  In  June,  1830,  a  resolution 
was  offered  to  convene  teachers  of  the  West  and  South  in 
a  general  congress.  This  was  done,  and  a  convention  in 
this  city,  October,  1832,  was  the  result.  The  object  was 
to  promote  the  interests  of  education  and  to  secure  the 


The  College  of  Teachers.  491 

co-operation  of  parents  and  the  friends  of  science  in  the 
aid  of  scholastic  institutions,  whether  of  a  public  or  private 
character.  The  meeting  commenced  October  3d  and  con- 
tinued four  days.  A  permanent  organization  was  effected, 
known  as  *'The  Western  Literary  Institute  and  College 
of  Professional  Teachers."  The  ultimate  object  aimed 
at  was  the  elevation  of  the  teacher.  The  ' '  Transactions  ' ' 
include  proceedings  from  1834  to  1840.  Annual  meetings 
were  held  for  some  years  after  1840.  The  sessions  of 
1843  and  1844  were  held  in  Louisville,  Ky.  Delegates 
were  present  from  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  Virginia,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Michi- 
gan, Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Georgia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Florida,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin.  (The  two 
latter  where  then  Territories.)  The  people  of  Cincinnati 
crowded  to  the  sessions  here.  These  were  held  in  the  largest 
churches  and  were  models  of  dignity.  The  movement  was 
a  "  Renaissance  "  in  the  history  of  education.  It  awak- 
ened general  interest  and  formulated  public  opinion. 
Albert  Picket  was  president  of  the  annual  sessions  and 
opened  each  with  a  formal  address.  Among  those  who 
took  part  in  the  debates  were  :  Lyman  Beecher,  Calvin 
E.  Stowe,  Joshua  Wilson,  Alexander  Campbell,  Arch- 
bishop Purcell,  David  Drake,  E.  D.  Mansfield,  Samuel 
Lewis,  and  Nathan  Guilford.  The  College  encouraged 
formation  of  adjunct  societies,  being  in  fact  the  mother 
of  the  present  Western  system  of  associations  and  insti- 
tutes. It  helped  organize  in  1841  "The  Cincinnati 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Useful  Knowledge." 

CHAPTER  LXXV. 

CINCINNATI    WESLEYAN    FEMALE    COLLEGE. 

THE  organization  of  the  Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female 
College  is  thus  recorded  by  Lucy  Herron  Parker  in  the 
Alumna,  the  souvenir  published  in  1901  by  the  alumnae. 


1492) 


Rev.  Wm.  K.  Brown,  A.  M.,  D.  D., 

President  of  the  Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female 
College,  1882-1892. 


Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female  College.     4g3 

This  city  was  early  the  literary  center  of  the  West, 
and  its  choicest  talent  was  organized  into  an  association 
called  the  College  of  Teachers,  although  gentlemen  of  all 


Mrs.  M.  McClellan  Brown,  Ph.  D.,  L.  L.  D., 

Vice  President  of  the  College,  1882-1892; 
Educator,  Lecturer,  Reformer. 


professions  took  an  active  part  in   its  debates,  addresses, 
and  reports. 

At  its  annual  session  in  1838  the  subject  of  female 
education  was  the  theme  of  earnest  discussion.  Dr. 
McGuffey,  who  was  then  president  of  the  first  Cincinnati 


494  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

College,  offered  resolutions  in  favor  of  a  more  liberal 
education  for  women,  which  met  with  approval,  but  no 
decisive  steps  were  taken  till  May  4,  1842,  when  Dr. 
Charles  Elliott,  then  editor  of  the  Western  Chi'istian 
Advocate^  called  a  meeting  of  Methodist  ministers  in 
his  office,  of  which  Rev.  L.  L.  Hamline  (afterward 
bishop)  was  made  chairman.  Dr.  Elliott  stated  the 
object  of  the  meeting,  which  was  "to  consult  on  the 
expediency  of  taking  measures  to  establish  in  this  city  a 
female  collegiate  institute  of  the  highest  possible 
grade."  Resolutions  were  passed,  and  a  committee  ap- 
pointed to  report  a  plan.  This  committee  met  May  i  itli, 
and  arranged  for  a  public  meeting  in  Wesley  Chapel 
May  20th,  at  which  time  the  plan  reported  was  adopted, 
and  a  Board  of  Trustees  organized.  The  action  continued 
to  be  so  prompt  and  energetic  that  Rev.  PerleeB.  Wilber 
was  engaged,  and  the  school  opened  in  September  of  the 
same  year  (1842). 

At  this  time  the  liberal  education  of  women  was 
largely  an  experiment,  and  so  it  remained  for  Methodists 
to  open  the  college  doors.  The  importance  of  this 
movement  grows  on  contemplation.  "No  university  had 
opened  its  doors  to  her,  nor  proposed  a  side  annex  for 
the  talented  and  ambitious  girl  student.  There  was  no 
Vassar,  nor  Wellesley,  nor  Smith  College.  Clara  Barton 
and  her  Red  Cross  were  unknown,  and  Florence  Night- 
ingale had  not  yet  started  to  relieve  the  suffering  soldiers. 
There  were  no  Protestant  sisterhoods  or  deaconesses  with 
their  training  schools,  their  systematic  visitation  among 
the  poor,  the  sick,  the  prisoner,  and  the  outcast,  with 
helpful  deeds  and  hopeful  words,  diffusing  warmth  and 
comfort,  causing  hope  to  spring  up,  and  the  weak  tendrils 
of  faith  to  lay  hold  on  the  divine  support. 

"The  Catholic   Sisters  of  Charity  occupied  this  field 


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Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


alone — thanks  to  them  for  an  example  which  we  ought  to 
have  followed  long  ago.  The  Romish  Church  owes 
more  to  these  Sisters  than  it  does  to  infallible  popes  and 
robed  priests,  and  upon  their  deeds  of  self-sacrifice  that 
Church  depends  -to  make  the  world  forget  the  bloody 
record  of  the  Inquisition." 

For  many  years  the  college  flourished  in  the  Vine 
Street  building  now  occupied  by  the  Enquirer  as  com- 
posing rooms.     The  new  building  on  Wesleyan   Avenue 

was  opened  Sept., 
1868.  About  this 
time  a  falling  off  in 
attendance  was 
noticed.  The 
school  was  in  debt, 
but  there  are  rea- 
sons other  than  fi- 
nancial that  might 
seem  to  account  for 
the  decline  of  the 
college  as  an  edu- 
cational necessity. 
In  its  years  of 
greatest  prosperity 
the  roll  numbered 
450  to  500  pupils. 
For  reasons  readily  understood,  after  the  Civil  War 
the  college  never  recovered  its  extensive  Southern 
patronage. 

Another  cause  was  the  exodus  of  citizens  to  the 
suburbs.  The  natural  course  of  demand  and  supply  had 
given  rise  to  a  high  class  of  private  suburban  schools. 
Scarcely  any  suburb  of  the  city  but  boasted  its  school 
for  girls. 


Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female 
College, 

Wesleyan  Avenue  (Erected  1868.).  now 
the  Elizabeth  Gamble  Deaconess  Home 


Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female  College.     497 

Another  influence  operating  against  the  continued 
successful  career  of  the  college  is  the  co-existent  fact  of 
the  depletion  of  private  resources  after  the  war  and  the 
rise  in  quantity  and  character  of  the  free  public  schools. 
The  last  quarter  of  a  century  has  produced  a  marked 
change  of  sentiment  regarding  the  public  schools  among 
the  best  class  of  our  citizens — best  in  the  sense  of  wealth 
and  education.  These  schools  are  no  longer  considered 
for  the  poorer  classes,  who  are  unable  to  pay  for  the 
privilege  of  private  tuition,  but  are  looked  upon  as  the 
proper  training-ground  of  rich  and  poor  alike. 

Another  cumulation  of  forces  against  which  no  one 
school  could  easily  cope  is  in  the  fact  that,  in  the  short 
period  of  twenty  years  after  the  war,  the  four  women's 
colleges  which  are  richest  in  endowments  and  students  of 
any  in  the  world  were  founded  and  set  in  motion  :  Vassar 
in  '65,  Wellesley  and  Smith  in  '75,  and  Bryn  Mawr  in  '85. 

The  college  having  become  deeply  involved  by  debt, 
in  1882,  Dr.  W,  K.  Brown  raised  $70,000,  which  in  three 
years  was  all  paid ;  but  other  involvements  understood 
to  have  been  provided  for  came  in,  and  its  doors  were 
closed  October,  1892.  The  building  was  sold  later  at 
sheriff's  sale,  which  is  still  contested  in  the  courts  No 
debt  or  other  obligations  for  conducting  the  college  were 
made  during  the  last  ten  years  before  its  closing. 

James  N.  Gamble,  having  bought  up  the  old  obliga- 
tions, became  the  purchaser  at  sheriff's  sale,    and  is  now 
using  the  building  as  a  deaconess  training  school.    It  was 
dedicated  to  this  work  Feb.  8,  1898. 
Presidents. 

There  have  been  seven  presidents  : 

Rev.  Perlee  C.  Wilber,  from  the  first  Monday  in 
September,  1842,  to  June  11,  1829  (when  he  died). 

[32] 


498  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Rev.  Robert  AUyn,  from  September  i ,  1859,  to  June, 
1864. 

Rev.  Richard  S.  Rust,  September,  1864,  to  June, 
1866    (the  last  to  occupy  the  Enquirer  Building). 


R.  C.  Phillips, 

Member  Board  of  Education,  Carthasre, 

for  Sixteen  Years.  Beginning  in  1867. 

President  Most  of  the  Time. 

Rev.  Lucius  H.  Bugbee,   September,    1868,   to  June 
10,  1875. 

Rev.  David  H.  Moore,  June,    1875,   to  June,    1880. 


Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Female  College. 


499 


Rev.  Richard  H.  Rust  (son  of  R.  S.  Rust,  preceding) , 
September  22,  1880,  to  June  17,  1882. 

Rev.  William  K.  Brown,  September,  1882,  to  Oct., 
1892,  when  the  doors  closed. 

Ever  since  the  closing  the  property  has  been  subject 
to  litigation  and  there  are  many  who  still  expect  to  see 
the  school  reopen. 
For  the  fifty  years  of 
its  existence  the  Wes- 
leyan exerted  a  great 
influence.  It  was  the 
first  cliartered  college 
of  collegiate  degree 
for  women  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  if  not  in 
the  world. 

Mrs.  Mary  C.  Wil- 
ber  did  wonderful 
work  with  her  pen  in 
behalf  of  opening 
higher  schools  for 
women.  She  was,  in 
fact,  one  of  the  pio- 
neers. 

The  Alumnalofthe 
Wesleyan  was  the 
first    organization    in 

the  world  exclusively  for  women.  Says  a  graduate  :  "The 
classic  Latin  tongue  made  no  provision  for  a  feminine 
alumnus ;  therefore  we  coined  a  word  which  accords 
with  the  rules  of  the  language,  and  is  hence  correct,  but, 
nevertheless,  original,  and  which  has  since  been  adopted 
by  all  other  colleges  for  women. 

"In  1853  the  name   'Alumnae'   was    coined,    and    if 


W.  P.  Gault, 

Who  Retired  as  Principal  of  the 
Twelfth  District  in  1901. 


500  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

our  assertion  that  we  are  the  first  chartered  college  for 
women  has  been  challenged,  we  can  at  least  substantiate 
our  claim  to  having  supplied  the  term  by  which  all  gradu- 
ates of  our  institutions  of  learning  for  women  have  since 
been  designated." 

December  30,  1852,  an  "alumna"  of '50  was  married 
to  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  and  so  Lucy  Webb  Hayes  became 
in  1877  the  first  lady  of  the  land.  Another  alumna  was 
Susan  Evans  Cunningham,  whose  husband  gave  Cunning- 
ham Hall  to  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 

The  eldest  daughter  of  Mrs.  Katharine  Clark  Mulli- 
kin,  '63,  a  pupil  of  Wesleyan,  was  one  of  the  besieged 
in  Pekin  during  the  summer   months  of  horror  of  1900. 


CHAPTER  LXXVI. 

THE    SPANISH-AMERICAN    W^AK. 

THE  Spanish-American  War  was  an  incident  that 
should  not  go  unnoticed.  President  McKinley 
signed  the  ultimatum  at  10 :22,  Wednesday  morning, 
April  20,  1898,  and  a  few  minutes  later  a  pandemonium 
of  noise  reigned  in  Cincinnati,  and  most  of  the  schools 
were  in  confusion. 

The  telephone  company  was  responsible  for  the 
speedy  receipt  of  the  news.  By  means  of  the  long  dis- 
tance 'phone,  the  word  was  received  from  Washington, 
and  then  instantly  every  subscriber  in  the  city  was  rung 
up  and  told  the  startling  state  of  affairs.  Factories  at 
once  began  to  blow  whistles,  as  did  steamboats,  railroad 
locomotives,  fire  and  church  bells  rang.  In  fact  every- 
body made  as  much  noise  as  possible. 


The  Spanish-American  War. 


501 


The  schools,  not  having  the  telephone  service  then, 
were  the  last  to  hear  the  news.  The  writer  was  in  his 
school  room  when  the  noise  was  heard.  Judging  that 
something  extraordinary  had  happened,  he  went  out  into 
the  streets  and  learned  the  facts.  On  returning,  the  pupils 
were  informed.  The  effect  upon  these  was  as  varied  as 
child  nature.  Some 
of  the  boys  and  girls 
cried,  others  laughed, 
most  were  defiant. 
All  lessons  were  prac- 
tically suspended, and 
the  day  was  spent  in 
discussing  the  situa- 
tion. Few  of  the 
children  really  feared 
war.  Most  wanted  it, 
but  by  degrees  the 
gravity  of  the  affair 
was  made  plain.  In 
some  schools  women 
teachers  fainted,  and 
for  days  many  teach- 
ers were  so  nervous 
they  would  drop 
books,  pencils,  o  r 
anything  they  hap- 
pened to  have  in  their 
hands  when    whistles  would  blow. 

War  was  declared  by  Congress  on  April  25th,  though 
actual  operations  began  the  21st.  On  the  evening  of  the 
20th  the  Spanish  minister.  Polo,  left  Washington  for 
Canada,  having  been  sent  his  passports.  During  the 
progress  of  the  war,  daily  attention  was  given  to  it.      On 


Frank  R.  Gusweilkr, 

Practicing  Attorney  at  Cincinnati 

Bar.    Winner  of  First  Honors 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Law  School 

Class  of  1901. 


502  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

the  morning  of  Wednesday,  February  i6th,  when  the 
news  came  that  theAIaine  had  been  destroyed  the  evening 
before  in  Havana  Harbor,  Cuba,  nearly  every  school 
room  was  supplied  with  the  morning  papers.  The  brief 
accounts  were  read  and  reread.  As  every  indication  was 
for  war,  teachers  seized  upon  this  occasion  to  inculcate 
lessons  in  patriotism.  That  their  efforts  were  successful 
is  evinced  by  the  enthusiasm  that  prevailed  when  the  war 
did  break  out. 

At  Fort  Thomas,  across  the  river,  was  stationed  the 
Sixth  Infantry,  U.  S.  A.,  and  when  that  left  for  the  seat 
of  war  the  soldiers  marched  through  the  streets.  Schools 
were  dismissed  for  the  day,  and  all  the  children  turned  out. 
So  crowded  were  the  streets,  and  so  eagerly  did  everybody 
press  foreward,  that  the  passing  of  the  regiment 
was  impeded.  The  soldiers  pushed  along  as  best  they 
could.  The  greatest  enthusiasm  prevailed,  and  there  was 
the  best  of  order.  The  soldiers  looked  grave  and  thought- 
ful. There  was  very  little  levity,  and  the  scene  of  actual 
preparation  for  war  made  a  profound  impression  upon 
the  people.  Dewey's  victory  in  Manila  Bay,  on  May  ist, 
created  the  greatest  enthusiasm.  Thousands  of  the  hero's 
pictures  were  secured  by  the  children,  and  nearly  every 
school-room  had  a  large  picture  of  him  framed  and  hung 
on  the  wall.  Dewey  was  voted  the  most  popular  man  in 
the  United  States.  Strange  to  say,  Col.  Roosevelt,  now 
President,  was  hardly  known  to  the  children  except  as  a 
writer  of  bear  stories. 

During  the  war  Cincinnati  furnished  ten  companies 
of  the  First  Regiment,  Ohio  National  Guards,  under  Col. 
C.  B.  Hunt.  Hamilton  furnished  another  company,  and 
Middletown  one,  making  twelve  companies  in  all  fr(-m 
this  section  of  the  State.  On  being  mustered  into  actual 
service,  the  regiment  became    the    First    Ohio    Infantry, 


1. 

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Printing  Office  of  W.  L.  Anderson,  Eighth  and  Plum,  the  only  Enter- 
prise of  its  Kind  in  Ohio.  The  Proprietor  is  Shown  at  the  Telephone. 
Mr.  Anderson  is  the  Only  Colored  Member  of  the  International  Typo- 
graphical Union  in  Ohio. 


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504  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

U.  S.  V.  It  saw  no  service  except  camp  life  at  Camp 
Washington,  Columbus,  O.,  and  at  Tampa,  Florida. 
The  members  of  the  regiment  were  greviously  disap- 
pointed at  not  having  an  opportunity  to  participate  in 
hostilities. 

GLENDALE    COLLEGE. 

Glendale  College,  now  almost  entirely  a  boarding 
school  for  young  women,  was  founded  by  Rev.  John 
Covert,  A.  M.,  September,  1854,  and  named  by  him 
"  The  American  Female  College."  Rev.  Covert  had 
just  left  the  Ohio  Female  College,  at  College  Hall. 

In  April,  1856,  the  school  was  transfered  to  Rev.  J. 
G.  Monfort,  D.D.,  Rev.  S.  S.  Potter,  and  Rev.  L.  D. 
Potter.  They  changed  the  name  to  "  Glendale  Female 
College,"  and  Rev.  Monfort  became  president. 

Rev.  S.  S.  Potter  left  in  i860,  and  Rev.  J.  G.  Mon- 
fort (senior  editor  of  the  Herald  and  Presbyter^,  in 
1866,  sold  his  interest  to  Dr.  L.  D.  Potter,  who  became 
president  and  served  until  his  death,  September  27,  1900. 

President  Potter  aimed  to  carry  out  the  plans  form- 
ulated with  those  who  began  with  him,  and  his  thor- 
oughness as  an  educator,  his  justice  as  a  disciplinarian, 
influenced  every  pupil,  giving  cause  for  thankfulness 
that  Glendale  College  had  been  the  school  of  her  choice. 
Miss  R.  J.  DeVore,  who  assumed  the  presidency  July  i, 
1901,  was  graduated  from  this  college.  She  was  a  mem- 
ber of  its  faculty  for  four  years.  She  has  had  a  large 
experience  as  a  teacher.  (Dean  of  Oxford  College, 
Oxford,  O.,  5  years,  and  president  of  Pennsylvania  Col- 
lege for  Women,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  6  years.) 

The  college  buildings  are  all  well  suited  for  a  school. 
The  grounds  comprise  about  fourteen  acres,  and  contain, 
besides  the  main  building  and  chapel,  two  other    build- 


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5o6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ings,    with    lawn    and    about    seven    acres     of     garden 
pasture  for    cows,    etc.,    being    an    ideal    country  home 
Although     nonsectarian,     this    school    has    always    been 
strongly   Presbyterian.       Rev.    Monfort    is    still     living 
(1902),  aged  91. 

THE   CINCINNATI   COLLEGE  OF  MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 

The  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
was  incorporated  March  35,  1851,  by  Stanley  Mathews, 
O.  M.  Spencer,  Peter  Outcalt,  and  others.  The  first 
faculty  was  composed  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Baker  (reallv  the 
founder).  Dr.  D.  S.  Lawson,  Dr.  Edwin  Meade,  Dr.  C. 
W.  Wright,  Dr.  James  Graham,  Dr.  J.  Sidney  Skinner, 
and  R.  A.  Spencer.  April  13,  1852,  a  woman  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  college,  altliough  a  resolution  adopted  held 
that  "  females  are  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  incapaci- 
tated for  the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery." 

January  22,  1859,  Dr.  Thad.  A.  Reamy  was  ap- 
pointed a  lecturer.  The  college  in  1876  became  a  char- 
ter member  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  In 
1895  the  school  became  co-educational.  Connected  with 
the  school  have  been  Daniel  Vaughn,  C.  G.  Comegys, 
Max  Thorner,  P.  S.  Conner,  W.  W.  Dawson,  John  H. 
Tate,  Charles  A.  L.  Reed,  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  (Dr.  Reed  was  a  graduate)  ;  George 
W.  Harper,  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  etc. 

Under  date  of  August  7,  1902  appeared  in  the  daily 
press  this  item  : 

"After  a  half  century  existence  the  Cincinnati  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  and  Surgery  has  ceased  to  be.  At  a 
meeting  held  at  the  ofiice  of  Dr.  T.  V.  Fitzpatrick  yester- 
day afternoon  the  conclusion  was  reached  that  to  con- 
tinue the  college  under  the  present  adverse  conditions 
would  not  be  feasible.  The  decision  to  suspend  was 
hastened  by  the  fact  that  the  arrangements  made  by    the 


George  W.  Hays, 

Crier  U.  S.  Circuit  and  District  Courts  Since  1871 ; 
Member  of  the  75th  Ohio  General  Assembly. 


(50: 


5o8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

college  faculty  and  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy, 
by  which  the  latter's  building  on  West  Court  Street  could 
be  used  in  common,  could  not  be  consummated  to  the 
satisfaction  of  all  parties.  But  that  which  of  all  gave 
the  death  blow  to  one  of  the  most  famous  medical  col- 
leges of  its  day  is  the  stringency  of  the  State  laws  gov- 
erning students.  Owing  to  the  exacting  provisions,  the 
attendance  at  the  Ohio  and  Miami  Colleges  has  fallen  off 
and  the  Cincinnati  College,  which  aimed  to  give  poor 
students  an  opportunity  for  the  study  of  medicine,  suf- 
fered most  of  all.  Its  faculty  was  composed  of  some  of 
the  most  eminent  physicians  in  the  city,  and  was  equal  to 
that  of  any  college  in  the  State.  For  a  long  time,  when 
the  inevitable  could  be  foreseen,  these  gentlemen,  from 
personal  pride,  kept  the  college  alive  with  their  own 
private  means.  Even  now  some  of  them  believe  that, 
when  the  present  laws  are  modified,  the  institution  they 
helped  to  rear  and  foster  will  be  re-established." 

The  college  has  had  several  locations.  The  first 
habitation  was  at  Longworth  and  Central  Avenue,  then 
next  in  the  old  Maxwell  School  Building  on  George  Street, 
and  for  the  last  lo  years  in  the  Kaufmann  residence,  1625 
Vine  Street,  above  Liberty. 

Dr.  T.  V.  Fitzpatrick  was  dean  at  the  time  of  sus- 
pension, having  served  in  that  capacity  for  many  years. 
Dr.  W.  E.  Lewis,  now  of  the  Miami,  was  for  years 
secretary. 

PULTE    MEDICAL    COLLEGE    AND    HOSPITAL. 

The  Pulte  Medical  College  and  Hospital  (co-edu- 
cational). Seventh  and  Mound,  is  the  only  homeopathic 
school  in  this  city.  It  was  organized  in  1872,  and  was 
named  after  Dr.  Joseph  Pulte,  who  left  quite  a  sum  of 
money  for  it,  most  of  which  was  lost  in  litigation.  In 
1902  the  college  added  a  story  to  its  already  commodi- 
ous quarters,  making  four  stories  now  occupied.  In 
July,  I90i,the    building    came    near    being  entirely  de- 


5IO  Schools  op^  Cincinnati. 

stroyed  by  fire.     Dr.  J.  D.  Buck,    dean.       Dr.    Thomas 
M.  Stewart,  secretary. 


Miss  Butler's  School,  now  in  its  eleventh  year,  is  loca- 
ted at  724 Oak  Street,  Walnut  Hills,  inabuildingspecially 
designed  for  its  use.  The  regular  course  embraces  the 
primary,  intermediate,  and  collegiate  departments,  each 
under  a  corps  of  able  teachers.  The  school  is  fulty 
equipped  in  all  branches  for  carrying  on  modern,  pro- 
gressive educational  work  in  accordance  with  the  high- 
est standards. 


CHAPTER  LXXVII. 

CHRISTINE    G.    SULLIVAN,    A.    M.,    PH.    D. 
C.  T.  Webber. 

TO  write  of  those  who  by  their  life  labors  have  sought 
to  connect  their  fellow-men  with  the  best  and 
purest  that  nature  holds,  is  always  a  pleasure,  particularly 
when  we  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  know  them. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch,  the  late  Miss  Christine  G. 
Sullivan,  was  surely  one  of  these.  As  woman  and 
teacher,  her  influence  was  always  inspiring  and  uplifting. 
Her  chosen  life-work  was  the  teaching  of  art  to  the 
masses.  In  this  field  she  attained  the  highest  distinction 
in  the  educational  world.  Her  preference  for  this  work 
declared  itself  early,  and  her  preparation  was  commenced 
while  she  was  still  a  child.  From  her  tenth  year  she 
received  instruction  in  modeling,  painting,  mechanical 
drawing,  and  decorative  design,  and  after    her    appoint- 


Christine  G.   Sullivan,  A.  M.,  Ph.   D.      511 

ment  to  the  drawing  department  in  1874  she  spent  her 
leisure  for  several  years  in  the  studio  of  Jacquier,  an  able 
French  sculptor  then  resident  in  Cincinnati,  and  her 
summer  vacations  in  Boston,  painting  under  Fuller.      In 


Christine  G.  Sullivan, 

Superintendent  of  Drawing  from  October,  1884, 
to  September,  1899. 

1879  she  was  appointed  assistant  superintendent,  and  in 
1884  superintendent  of  drawing.  This  position  she 
filled  most  successful  for  fifteen  years,  bringing  the 
drawing  of  the  Cincinnati  schools  into  national  promi- 
nence. 


512  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

With  a  constantly  growing  idea  of  the  scope  of  her 
work,  she  labored  diligently  to  perfect  herself  in  every 
branch  that  bears  upon  her  specialty.  She  studied  psy- 
chology, pedagogy,  history  and  philosophy  of  art,  and  the 
natural  sciences  under  the  best  masters  of  our  college 
summer  schools.  The  influence  of  this  study  may  be 
traced  in  the  national  methods  that  characterized  all  her 
teaching.  While  still  in  the  early  twenties,  she  became 
an  authority  on  art  teaching,  her  services  being  greatly 
in  demand,  both  as  lecturer  and  writer. 

In  1882  she  published  her  first  work,  "  Elements  of 
Perspective. ' '  In  1 884  she  completed  the ' '  Eclectic  System 
of  Drawing, — Freehand  and  Mechanical."  The  success 
of  this  work  was  immediate,  it  being  adopted  not  only 
for  the  Cincinnati  schools,  but  also  for  the  schools  of 
several  other  leading  cities.  Through  the  exhibits  of 
Cincinnati  work  at  our  national  exhibitions,  at  which 
our  schools  always  received  the  highest  awards,  it  soon 
found  its  way  abroad.  An  elaborate  display  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati school  children's  drawing,  showing  the  unfold- 
ing of  the  Eclectic  System,  holds  a  conspicuous  position 
in  the  Permanent  Pedagogical  Museum  of  Paris,  France. 
"  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing,"  published  in  1890, 
"  High  School  Manual  and  Normal  School  Manual" 
published  in  1893,  completed  the  list  of  her  works  on 
art  education. 

That  her  methods  were  intelligently  planned  is  at- 
tested by  the  marvelous  results,  as  shown  in  the  exhibits 
of  the  Cincinnati  pupils'  work  in  various  cities  through- 
out our  own  country  and  abroad  ;  by  the  high  apprecia- 
tion in  which  some  of  the  greatest  artists,  such,  for  in- 
stance, as  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  have  held  her  work  and 
influence ;  as  well  as  by  the  distinction  attained  in  paint- 
ing and  architecture  by  several    who   went    far    in    their 


W.  p.  Dkppe, 

Trustee  of  the  College  of  Music,  Assistant  General  Passenger 
Agent  of  the  Big  Four  Railroad.  (513^ 

[33] 


514  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

career  under  the  influence  of  her  teaching  and  inspiration. 
While  a  profound  reverence  for  art  in  its  greatest 
phases  was  constantly  inculcated,  and  is  still  a  prominent 
object  on  the  part  of  the  talented  teachers,  once  her  pu- 
pils, whom  she  has  left  in  the  schools,  the  form  of  art 
which  is  adaptable  to  ordinary  utility,  ornament,  and 
illustration,  was  an  important  feature  of  her  system.  Out 
of  that  teaching  have  come  many  of  our  best  mechanics, 
decorators,  and  designers.  I  know  a  silversmith  who 
can  design  and  mould  a  better  vase,  knife,  or  spoon  ;  a 
carpenter  who  can  build  a  better  house ;  a  blacksmith 
who  can  fashion  a  shoe  with  a  better  curve  and  bevel  to 
fit  the  horse's  foot ;  all  on  account  of  the  fine  training  ob- 
tained in  the  public  schools,  under  the  advanced  methods 
of  Miss  Sullivan.  One  of  the  most  interesting  features 
of  her  work  was  the  private  classes  in  which  she  gave 
free  instruction  in  industrial  art  to  boys  and  girls  who 
expected  to  enter  the  trades  before  completing  their  school 
course.  How  many  are  now  in  advanced  positions  in 
the  industrial  world  who  owe  their  success  to  this  help — 
that  best  help,  which  never  lowers  the  self-respect  of  the 
recipient — the  help  that  enables  one  to  help  himself ! 

She  cared  more  for  the  betterment  of  the  cause  in 
which  she  was  enlisted  than  for  the  gratification  of  any 
selfish  vanity  or  desire  for  gain.  For  this  reason  she  had 
not  the  opportunity  to  express  herself  in  painting  and 
sculpture  that  her  talents  deserved.  However,  she  found 
time  to  execute  some  exquisite  paintings  and  bas-reliefs. 
These  were  invariably  donated  to  benevolent  enterprises. 
Since  her  death,  a  committee,  composed  of  her  former 
pupils,  have  collected  several  of  her  bas-reliefs,  including 
portraits  of  prominent  American  authors  and  ideal  heads, 
and,  in  response  to  requests,  intend  to  place  reproductions 
in  several  prominent  educational  institutions. 


Christine  G.  Sullivan,  A.   M.,  Ph.   D.       515 


As  a  result  of  her  collegiate  studies  and  her  original 
work  in  the  cause  of  education,  she  received  in  1890  the 
degree  of  A.  M.,  and  two  years  later  that  of  Ph.  D. 
She  was  made  Associate  Commissioner  of  Education  of 
the  Cincinnati  Expositions  of  1886  and  1888.  In  recog- 
nition of  her  services  in  creating  an  instructive  and  at- 
tractive department,  she  was  presented  by  the  commission- 
ers with  a  handsome  testimonial,  executed  by  Grafton. 
From  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  of  the  World's 
Fair  she  received  a  di- 
ploma o  f  honorable 
mention  as  an  educator 
and  designer.  The  Art 
Department  of  the  At- 
lanta Exposition,  be- 
sides giving  an  award 
to  the  public  school  ex- 
hibit, gave  Miss  Sulli- 
van a  medal  of  the  high- 
est degree,  in  recognition 
of  the  educational  value 
of  her  system  of  art  edu 
cation.  Her  work  in 
the  National  Educa- 
tional    Association,     of 

which  she  was  an  active  member  since  1884,  was  recog- 
nized by  her  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  Art  Depart- 
ment for  the  years  1893  and  1894.  Her  paper,  read  be- 
fore this  body  in  the  latter  year,  urging  the  claims  of  art 
in  popular  education  brought  her  fresh  laurels,  being 
copied  widely  in  the  educational  journals  throughout  the 
country. 


Dr.  S.  B.  Marvin, 

Member  Board  of  Education  since 

October,  1899;    Also  of  Union 

Board  of  High  Schools  since 

October,  1901. 


5i6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Her  devotion  to  her  profession  found  further  expres- 
sion in  a  desire  to  better,  both  intellectually  and  materi- 
ally, the  condition  of  her  fellow  teachers.  To  this  end 
she  was  an  active  worker  in  the  founding  of  the  various 
teachers'  clubs  and  the  establishment  of  the  Teachers' 
Annuity  and  Aid  Association.  To  the  advancement  of 
the  latter,  she  gave  so  generously  of  her  time  and  talents, 
and  was  so  successful  in  raising  funds  and  in  populariz- 
ing the  project,  that  we  may    say    she    was    virtually   its 

founder.  In  the  words  of  the 
tribute  offered  by  this  society 
after  her  death,  "  No  greater 
monument  will  ever  be  reared 
to  her  memory  than  this  asso- 
ciation, which  gives  teachers 
an  opportunity  to  be  mutually 
helpful.  Her  unceasing  toil 
makes    it    possible    for    us    to 

/-  IT   c»^T^o  say,  'She  hath    labored,    and 

George  F.  Sands,  -^  ' 

we  enter  into  her  labors.      She 
Principal  of  the  Third  1^1^  j     1  1        i 

^  ^  J.  .    o  u     1  doth  rest,    and    her    works  do 

Intermediate  School. 

follow  her.'" 

Teacher,  artist,  poet,  it  needed  not  that  beautiful 
re-construction  of  "Cinderella,"  with  its  musical  verse,  its 
magnificent  restoration  of  the  Greek  chorus,  its  exquis- 
ite groupings  and  color  composition,  to  stamp  her  as  a 
poet  of  high  order ;  for  poems  of  exquisite  beauty  of 
thought  and  cadence  had  already  come  from  her  busy  pen. 
Prose  of  commanding  merit,  both  in  story  and  essay,  she 
gave  the  world.  Her  last  work,  written  when  the  tools 
of  labor  were  falling  from  her  hands,  was  a  call,  through 
the  columns  of  the  Commercial  Tribune^  to  the  little 
children  to  learn  to  appreciate  and  love  all  helpless  things, 
particularly  the  beautiful  birds. 


Christine  G.   Sullivan,  A.  M.,  Ph.   D.      517 

But  her  extraordinary  labors  became  at  last  too  heavy 
for  even  her  magnificent  physique.  For  years  she  had 
ignored  the  warning  of  her  physician.  She  felt  herself 
needed  in  the  inany  worthy  causes  for  which  she  was 
laboring,  and  her  sympathetic  spirit  would  not  permit 
her  to  withdraw  the  helping  hand.  A  derangement  of 
the  action  of  the  heart  was  the  first  symptom  of  acute 
disease.  "  Over- 
work "  was  the  phy- 
sician's verdict,  and 
"  perfect  rest  "  was 
ordered.  But  she  had 
never  rested.  Even 
during  the  vacations 
her  busy  pen  and  pen- 
cil were  ever  active 
in  the  cause  of  her 
life's  aim  :  the  per- 
fection of  the  methods 
of  education — t  hat 
goal  towards  which 
all  true  educators  are 
striving.  When  at 
last  she  succumbed, 
complications  had  de- 
veloped that  defied 
the  physician's  skill. 
Even    when    confined 

to  her  bed,  she  still  handed  out  her  blessings  of  help. 
Almost  the  last  time  I  saw  her  alive,  she  gave  me  a  letter 
to  mail  that  was  to  procure  a  position  for  a  man  who  was 
in  great  need.  She  thought  not  of  herself  ;  the  struggling 
man  or  the  dependent  woman  must  have  her  sympathy 
and  help  to  the  last. 


Earl  C.  Trisler, 

Assistant  Principal  Third  Inter- 
mediate School. 


5i8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  end  came  September  i,  1899.  No,  not  the  end, 
for  the  uplifting  influence  of  her  thought  and  work  is  a 
growing  force.  "  She  lived  the  life  that  never  dies." 
The  widespread  grief  for  her  death  found  expression  in 
tributes  from  all  the  educational  bodies  with  which  she 
was  connected,  and  in  a  project  to  place  her  bust  in  mar- 
ble in  the  Cincinnati  Art  Museum  as  a  memorial  of  her 
work  and  character.  The  fund  was  rapidly  raised,  the 
list  of  subscribers  including  members  of  the  National 
Educational  Association,  the  Ohio  Teachers'  Association, 
the  teaching  body  of  the  city,  former  pupils  and  citizens 
who  appreciated  her  services  to  the  city.  The  bust,  now 
nearly  completed,  will  soon  be  put  in  place. 

She  refused  flattering  offers  for  her  libretto  of  "  Cin- 
derella," which  underher  management  realized  handsome 
sums  for  the  Teachers'  Annuity  and  Childrens'  Carnival 
Funds  It  was  her  wish  that  it  should  not  be  sold,  but 
used  only  for  the  realizing  of  money  for  the  relief  of  thie 
poor  children  of  Cincinnati.  Also,  it  was  her  wish  that 
a  large  per  cent,  from  the  sale  of  her  other  literary  works, 
including  two  librettoes  and  several  short  stories,  be  de- 
voted to  the  same  cause.  These  works  are  in  course  of 
preparation  for  publication,  and  her  literary  executors 
will  carry  out  her  benevolent  intentions. 


CHAPTER  LXXVIII. 

THE    NATIONAL    EDUCATIONAL    ASSOCIATION. 

THE  NATIONAL  EDUCATIONAL  ASSOCIA- 
TION was  organized  in  the  "Athteneum"  Build- 
ing, Philadelphia,  Pa.,  August  26,  1857,  as  "The  Na- 
tional Teachers'  Association." 


The  National  Educational  Association.    519 


The  first  annual  meeting  was  held  in  Cincinnati  on  the 
"second  Wednesday  of  August,  1858."  A.J.  Rickoff 
was  chairman  of  the  local  committee.  Only  five  mem- 
bers attended  the  Cincinnati  meeting,  which  was  wel- 
comed by  a  "  very  large  audience,  who  were  then  and 
have  always  been  in  blissful  ignorance  of  the  small  repre- 
sentation of  actual 
members."  However, 
seventy-five  new 
members  joined  the 
first  day.  Horace 
Mann  read  one  of  the 
papers.  The  elec- 
tion of  officers  resul- 
ted of  course  in  a  Cin- 
cinnati man,  Super- 
intendent A.  J.  Ric- 
koff, being  made 
president,  and  the 
second  annual  meet- 
ing was  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

The  present  name 
was  assumed  in  1870 
at  the  annual  meeting 
in      Cleveland,       O., 

when  a  combination  was  made  with  "  The  American 
Normal  Association"  (organized  in  1864)  and  "The 
National  Superintendents'  Association"  (organized  in 
1865).  The  constitution  was  amended,  allowing  various 
departments  to  organize.  Up  to  1870  all  topics  were 
discussed  before  the  whole  body. 

In  1870  "  The  Department  of   Higher    Instruction" 
and  "  The  Department  of    Primary    or    Elementary     In- 


Maximilian  Braam, 
Principal  of  the  McKinley  School. 


520 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


struction"  were  organized.  In  1875  ^^^  "Industrial  De- 
partment" was  started.  In  1880  "The  National  Coun- 
cil of  Education  "  was  added.  In  1884  Thomas  W. 
Bicknell,  of  Massachusetts,  was  president  of  the  Madison 
(Wis.)  meeting,  which  was  such  a  success  that  the  N.  E. 
A.  is  "  forever  assured  against  financial  embarrassment." 
In  1884  three  departments  were  added,  viz.  :  "Froebel 

or  Kindergarten," 
the  "Art,"  and 
"Music."       In    1885 


^        - -,:^^  the    "Department  of 

^■r  Secondary    E  d  u  c  a  - 

mK  naniii    inr  tion"  was  added. 

H      i»#  Additional      de- 

partments  are  :  Busi- 
ness, Child  Study, 
Physical  Training, 
Science,  School  Ad- 
ministration, Library, 
Deaf,  Blind,  etc., 
Indian  Instruction. 

In  1902  Cincin- 
nati was  represented 
by  these  officers  :  Ex. 
Com.  Nat.  Counsel, 
R.  G.  Boone  ;  Prest. 
Secondary  Education 
Dept.,  J.  Remsen  Bishop ;  Prest.  Music  Dept.,  A.  J. 
Gantvoort. 

February  24,  1886,  the  N.  E.  A.  was  incorporated 
at  Washington,  D.  C.  Since  1870  the  proceedings  have 
been  printed  in  a  bound  volume.  The  department  of 
superintendents  is  scheduled  to  meet  inj  this  city,  Feb- 
ruary 24-27,  of  next  year. 


William  Kaefer, 
Principal  of  the  Linwood  School. 


The  National  Educational  Association.     521 


Meeting  places  of  the  N.  E.  A.  have  been  as  follows 
1857,   Philadelphia,  Pa.  (organization). 
1859,   Cincinnati,  O.  (first  annual  meeting). 
i860,  Washington,  D.  C.      1861-62,  no  sessions. 


1863,  Chicago,  111. 
1865,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
1867,  no  session. 
1869,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
1871,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
1873,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 
1875,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
1877,  Louisville,  Ky. 
1879,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


1864,  Ogdensbury,  N.  Y. 
1866,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
1868,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
1870,  Cleveland,  O. 
1872,  Boston,  Mass. 
1874,  Detroit,  Mich. 
1876,  Baltimore,  Md. 
1878,  no  session. 
1880,  Chautauqua,  N.  Y. 
1882,  Saratoga  Sprs.,   N.  Y. 


1881,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

1883,  Saratoga  Sprs.,  N.Y.  1884,  Madison,  Wis. 

1885,  Saratoga  Sprs.,  N.  Y.  1886,  Topeka,  Kan. 

1887,  Chicago,  111.  1888,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

1889,  Nashville,  Tenn.  1890,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

1891,  Toronto,  Ontario.  1892,  Saratoga  Sprs.,   N.  Y. 

1893,  Chicago,  111.  (International  Congress  of  Education, 


Worlds'  Fair.) 
1895,  Denver,  Col. 
1897,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
1899,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
1901,  Detroit,  Mich. 


1894,  Asbury  Park,  N.  J. 
1896,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
1898,  Washington,  D.   C. 
1900,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
1902,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


THE    TELEPHONE. 


November  15,  1900,  the  Board  of  Education  was 
notified  by  Captain  George  N.  Stone,  president  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  City  and  Suburban  Telephone  Asso- 
ciation, that  the  public  schools  would  be  provided  with 
free  telephones.  The  offer  was  accepted,  and  each  of  the 
52  buildings  was  equipped  before  the    end    cf    the    year. 


522  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

As  service  is  unlimited,  this  means  a  bona  fide  gift  to  the 
schools  of  over  $5,000  per  annum. 

PUBLIC    school    statistics. 

(From  report  of  1901-2.) 

No.  of  school  houses  52 

No.  of  school  rooms  (about) 886 

No.  of  school  teachers  (male) 153 

No.  of  school  teachers  (female) 795 

Total  schoolteachers 948 


Tenth  District  School  House, 

Elm  and  Canal;  Erected  1889;  Cost  of  Building  $78,100,  Lot 

$62,500;   18  Rooms;  Seats  1,080  Pupils;  H.  H.  Raschig, 

Principal;   H.  W.  Albers,  Trustee. 

Enrollment,  all  schools  44,458 

No.  of  seats 4i»348 

Average  daily  attendance M»979 

Average  dailj  attendence  (high) 2,000 

Total  daily  attendance 36,979 


Public  School  Statistics.  523 

Population  of  city  (1900)  325,000 

Children  of  school  age  (6  to  21) 128,177 

Children  in  parochial  and  private  schools. 25,354 

Average  monthly  salary. 

Special  teachers  in  music,  10 $150 

"              "        **   writing,  5 120 

"             *'        "  drawing,  5  85 

'*             "        *'  physical  training,  5 98 

Min.  Max. 

Teachers'  salaries,  in  district  schools $400  $700 

"                 "         "  intermediate  schools 800 

"                  ''          "   high  schools  900  1,200 

Principals'       *'         "  district  (full)  1,600  1.900 

"                 *'         "  intermediate  school..  ., 1,700  2,100 

'*  "         "  district  school  (small) 1.300 

Value  of  houses,  grounds,  furniture   apparatus,   li- 
braries  etc ,..., .$4,300,000 

Total  salaries  paid , 807,318 

Total  expenditures  (1901-2) 1,184,701 

Night  schools 9 

Nights  in  sessi   n 72 

Teachers  (male),  30;   (female) 32 

Average  attendance  ^,451 

THE    CINCINNATI    COLLEGE    OF    EMBALMING. 

The  Cincinnati  College  of  Embalming  (the  oldest 
institution  of  its  kind  in  the  world)  was  established 
March  13,  1882,  with  C.  M.  Lukens,  M.  D.,  principal; 
J.  H.  Clark,  lecturer  and  demonstrator;  and  C.  M.  Ep- 
ply,  assistant  demonstrator.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year 
Mr.  Epply  resigned,  and  C.  M.  Lukens  and  J.  H.  Clark 
conducted  the  college  in  a  successful  manner  for  many 
years 

In  October,  1901,  it  was  decided  to  establish  a  per- 
manent college,  with  continuous  sessions,  where  (he  sub- 


SH 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


jects  of  embalming,  sanitation,  and  disinfection  could  be 
taught  in  a  thorough  and  exhaustive  manner.  This  ven- 
ture proved  so  successful  that  the  faculty  found  they  were 


William  A.  Hopkins, 

Ex-Member  Board  of  Education;  Superintendent 
Branch  Libraries,  Public  Library. 

compelled  to  seek  larger  quarters  in   order   to    accommo- 
date the  ever-increasing  number  of  students. 

After  careful   examination    of    numerous    buildings, 
one  at  Sixth  and  Park  was  selected.      This   building   has 


The  Cincinnati  College  of  Embalming.     525 

been  refinished  throughout,  and  neither  kibor  or  expense 
has  been  spared  in  making  it  a  perfect  institution. 
Lecture,  class,  study,  demonstrating,  toilet,  and  bath 
rooms  and  offices  have  been  handsomely  furnished 
Nothing  but  the  latest  and  most  modern  appliances  are 
used  in  teaching  the  art. 

Instructors:  J.  H.  Clark,  bacteriology,  sanitation, 
disinfection,  antiseptic  chemistry,  demonstrator.  Joseph 
Freiberg,  specific  treatments  of  diseases,  funeral  etiquette, 
the  conduct  of  an  undertaking  establishment  in  general, 
demonstrator.  H.  R.  Leffel,  general  and  visceral  anat- 
omy, physiology,  hygiene.  C.  H.  Clark,  secretary. 
B.  O.  M.  DeBeck,  book-keeper. 


CHAPTER  LXXIX. 

EARLY    CHRONICLES. 

THE  precise  location  of  the  first  school  house  in  Cin- 
cinnati cannot  be  given  except  in  general  terms ; 
that  it  was  near  Fort  Washington.  Some  say  a  room  in  the 
fort  w^as  the  first  school  house.  At  any  rate,  the  presence 
of  Indians  caused  the  school  to  be  located  where  it  could 
be  watched. 

Tradition  says  Congress  and  Lawrence  was  the  first 
site;  also  that  a  school  house  stood  just  back  of  313 
Broadway  (the  Natural  History  Society  Building)  ;  still 
another  report  says  on  Main  Street,  near  the  Public  Land- 
ing. Judge  Burnet  says  :  "On  the  north  side  of  Fourth 
Street,  opposite  where  St.  Paul's  Church  now  stands, 
there  stood  a  frame  school  house,  enclosed  but  unfinished, 


526 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


in  which  the  children  of  the  village  were  instructed." 
This  latter  statement  is  authentic,  the  school  house  being 
near  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  Fourth  and  Main.  The  church  originally  faced 
Main  Street,  and  school  was  held  in    it    until   a  building 


H.  H.  FicK,  Assistant  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools. 


was  erected  (1794)  a  few  rods  west  and  facing  Fourth 
Street. 

The  First  Presbyterian  Church  established  a  school 
in  1792,  in  charge  of  Caleb  Kemper,  at  the  foot  of  Syca- 
more Street,  which  was  removed  to  the  church  on  Fourtli 
and  Main. 

John  Riley  opened  a  school  at  Columbia,  Latin  bein^ 


Early  Chronicles.  527 

one  of  the  studies,  which  he  carried  on  for  several  years. 
After  the  great  flood,  the  settlers  at  Columbia  removed 
to  Cincinnati,  where  a  school  had  been  opened  in  1792. 
E.  D.  Mansfield  says  he  attended  a  school  (1811) 
opposite  the  House  of  Refuge,  and  one  day,  afteraspell- 


M.  F.  Andrew,  Assistant  Superintendent 
OF  Public  Schools. 

ing  match,  the  teacher  marched  the    pupils    to    a    tavern 
and  treated  them  to  a  cherry  bounce. 

March,  1800,  Robert  Stubbs,  "  Philom,"  opened  a 
school  in  Newport,  Ky.,  and  in  Columbia,  this  city,  is 
reported  the  school  kept  by  John  Riley,  etc.  Oliver 
C.  B.  Stewart    opened    a    school    ni    the    year    181 1,    as 


528  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

did  James  White.  Edward  Hannagan  had  a  school  in 
the  fort.  In  1805  it  is  said  an  aged  couple  named  Car- 
penter kept  a  boarding  school  in  a  single-roomed  log 
cabin,  fifteen  feet  square.    This  was  in  Sedamsville. 

Henry  B.  Fearon,  an  English  teacher,  in  1817  writes 
of  Cincinnati  : 

"  The  school  house  (Lancastrian  Institute),  when  the 
whole  plan  is  completed,  will  be  a  fine  and  extensive 
structure.  In  the  first  apartment  on  the  ground  floor  the 
Lancastrian  plan  is  already  in  successful  operation.  I 
counted  150  scholars,  among  whom  were  children  of  the 
most  respectable  persons  in  the  town,  or,  to  use  an  Ameri- 
can phrase,  '  of  the  first  standing.'  This  school  house 
is  like  most  establishments  in  the  country,  a  joint  stock 
concern.  The  terms  for  education  in  the  Lancastrian 
department  are  :  to  shareholders,  11  shillings  and  3  pence 
per  quarter;  others,  13  shillings  and  6  pence.  There  are 
in  the  same  building  3  other  departments  (not  Lancas- 
trian) :  two  for  instruction  in  history,  geography,  and 
the  classics,  and  the  superior  department  for  teaching 
languages.  Males  and  females  are  taught  in  the  same 
room,  but  sit  on  opposite  sides.  The  terms  for  the  his- 
torical, etc.,  departments  are  :  to  shareholders,  22  shillings 
and  6  pence  a  quarter;  others,  27  shillings.  There  were 
present  21  males  and  19  females.  In  the  department  of 
languages,  the  charge  is  to  shareholders  36  shillings  per 
quarter,  others  45  shillings.  Teachers  are  paid  a  yearly 
salary  by  the  company.  These  men  are,  I  believe.  New 
Englanders,  as  are  the  schoolmasters  in  the  Western 
country  generally.  I  also  visited  a  poor  half-starved 
civil  schoolmaster.  He  has  two  miserable  rooms,  for 
which  he  pays  22  shillings  and  6  pence  per  month. 
The  number  of  scholars,  both  male  and  female,  is  28  ; 
terms  for  all  branches,  13  shillings  and  6  pence  per  quar- 


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530  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

ter.  He  complains  of  great  difficulty  in  getting  paid, 
and  also  of  the  untameable  insubordination  of  his  schol- 
ars. The  superintendent  of  the  Lancastrian  School  in- 
forms me  that  they  could  not  attempt  to  put  into  practice 
the  greater  part  of  the  punishment  (see  page  265)  as  di- 
rected by  the  founder  of  the  system." 

Harriet  Martineau  visited  Cincinnati  in  1835.  Writ- 
ing later  she  says  : 

"  The  morning  of  the  19th  (probably  August) 
shown  brightly  down  on  the  festival  of  the  day.  It  was 
the  anniversary  of  the  opening  of  the  common  schools. 
Some  of  the  schools  passed  our  windows  in  processions, 
their  banners  dressed  with  garlands,  and  the  children 
gay  with  flowers  and  ribbons.  A  lady  who  was  with  me 
remarked:  '  This  is  our  populace.'  The  children  were 
neatly  and  tastefully  dressed.  I  never  saw  such  graceful 
children  as  the  little  boys  of  America,  at  least  in  their 
summer  dress;  they  are  slight,  active,  and  free;  several 
were  barefooted,  etc.  We  set  out  for  the  church  as  soon 
as  the  procession  had  passed,  and  arrived  before  the  doors 
were  opened.  A  platform  had  been  erected  below  the 
pulpit,  and  on  it  were  seated  the  mayor  and  principal 
gentlemen  of  the  city.  The  two  thousand  children  then 
filed  in.  The  report  was  read,  and  proved  satisfactory. 
Several  boys  gave  specimens  of  elocution,  which  were 
highly  amusing,  etc.  Many  prizes  of  books  were  dis- 
tributed, and  an  address  from  the  pulpit  was  given, 
etc." 

NOTES. 

"  The  first  proprietor  of  the  site  of  Cincinnati  was 
John  Cleves  Symmes ;  at  the  time  he  made  the  purchase 
of  a  million  of  acres,  between  the  Miamies,  a  member  of 


Early  Chronicles. 


53; 


Congress.      At  an  earlier  period  of  his  life  he  had  been  a 
teacher." — Schools  of    Cincinnati^    by    John    P.    Foote 

(1855)-  '    ^ — - 

"The  college  (Cincinnati)  is  tolerably  built,    but  is 
not  likely  to  be  well  attended  until  better  regulations  are 
established.      I  was  present  at  a  lecture  and  was  shocked 
at  the  want    of   deco- 
rum exhibited  by    the 
students,      who       sat 
down  in    their    plaids 
and  cloaks,  and   were 
constantly        spitting 
tobacco    juice     about 
the  room." — Note   of 
an    English    traveler, 

1823. 

Feb.  12,  1800. 
"  A  good  schoolmas- 
ter wanted  on  the 
Great  Miami.  One 
with  a  family  will  be 
preferred . "  —  Adver- 
tisement. 


Dr.  Giles  S.  Mitchell, 

March    18,     1800.         Member  Board  of  Education  from 
"An    academy,     etc.,  July  5,  1898,  to  April  9,  1900. 

the  elementary  studies 

at  $8  per  annum  ;   the  higher  branches  at  one  pound,  267 
cents  per  quarter." — Advertisement. 


Dec.  27,  1800.  "Those  gentlemen  and  ladies  who 
feel  disposed  to  patronize  a  Singing  School  will  please 
to  convene  at  the  court  house    to-morrow   night,    as    it  is 


532  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

proposed  to  have  singing.    They  will    please   bring  their 
books  with  them." — Advertisement. 


"  Levi  McLean  advertises  his  singing  school,  $i  for 
thirteen  nights,  or  $2  per  quarter;  subscribers  to  find 
their  own  wood  and  candles." — 1801. 


"  Notice  •  The  public  in  general,  and  my  former 
subscribers  in  particular,  are  respectfully  informed  that 
I  propose  to  commence  school  again  on  the  ist  day  of 
January,  1805.  I  shall  teach  reading,  writing,  arithme- 
tic, and  English  grammar  indiscriminately,  for  $2  per 
quarter." — Advertisement,  1804. 


In  1825-6-7,  and  longer,  E.  P.  Langdon  maintained 
a  free  reading  room  on  Third  Street,  in  the  rear  of  the 
post  office  ;  newspapers,  magazines,  etc.,  were  kept  on 
file.  

"In  the  years  1810-11-12,  I  recollect  only  three  or 
four  small  schools.  A  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Wright  kept  one 
in  the  second  story  of  a  frame  building  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  Main  and  Sixth  Streets.  John  Hilton  had  his 
school  on  the  east  side  of  Main,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth 
Streets,  over  a  cabinet  maker's  shop.  David  Cathcart, 
on  the  West  side  of  walnut  Street  near  Fourth.  The 
scholars  at  each  school  probably  averaged  about  forty." 
— S.  S.  L'Hommedieu. 

CINCINNATI    UNIVERSITY. 

"  In  the  year  1806  a  school  association  was  formed 
in  this  place,  and  in  1807  it  was  incorporated.  Its  en- 
dowments were  not  exactly  correspondent  to  its  derated 
title,  consisting  only  of  moderate  contributions;  and  an 
application  was  made  to  the    Legislature   for    permission 


Early  Chronicles. 


533 


to  raise  money  by  a  lottery,  which  was  granted.  A 
scheme  was  formed,  and  a  great  part  of  the  tickets  sold. 
They  have,  however,  not  been  drawn,  and  but  little  of 
the  money  they  brought  refunded.  On  Sunday,  28th  of 
May,  1809,  the  school  house  erected  by  the  corporation 
was  blown  down,  since  which  it  has  become  extinct." 
"Drake's  Picture  of  Cincinnati,"  1815. 

In  1829  L.  C. 
Levin  had  a  school  at 
the  southeast  corner 
of  Sixth  and  Vine, 
near  where  the  Hul- 
bert  Building  now 
stands.  This  school 
house,  or  one  right 
near  it,  was  the  first 
building  erected  on 
that  land.  W.  P. 
Hulbert,  who  after- 
wards owned  this 
land,  was  a  pupil 
there.  The  entrance 
to  the  school  house 
was  on  Sixth  Street, 
"and  the  floor  was 
constructed  like  that 
of  a  theater,  rising 
from  the  south  end  to  the  north." 

Wm.  Wing  founded  the  school  and  built  the  house. 
He  died,  and  his  son  Edward  continued  the  institution. 
When  the  public  school  system  opened,  George  Graham 
(see  page  40)  rented  this  building  for  the  Second  Ward 
school.     Mr.  Graham,  writing  of  his  times   (he    was    ex- 


Charles  J.  Brooks, 
Principal  of  the  Avondale  School. 


534  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

aminer),  says:   "The  schools  were  not  popular,  the  word 
'common'  being  distasteful  to  many." 

THE  FIRST   BEQUEST  FOR  EDUCATION. 

In  1818  John  Kidd,  a  wealthy  baker,  bequeathed 
}^i,ooo  per  annum  for  the  "Education  of  poor  children 
and  youth  of  Cincinnati."  The  rents  came  from  Kidd's 
store  property  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Main  and 
Front  Streets.  In  1819  the  fund  was  paid  to  the  Cin- 
cinnati College,  and  between  October,  18 19,  and  Octo- 
ber, 1835,  the  sum  of  $6,000  was  received,  and  from  75 
to  100  children  educated  upon  the  Lancastrian  plan. 
For  the  succeeding  two  and  a  half  years,  375  children 
were  educated  on  the  money,  tuition  having  been  re- 
duced. In  1835  an  adverse  claim  against  the  property 
was  made,  the  rent  was  enjoined,  and  finally  the  land  re- 
verted and  the  city  lost  the  bequest.  This  bequest  is  the 
first  on  record  for  Cincinnati. 


CHAPTER  LXXIX. 

OHIO    CONSERVATORY    OF    MUSIC. 

THE  Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music  is  one  of  the  great 
musical  institutions  of  Cincinnati.  Its  location,  its 
buildings,  its  facilities,  its  faculty,  and  its  management, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Chas.  A.  Graninger,  furnishes 
a  cumulative  proof  of  its  pre-eminence.  It  was  organ- 
ized several  years  ago  as  the  Auditorium  School  of  Music, 
by  Chas.  A.  Graninger,  the  present  musical  director, 
and  its  success  from  the  beginning  was  so  substantial  and 
wholesome  that  it  soon  outgrew  the  dimensions  of  its 
house,  and  new  quarters  had  to  be  sought  for  its  expand 


536 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


ing  growth.  The  opportunity  came  in  the  selection  of 
the  present  magnificient  conservatory  at  the  corner  of 
Fourth  and  Lawrence  Streets,  in  September,  1902,  which 
was  furnished  with  all  the  most  modern  improvements, 
including  a  new  steam-heating  plant,  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
$10,000.  A  beautiful  new  recital  hall  was  fitted  up  for 
the  benefit  of  the  students.  Freshly  painted  inside  and 
out,  and  handsomely 
decorated,  the  Ohio 
Conservatory  of 
Music  buildings  pre- 
sent an  entirely  new 
appearance,  and  it 
would  be  difficult  to 
find  anywhere  else 
a  house  for  the  music 
students  quite  so  in- 
viting and  so  favor- 
able in  its  surround- 
ings to  the  congenial 
and  serious  progress 
of  the  music  student. 
Situated  in  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  aris- 
tocratic portions  of 
the  eastern  part  of 
the  city,  there  is 
an  abundance  of  fresh 

air  and  delightful  breezes  are  wafted  from  la  belle  riviere. 
The  Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music  is  breathing  the  purest 
and  best  of  atmospheres,  free  from  all  contaminating  in. 
fluences,  where  quiet  and  peace  at  all  times  reign  su- 
preme.      Such  a  place  is  particularly  inviting  to  the  hun- 


J)r.  H.  W.  Albers, 

Member  of  the  Board  of  Education 
Since  April,  1891. 


Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music.  537 

dreds  of  students  who  come  from  abroad  to  seek  and  find 
the  best  musical  education  within  its  walls.  To  them  the 
the  conservatory  is  a  substitute  for  home,  as  far  as  this 
can  be  done  by  home  comforts  and  home  influences  under 
the  personal  care  and  direct  attention  of  Mrs.  Chas. 
Graninger. 

The  Ohio  Conservatory  of  Music  was  founded  on  the 
basis  that  American  music  schools  can  be  made  to  reach 
as  high  a  standard  of  excellence  in  all  their  departments 
as  the  great  conservatories  of  Europe,  and  it  has  been  the 
aim  of  the  conservatory  to  realize  this  ideal  in  the  art-life 
of  its  American  students. 

The  Ohio  Conservatory  presents  to  the  student  all  the 
departments  of  music  besides  those  branches  of  study 
with  which  the  subject  of  music  may  be  affiliated,  such 
as  languages,  elocution,  and  dramatic  art.  In  all  these 
departments  and  branches  the  aim  has  been  to  furnish 
only  such  teachers  as  enjoyed  a  reputation  of  acknowl- 
edged authority  and  tested  success  in  the  art  and  science 
of  teaching. 

Certificates  and  diplomas  are  awarded  at  the  close 
of  each  academic  year  to  those  students  who  have  passed 
satisfactory  examinations  for  these  distinctions.  A  high 
standard  has  been  set  for  these  examinations,  so  that 
those  who  secure  the  courted  prize  have  reason  to  know 
that  it  was  not  an  easy  honor,  but  the  reward  of  attain- 
ment and  proficiency,  that  means  a  place  in  the  musical 
race  of  the  world. 


;538) 


Twenty-third  District  School, 

Vine  Street,  Corrjville;  Erected,  1878-85;   15  Rooms;  Seats  912  Pupils 

Louis  M.  Schiel,  Principal;  F.   H.  Ballman,  Trustee. 


Institutions  Now  Closed.  539 


CHAPTER  LXXX. 

NSTITUTIONS    NOW    CLOSED. 


PREPARATORY    School   for    Boys,    conducted   by 
Eugene  F.  Bliss  (see  page  385). 

Brooks  Classical  School  (see  page  385). 


Herron's  Seminary  for  Boys,  founded  1845  by  Joseph 
Herron,  once  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Education.  Mr.  Herron  died  March 
26,  1863.  The  seminary  was  on  Seventh  Street,  between 
Vine  and  Walnut,  and  occupied  its  own  building. 


Cincinnati  Adelphi  Seminary  (very  early)  ;  Thomas 
H.  Guinan,  principal. 


Cincinnati  Academy,  John  L.  Talbott  (early). 


Milo  G.  Williams' Private  School  (early),  advocated 
manual  training.  Mr.  Williams  later  founded  the  Aca- 
demic and  Manual  Labor  Institute  at  Dayton,  O.,  one  of 
the  first  technical  schools  in  the  West. 


Elizabeth  Haven  Appleton's  Private  School,  estab- 
lished 1855,  and  continued  to  1875,  was  patronized  by 
the  elite  of  the  city. 


540 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Institute  of  Science  and  Languages,  established  1830 
by  Prof.  O.  M.  Mitchell,  the  noted  astronomist,    soldier, 

etc.  

Harding's  Female  Seminary,  south  side  Fifth,  be- 
tween Vine  and  Race.  Was  once  so  prosperous  that  it 
was  considered  a  permanent  institution.  Mr.  Harding, 
however,  became  superintendent  of  public  schools.       He 

once     taught     in     tlie 
Cincinnati  College. 


The  Cincinnati 
Female  Seminary, 
Seventh  and  Mound, 
was  conducted  by  T. 
Burrows,  and  later  by 
Rev.  George  W.  Max- 
well, D.  D.  ;  ultimate- 
ly sold  to  Pulte  Medi- 
cal College. 


St.  John's  Col- 
lege; Dr.  Colton, 
principal,  later 
Charles  Matthews,  of 

George  H.jAcksoN,  ""^^    Woodward    Col- 

legre. 
Practicing  Attorney;    Ex-Teacher  ^ 

and  Ex-Member  of  the  Ohio 

Legislature.  English      and 

Classical  School,  es- 
tablished in  1859,  at  Ninth  and  Elm,  by  Andrew  J. 
Rickoff,  after  he  retired  from  the  superintendency  of  the 

public  schools.  

Dodd  Classical  High  School,  Rev.  T.  J.  Dodd,  prin- 
cipal, started  in  1886,  for  boys. 


Institutions  now  Closed.  541 

Professor  W.  M.  Eisele's  School,  started  in    i 


In  1802  a  girl's  school  was  started  by  a  Miss  Will- 
iam, who  advertised  that  she  "intended  opening  a  school 
in  the  house  of  M.  Newman,  saddler,  for  young  ladies, 
on  the  following  terms  :  reading,  $2.50;  reading  and 
sewing,  $3 ;  reading,  sewing,  and  writing,  $3.50  per 
quarter."  

Female  Boarding  School,  kept  on  Broadway,  between 
Market  and  Columbia  (old  names),  by  the  Misses  Bailey 

(1827).  

McKee's  Classical  Academy,  on  Third  Street,  near 
the  post  office.     Rev.  C.  B.  McKee,  principal,  1827. 


The  Eclectic  Academy  of  Music  was  organized  the 
spring  of  1834  and  chartered  in  1835.  Its  object  was  "to 
promote  knowledge  and  correct  taste  in  music  ;  especial- 
ly such  as  are  adapted  to  moral  and  religious  purposes." 
It  was  in  existence  in  1841,  when  it  had  about  100  mem- 
bers, a  library,  and  an  orchestra  of  24  pieces  ;  Jacob  Bur- 
net, president.  

Mrs.  Lloyd's  Seminary  for  girls  (1851). 


R.  &  H.  H.  Young's  School  for    Boys    (1851). 
high  school  on  Plum,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth. 


Cincinnati  Female  Seminary,  established  in  1843  by 
Miss  M.  Coxe.  Prosperous  in  1851.  M.  Coxe  and  J. 
C.  Zochos,  principals.  In  185 1  seminary  removed  to 
Dayton,  O.,  as  part  of  the  Cooper  Female  Institute. 


Locke's  Female  Academy,  organized  in  1823  by  Dr. 
John  Locke,  flourishing  for  some  years,  and  was  patron- 
ized by  the   best   families.     It   was    located    on     Walnut 


542  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Street,  between  Third  and  Fourth.     Gold    medals    were 
awarded  for  prizes. 


Picket's  Cincinnati  Female  School,  organized  about 
1825   by  Albert  Picket,  Sr.      Rooms  in   the   Cincinnati 


Chas.  H.  Stephens, 

Member  Union  Board  of  High  Schools  Since 

November  18,  1867;    Served  also  on 

the  Board  of  Education. 

College  Building.  In  1830  his  school  awarded  eleven 
gold  medals.  Author  of  "American  School  Class 
Books,"  a  series  on  the  common  branches. 


Institutions  now  Closed.  543 

Kinmont's  Academy  of  Classics  and  Mathematics 
was  started  about  1837  by  Alexander  Kinmont,  a  noted 
Scotchman  of  great  independence.  It  was  on  Race, 
between  Fifth  and  Longworth.  Kinmont  declined  a 
professorship  in  Cincinnati  College,  at  $2,000  per  year 
(a  remarkable  salary  for  those  days),  in  this  language: 
"  Your  college  will  be  under  the  control  of  a  faculty.  I 
wish  to  be  not  directed  by  a  faculty  or  by  trustees. 
Think  of  my  being  told  how  to  teach  school  by  a  set  of 
professional  donkeys." 


Western  Female  Institute,  founded  about  1833  by 
Catherine  Beecher  and  her  sister  Harriett,  later  Mrs. 
Stowe.  The  author  of  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  was  for 
years  teacher  in  this  private  school.  Miss  Mary  Dutton, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  succeeded  the  Misses  Beecher, 
whose  school  was  located  on  the  site  afterwards  occu- 
pied by  St.  John's  Hospital. 


Mrs.  Caroline  Lee  Hentz,  who  conducted  a  private 
school  in  the  30's,  was  the  author  of  several  novels. 
The  school  was  a  fashionable  one,  on  Third,  near  Broad- 
way.     Prof.  Hentz,  the  husband,  assisted. 


Gooch's  Female  Seminary  was  established  in  the  thir- 
ties, in  Avondale,  then  quite  a  distance  out  of  town. 
It  was  a  polite  school  of  learning.  Mr.  Gooch  tried 
chicken  raising  on  a  large  scale,  but  failed.  His  tall, 
brick  chicken  yards  are  still  (1902)  remembered  by  some 
of  the  oldest  inhabitants. 


Bartholomew  English  and  Classical  School  was  es- 
tablished September  21,  1875,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Geo.  K. 
Bartholomew.  For  years  it  was  located  at  Third  and 
Lawrence  (see  page  431). 


544 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Cincinnati  Business  College,  Miami  Building ;  princi- 
pal, C.  W.  McGee.  Suspended  about  1895,  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  McGee 


OHIO    FEMALE    COLLEGE. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  Ohio  Female  College,  Col- 
lege Hill,  was  laid  September   21,  1848,  and  the  school 

opened  in  the  fall  of 
1849.  By  185 1  it  was 
so  successful  that  a  State 
charter  was  secured. 
The  patronage  was  ex- 
tensive, especially  from 
the  South.  Rev.  John 
Covert  was  the  first 
president,  and  really  the 
founder.  After  the  war, 
the  school  declined,  and 
James  C.  C.  Hollin- 
shade,  a  wealthy  citizen, 
bought  it,  determined 
to  make  it  a  great  insti- 
tution, but  the  enter- 
Wm.  L.  Dickson,  prise  failed,  and  in  1874 

the    doors    were    closed. 

In  1875  ^^^  property  was 

sold    to    the    Cincinnati 

Sanitarium,  which  has  occupied  it  for  the   twenty-seven 

years  that  have  elapsed.      In  1893  the  main  building  was 

destroyed  by  fire,  but  it  has  been  rebuilt. 


Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence 
Eclectic  Medical  Institute. 


Miss  Nourse's  English  and  French  Family  and  Day 
School,  Walnut  Hills,  was  located  at  804  Gilbert  Ave. 
(old  number).      Closed  in  1902. 


Institutions  now  Closed.  545 

Miss  Armstrong's  School  for  Girls,  established  1875 
by  Sarah  J.  Armstrong,  a  teacher  in  the  Normal  School 
of  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  opened  at  180  Elm  (old  number), 
then  removed  to  the  Reakert  homestead,  Mt.  Auburn, 
in  1877.  In  1888  removed  to  the  H.  F.  West  residence, 
Reading  Road  and  Linden  Avenue,  Avondale.  The 
school  suspended  in  1901. 


The  Cincinnati  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Use- 
ful Knowledge  was  organized  about  1840  as  The  Edu- 
cational Society  of  Hamilton  County,  and  its  sole  object 
was  to  promote  the  interests  of  education.  Lyman 
Beecher  addressed  its  first  meeting.  It  failed  for  lack 
of  funds.  

THE    W^ESTERN    MUSEUM. 

June  10,  1820,  The  Western  Museum  was  opened  at 
Main  and  Second.  Natural  history  specimens  were  pre- 
served, and  lectures  delivered.  The  museum  records  the 
ownership  of  an  organ.  John  J.  Audubon  was  one  of 
the  curators.  The  records  speak  of  Mr.  Audubon's 
interesting  collection  of  animals,  fishes,  etc.  The  mu- 
seum finally  merged  into  the  Western  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences  (organized  1835,  incorporated  1838), 
which,  in  turn  (see  page  347),  came  under  the  manage- 
ment of  its  successor,  the  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural 
History. 


Mrs.    Ryland's   School    for    Girls     was    established 
about  1820. 


In  the  directory  of  183 1  are  the  following  acade- 
mies :  Academy  of  Medicine,  Center  (Opera  Place), 
near  Race  ;  A.  Treusdell's  ;  Picket's,  Fourth  and  Wal- 
nut;     Kinmont's,    Race,    between    Fifth     and     Center; 


546 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


McKee's  ;  Nixon's  Logierian  Musical,  Fourth  and  Main  ; 
Findley's  Classical;  Nash's  Musical,  Fifth,  between 
Main  and  Sycamore. 


CHICKERING    CLASSICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    INSTITUTE. 

Chickering    Institute    was    opened    September    3, 
1855,  as  a  "select  school  for  boys,"  in  the  hall  of  the 

George  Street  engine 
house,  between  Cen- 
tral Ave.  and  Plum. 
Josiah  Boutelle  Chick- 
ering, a  man  of  great 
energy,  was  the  prin- 
cipal. In  1859  a  lot 
on  George  Street,  be- 
tween John  and 
Smith,  was  secured, 
and  a  two-story  brick 
building  was  erected 
and  occupied  until 
June,  1886,  when  the 
school  closed.  Mr. 
Chickering  died  De- 
cember 5,  1881,  and 
on  February  6th  of 
the  year  following  the  school  was  purchased  by  W.  H. 
Venable,  who  conducted  it  until  it  closed.  Over  250 
students  were  graduated,  and  among  these  were  mostly 
the  sons  of  prominent  people.  Special  attention  was 
paid  to  the  classics,  and  to  preparing  young  men  for 
college.  Mr.  Chickering  was  one  of  the  most  stalwart 
educators  the  city  has  ever  had,  and  the  name  of  his 
school  is  as  famous  to-day  as  it  was,  when  the  founder 
was   at   its   head.     Through    the  kindness  of  Mr.  P.  J. 


J.  B.  Chickering. 


Institutions  now  Closed. 


547 


Cadwalader,  the  portrait  of  Mr.  Chickering  is  here 
reproduced.  Miles  Greenwood,  the  iron  manufacturer, 
was  Mr.  Chickering's  patron,  and  under  his  auspices  a 
school  was  first  started,  on  a  small  scale,  in  Avondale. 


Benjamin  H.  Cox, 
Member  Board  of  Education,  1875. 


RELIGIOUS. 

May,  1850,  The  Cincinnati  Theological  Seminary 
(old  school  Presbyterians)  was  organized,  with  two  pro- 
fessors   and    twelve    students.      No    building    was    ever 


548  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

erected,  the  professors  lecturing  in  their  churches,  one 
of  which  was  the  Central  Presbyterian,  on  Fifth  Street, 
near  Smith.  The  students  '' boarded  around,"  and  no 
general  plan  was  carried  out.  The  school  ceased  in 
1856.  It  was  intended  to  oppose  Lane  Seminary,  but 
could  not.  The  old  school  Presbyterians  supported  it. 
Rev.  Rice,  Rev.  Hoge,  and  Rev.  Lord  were  the  pro- 
moters.     There  were  several  graduates. 


THE    FAIRMOUNT    BAPTIST    THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARY. 

Baptists  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  early  determined  to 
establish  a  seminary  in  or  near  Cincinnati.  In  1833  they 
organized  the  Western  Baptist  Education  Society,  and 
in  1835  incorporated  it.  In  1845  the  Western  Baptist 
Theological  Institute  was  opened  in  Covington,  Ky.,  but 
abandoned  when  the  pro-slavery  element  captured  the 
organizatiou. 

June  23,  1848,  a  new  seminary  was  proposed,  and  in 
July  178  acres  of  land  in  Fairmount  were  purchased. 
This  tract  faced  Mill  Creek,  and  was  a  fine  location. 
Thirty  acres  were  set  aside  for  the  seminary,  and  Rev. 
O.  N.  Sage  was  made  financial  agent.  $50,000  was  voted 
to  carry  out  the  plans.  June  10,  185 1,  the  corner-stone 
of  a  four-story  Gothic  structure  of  brick  was  laid.  The 
school  opened  October  27,  1853,  and  received  the  Cov- 
ington Library  (the  Covington  building  is  now  used  as 
a  Roman  Catholic  hospital).  From  all  reports  the  semi- 
nary closed  in  1857  after  a  struggle  of  four  years.  The 
lots  were  subdivided  and  sold.  The  seminary  building 
was  sold  by  the  sheriff  to  pay  debts.  It  was  bought  by  a 
German,  and  for  years,  until  destroyed  by  fire,  was  con- 
ducted as  a  shooting  park  and  beer  garden.  The  fine 
library   was  transferred   to   Denison    University,    Gran- 


Institutions  now  Closed. 


549 


ville,  O.      The  seminary  failed  because  the   land    bought 
did  not  increase  in  value  as  fast  as  expected. 


The  Protestant  University  of  the  United  States 
was  incorporated  in  1845,  to  locate  "in  or  near  Cincin- 
nati." The  school  was  not  to  be  sectarian,  "good  moral 
character"  being  the 
only  requisite  for  en- 
trance. The  "whole 
Protestant  world,"  so 
it  is  said,  was  interest- 
ed in  the  university, 
but  nothing  came  of 
the  matter.  Up  to 
1859,  accordingto  Cist 
nothing  had  been  ac- 
complished. There 
seems  to  be  no  record 
of  the  ending. 

MEDICAL. 

Cincinnati  Medi- 
cal College ;  started 
1834;       merged     into  Jabez  M.  Waters, 

Medical      Collegre    of  ti      -j     .  t^      ^    c  t^j 

"  President  Board  of  Education, 

Ohio,  1846.  July  4,  1871^  to  July  2,  1872. 


The  Physio  Medical  College,  formerly  the  Cincin- 
nati Literary  and  Scientific  Institute  ;  organized  in  1836; 
graduated  classes  up  to  about  1880;  once  located  in 
Madam  Trollope's  Bazaar. 


Botanico  Medical  College  of  Ohio  ;  chartered  1838  ; 
extinct  1880;   once  located  in  Trollope's  Bazaar. 


55b  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Eclectic  College  of  Medicine  ;  started  1856  ;  merged 
into  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  in  1859. 


Physio  Medical  Institute;  organized  1859;  became 
extinct  in  1885;  located  at  northwest  corner  of  Seventh 
and  Cutter. 


American  Eclectic  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  There 
have  been  two  of  this  name.  The  first  was  founded  (ap- 
parently) in  1852  by  Prof.  L.  E.  Jones,  and  existed  for 
about  four  years,  when  it  seems  to  have  merged  into  the 
Eclectic  Medical  Institute.  The  second  was  organized 
in  1883,  and  existed  to  1896. 


Medical  University  of  Ohio;   incorporated  in  1883. 


Ohio    College   of    Obstetrics,    Medicine,    and    Mid- 
wifery; chartered  under  Ohio  laws  in  1889. 


Hygeia  Medical  College;  organized  1893;  gradu- 
ated a  class  in  1895  ;  Dr.  G.  C.  Kolb,  secretary  ;  once 
located  at  northeast  corner  of  Seventh  and  Plum. 


The  Eclectic  College  of  Medicine  was  chartered 
December  22,  1856.  In  December,  1859,  it  merged 
with  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute.  J.  R.  Buchanan 
was  dean. 


American   Eclectic   Medical   College    of   Ohio ;  ex- 
isted about  1879-82. 


Physio-Eclectic  Medical  College;  organized  1876; 
changed  name  in  1879  to  American  Eclectic  Medical 
College. 


Miscellaneous.  551 


CHAPTER    LXXXI. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

On  the  death  of  Gustavus  H.  Wald,  dean  of  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School,  June  28,  1903,  Harlan  Cleve- 
land (Ex-U.  S.  Dist.  Attorney,  1894-1898),  who  had 
been  connected  with  the  law  school  as  a  professor  since 
1897,  was  elected  to  the  vacancy.  He  served  only  until 
a  successor  could  be  found ;  that  was  from  July  2d  until 
September  10,  1902,  when  William  P.  Rogers  was 
elected. 

Mr.  Rogers  is  a  native  of  Indiana.  For  ten  years 
he  practiced  his  profession  at  Bloomington,  Ind.,  and 
for  an  equal  period  he  was  professor  of  law  in  the  Indi- 
ana State  University,  at  Bloomington,  the  last  six  years 
serving  as  dean.  Mr.  Rogers  graduated  at  the  Indiana 
State  University,  and  was  given  the  degrees  of  A.  B. 
and  L.  L.  B.  He  also  attended  the  Columbia  Law 
School,  New  York.  He  took  charge  of  the  deanship 
here  on  October  i,  1902,  and  assumed  the  work  form- 
erly done  by  Mr.  Wald. 


THE    Y.    M.   C.   A. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  was  form- 
ally organized  November  6,  1865.  In  order  to  attract 
members,  a  drawing  class  was  started  the  first  season. 
Next  came  a  vocal  music  class,  but  no  attempt  was  made 
to  carry  out  the  plans  now  followed  until  1898,  when 
The  McDonald  Educational  Institute  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
was  started. 


552 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Alexander  McDonald  was  president  at  the  time, 
and  was  instrumental  in  launching  the  various  depart- 
ments. Classes  are  held  in  the  evening,  and  the  attend- 
ance is  large,  the  enrollment  for  1901  being  423.  Good 
instructors  are  employed,  and  the  range  of  subjects 
given  is  quite  extensive,  the  object  being  to  have  prac- 
tical work  for  persons  employed  in  the  daytime.      A  list 

of  the  students  shows 
that  most  are  em- 
ployed. Several  per- 
sons who  have  at- 
tended this  school 
have  attained  consid- 
erable success,  and, 
from  an  educational 
standpoint, it  is  doubt- 
ful if  any  other  school" 
in  the  city  is  doing 
more  good  work  than 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
David  Sinton  is  con- 
sidered the  founder 
(seepage  345).  The 
membership  (1902)  is 

1^556. 

Here  are  the  stud- 
ies of  1901-2  :  Alge- 
bra, American  his- 
tory, architectural 
drawing,  arithmetic,  banjo,  Bible,  book-keeping,  carpen- 
try, chemistry,  Cincinnati,  composition,  debate,  elec- 
tricity, English  grammar,  freehand  drawing,  French, 
geometry,  German,  guitar,  hygiene  and  physiology  and 
first   aid,    Latin,    law,    mandolin,    mechanical   drawing. 


John  D.  DkWitt, 

Practicing  Attorney;  One  of  the 

First  Graduates  of  the  Y.  M. 

C.  A.  Night  Law  School. 


MiSCEI-LANEOUS. 


553 


orchestra,  penmanship,  public  speaking,  reading,  short- 
hand, show  card  writing,  Spanish,  spelling,  typewriting, 
and  vocal  music. 


Thomas  W.  Harvey  says  :  "  The  first  association  of 
teachers  for  mutual  improvement  in  the  State  of  Ohio 
was  organized  in  Cincinnati  in  1822.  It  was  probably 
the  second  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States." 


o.    T.    R.    c. 

The  Ohio  Teach- 
ers' Reading  Circle 
was  organized  at  Cha- 
tauqua,  July  3,  1883, 
by  Mrs.  Delia  Lathrop 
Williams,  of  Dela- 
ware,    O.    (see    page 

358). 

The  seventh  an- 
nual meeting  of  the 
Ohio  State  Teachers' 
Association  convened 
in  Cincinnati  in 
Greenwood  Hall, 
Ohio  Mechanics'  In- 
stitute (1855). 


principals'  associa- 
tion. 


Dr.  p.  S.  Conner, 

Dean  of  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio. 


The  Principals'  Association  officers  (1902-3)  are: 
Pres.,  D.  L.  Runyan  ;  V.  P.,  W.  C.  Washburn;  Secy., 
E.  M.  Sawyer;  Treas.,  J.  H.  Locke;  Cor.  Secy.,  Vir- 
ginia A.  Osborn. 


554  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  following  people,  active  in  business  and  pro- 
fessional life,  have  in  their  youth  attended  night  schools  : 
Gen.  Andrew  Hickenlooper,  Supt.  W.  H.  Morgan, 
Judge  F.  S.  Spiegel,  Attorney  J.  Chandler  Harper, 
J.  M.  Robinson,  Dr.  E.  S.  Betty,  Dr.  W.  H.  Roihert, 
Reuben  Levi  and  Jacob  Ottenheimer  (composing  the  firm 
of  Levi  &  Ottenheimer),  William  Hopkins,  William 
Sorrin,  Attorney  Edward  Dienst,  Principal  Maximilian 
Braam,  and  James  Grogan. 


The  Berlitz  Schools  of  Languages  were  started  in 
May,  1878,  by  Prof.  M.  D.  Berlitz,  the  linguist.  A  Cin- 
cinnati branch  was  opened  November  i,  1891.  Branches 
are  in  all  large  cities  of  the  United  States,  also  some 
foreign  cities,  notably  in  Germany  and  France. 


About  daylight,  Thursday,  September  4,  1902,  a  fire 
destroyed  the  Odeon  and  damaged  other  parts  of  the 
College  of  Music,  including  the  Lyceum.  The  Dormitory 
was  not  injured.  Mr.  Vander  Stucken  lost  about  $20,000 
in  music,  etc.  All  the  College  pianos  were  ruined  and 
19  rooms  rendered  temporarily  useless. 


Dr.  Barnard  (see  page  62)  was  the  first  U.  S.  Com- 
missioner of  Education,  and  served  as  such  from  March 
14,  1867,  to  March  15,  1870. 


The  City  Infirmary  and  Orphan  Asylum  were  once 
under  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Visitors. 


The  opening  day  of  schools  is  usually  the  first  Tues- 
day in  September  (Monday  is  Labor  Day).  Years  ago 
schools  opened  earlier.  For  example,  in  1857  the  opening 
day  was  August  i8th.  Opening  day  is  now  often  too 
early,  as,  owing  to  the  intense  heat,  the  schools  have 
frequently  been  compelled  to  close  for  several  days,  and 
again  to  hold  only  half-day  sessions. 


Miscellaneous. 


555 


RESOR    ACADEMY. 

The  building  now  occupied  by  the  Clifton  Public 
School  was  named  the  Resor  Academy  and  Literary  In- 
stitute, in  honor  of  the  late  stove  manufacturer,  William 
Resor,  who  gave  the  original  building  to  the  then  village 
of  Clifton.      The  building  was  erected  in  1869. 


CLERKS    OF    BOARD    OF 


Stanley  Struble, 

Ex-Teacher  and  President  Board 
of  Education,  Cleves,  O. 


EDUCATION. 

1847,  to  May,  28, 
1855,  W  m.  Leuth- 
strom  ;  May  28,  1855, 
to  March,  1857,  J.  D. 
Caldwell;  March, 
1857,  to  July  4,  1871, 
W.  F.  I  lurlbut ;  July 
4,  1871,  to  April  17, 
1882,  B.  O.  M.  De- 
Beck;  April  17,  1882, 
to  April  19,  1886, 
Robt.  G.  Stevenson  ; 
April  19,  1886,  to 
April  18,  1887,  B.  O. 
M.  DeBeck;  April 
18,  1887,  to  October 
I,  1900,  Geo.  R.  Grif- 
fiths; Oct.  8,  1900, 
to  date,  Wm.  Graut- 
man. 


YOUNG    W^OMEN   S    CLUB. 

The  Young  Women's  Club  of  Cincinnati,  organ- 
ized October  15,  1900,  meets  at  Wesleyan  College,  one 
part  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  Home  of  the  Self-Sup- 
porting  Women. 


556  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  aim  of  the  club  is  to  keep  in  touch  with  what  is 
best  in  the  thought  and  literature  of  to-day,  and  to  place 
within  the  reach  of  all  some  means  of  self-improvement, 
physically,  mentally  and  spiritually. 


AMERICAN    book    COMPANY. 

The  founder  of  the  American   Book   Company  was 
Winthrop  B.  Smith,  who,  as  W.  B.  Smith  &  Co.,  had  a 


The  Woodward  Homestead, 

Northeast  Corner  of  Main  and  Webster;  Erected  1816;  In  This 
House  William  Woodward  Died  January  24,  1833   (see  page  148). 

printing  establishment  and  book  store  at  59  Main  Street 
(old  number).  Edward  Sargent  was  his  book-keeper, 
and  Louis  Van  Antwerp  assistant  book-keeper.  In 
the  book  bindery  department,  as  superintendent,  was 
Anthony  H.  Hinkle. 


558  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

In  th»3  1 2th  District  School  was  Obed  J.  Wilson, 
principal.  His  eyesight  threatened  to  fail,  so  he. resigned 
in  1853  (succeeded  by  B.  O.  M.  DeBeck)  and  went  to 
Mr.  Smith  for  a  position.  Mr.  Smith  refused  to  employ 
him,  but  sent  him  on  amission,  with  expenses  paid,  and 
a  commission  if  he  succeeded.  He  did  succeed,  and  was 
then  regularly  employed.  Mr.  Wilson  had  fine  tastes  in 
the  book  publishing  line,  and  he  became  overseer  or 
general  superintendent,  selecting  type,  pictures  and  dic- 
tating styles  of  printing.      His  word  was  soon  law. 

In  a  few  years  Mr.  Smith  retired,  and  the  firm  be- 
came Sargent,  Wilson  &  Hinkle.  They  removed  to 
Walnut  Street.  Mr.  Sargent  retiring  in  1868,  the  firm  of 
Wilson,  Hinkle  &  Co.  continued  the  business  until  1877. 
During  their  administration  the  list  of  publications  was 
more  than  doubled,  and  such  was  the  constantly  increas- 
ing popularity  of  tlie  Eclectic  Educational  Series  that 
schools  in  every  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union  adopted 
and  used  some  of  their  books,  and  their  publications  be- 
came more  widely  circulated  and  more  extensively  used 
than  those  of  any  other  house  in  the  country. 

In  1877  the  two  senior  members  of  the  firm  retiring, 
after  nearly  forty  years  of  labor,  transferred  their  interest 
to  the  remaining  partners,  and  the  firm  of  Van  Antwerp, 
Bragg  &  Co.  was  forn^ed. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  American  Book 
Company  in  1890,  Van  Antwerp,  Bragg  &  Co.  sold 
their  property  to  it.  The  American  Book  Company  was 
made  up  of  the  following  :  Van  Antwerp,  Bragg  &  Co., 
of  Cincinnati;  Ivison,  Blakeman  &  Co.,  of  New  York; 
A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.,  of  New  York;  and  the  text-book 
department  of  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  The  American  Book 
Company's  offices  are  at  317  Walnut,  where  many  books 
are  printed  and  where  extensive    press    facilities    are    in 


MISCELI.ANEOUS.  559 

constant  use.  Recently  the  company  acquired  property 
at  the  northeast  corner  of  Pike  and  Third,  where  an  ex- 
tensive building  will  be  erected,  to  be  occupied  July,  1904. 
Harry  T.  Ambrose  (New  York)  is  president. 
Local  officers  are  :  W.  B.  Thalheimer,  manager;  Frank 
R.  Ellis  and  George  A.  Howard,  assistant  managers. 
For  many  years  A.  Howard  Hinkle  was  local  manager. 
The  company  controls  all  the  text-books  in  the  city  pub- 
lic schools  through  the  high  schools. 

PENSIONS. 

September  4,  1895,  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Teacher's  Club,  Principal 
H.  Raschig  moved  to  appoint  a 
committee  of  five  to  investigate  and 
report  upon  the  laws  and  usages  of 
the  several  States  which  have  made 
enactments  for  pensions  and  annu- 
ities for  teachers  of  the  public 
schools.      The  motion  carried,  and       Howard  Champlin, 

Mr.  Raschipf  made  chairman,   with      ^     ^,         •   .      ,     .    r 
^   °  .  Ex-buperintendent  01 

four  associates,  viz.  :   Prof.    W.    O.  Penmanship. 

Sproull,   F.   B.   Dyer,    George    W. 

Harper,  and  W.  H.  Morgan. 

This  was  the  first  definite  step  taken  in  this  city  to 
secure  pensions  for  teachers.  February  16,  1896,  the 
bill  was  ready,  having  been  drawn  by  Attorney  Drausin 
Wulsin.  It  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  April,  1897, 
and  went  into  force  in  September  of  that  year,  teachers 
paying  one  per  cent,  of  their  salaries  each  month  to 
create  a  fund. 

Under  the  law,  female  teachers  with  30  years'  ex- 
perience and  males  with  35  years'  experience  were  en- 
titled, on  retirement,  to  a  pension  equal  to  half   the   an- 


560  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

nual  salary,  except  no  pension  was  to  exceed  $600  per 
annum.  iVpril  16,  1900,  the  law  was  amended,  making 
30  years'  experience  for  both  male  and  female  teachers 
the  period  required,  and  pensions  were  changed  to  $10 
per  year  for  each  year  taught,  no  pension  to  exceed  $500. 
Thus,  teachers  of  25  years'  experience  would  get  $250  a 
year,  and  those  of  30  years'  experience  would  get  $300, 
etc. 

Still  not  sufficient  funds  were  available,  so  the  law 
was  amended  May  12,  1902,  and  this  stands  to-day. 
Under  this  law,  a  teacher  of  20  years'  experience  can  be 
retired  on  account  of  mental  or  physical  disability,  and 
can  be  given  a  pension  of  $10  for  each  year's  experience. 
Teachers  of  30  years'  experience  can  retire  voluntarily. 
Each  teacher  pays  $2  per  month,  or  $20  per  annum,  to 
create  a  fund,  and  membership  is  voluntary.  When  the 
law  went  into  effect,  June  20,  1902,  the  proposition  to 
join  was  submitted  to  the  teachers,  and  all  in  the  city  ac- 
cepted it  except  44. 

The  first  pension  paid  out  was  in  September,  1899, 
just  two  years  after  the  original  law  went  into  effect. 


PUBLIC    HOLIDAYS. 

Labor  Day,  first  monday  in  September,  since    1890. 

Thanksgiving,  the  last  Thursday  in  November. 

Christmas  and  New  Year  (schools  dismissed  for  the 
week). 

Washington's  Birthday,  Feb.  22,  usually  a  half  day 
entertainment  the  day  previous. 

Decoration  Day,  May  30th,  most  school  children 
turn  out  and  parade  with  Board  of  Education  and  war 
veterans.     Teachers  always  protest  against  parading. 


Miscellaneous 


561 


Warsaw  School,  so  named  (Aug.  25,  1902)  after 
the  town  of  Warsaw  that  was  settled  near  there  years 
ago.     The  school  district  was  annexed  to  the  city  in    the 

spring  of  1902.  

Spanish  was  introduced  in  the  high  schools  September, 
1901,  eight  bells  a  week  in  each  school. 


The  following  is 
the  inscription  on 
Thomas  Hughes  mon- 
ument at  Spring 
Grove  : 

"Thomas  Hughes, 
founder  of  the  Hughes 
High  School,  died 
December  26,  1824, 
aged  55  years.  Erec- 
ted by  the  alumni  of 
the  school." 


H.  J.  DisquE, 
Principal  Fifth  District  School. 


THE    ANNUITY     ASSO- 
CIATION. 

December  21,  1889, 
J.  E.  Sherwood, 
Christine  Sullivan, 
G.    A.    Car  n  a  h  a  n, 

Bettie  Wilson,  and  Louis  Rothenberg,  started  the  Teach- 
ers Annuity  and  Aid  Association  of  Hamilton  County 
and  filed  incorporation  papers  January  i,  1890.  Organ- 
ization was  completed  January  25th  by  selecting  these 
trustees  :  J.  E.  Sherwood,  Christine  Sullivan,  G.  F. 
Sands,  G.  A.  Carnahan,  Bettie  Wilson,  Alice  M.  Camp- 
bell, C.  C.  Long,  John  Schwaab,  Jeanette  Knox,  Geo. 
W.   Harper,    A.    S.    Henshaw,  Louis  Rothenberg,  C.  S. 

[36I 


563 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Fay,  Charles  F.  Dean,  W.  C.  Washburn,  E.  W.  Wilkin- 
son, and  Minnie  Herman. 

The  trustees  then  elected  officers  :  J.  E.  Sherwood, 
president;  Christine  Sullivan,  vice-president;  A.  S. 
Henshaw,  recording  secretary;  G.  F.  Sands,  financial 
secretary,  and  Geo.  W.  Harper,  treasurer. 

The  object  of  the  association  is  to  furnish  pecuniary 


Thomas    F.    Shay, 
Member  Board  of  Education,  1879. 


aid  to  members.      Mr.  Sherwood  was  president  to  Janu- 
ary, 1902,  when  J.  B.  Scheidemantle  took  his  place. 


The  Union  Board  of  High    Schools    is   made   up   as 
follows  : 

BOARD    OF    EDUCATION  : 

John  Schwaab,  Louis  E.   Keller,   J.   G.   O'Connell, 
S.  B.  Marvin,  William  J.  Klein,  F.  G.  Cross,  B.  F.  Lyle ; 


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564  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Woodward — A.  H.  Bode,  John  B.  Peaslee,  Robert  W. 
Stewart,  J.  Shroder,  O.  J.  Renner ;  Hughes — R.  D. 
Barney,  Charles  H.  Stephens. 

OFFICERS. 

A.    H.    Bode,    president;     J.    G.    O'Connell,  vice- 
president ;   William  Grautman,  secretary. 


The  H.  Thane  Miller  School, 
Lenox  Place,  Avondale. 

The  H.  Thane  Miller  School  for  Girls  was  founded 
in  1856  as  the  Mt.  Auburn  Young  Ladies  Institute.  It 
was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Ohio  a& 
an  institution  for  the  higher  education  of  girls.  In  1897 
the  school  was  removed  from  Mt.  Auburn  to  Lenox  Place,. 
Avondale,  and  now  in  accordance  with  the  express  wish 
of  its  alumniE  it  is  known  as  the  H.  Thane  Miller  School,, 
in  honor  of  one  of  its  founders  and  long  time  president. 


H.  Thane  Miller. 


(565) 


566  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

H.  Thane  Miller,  who  died  in  1895,  was  a  leading  and 
influential  citizen  of  Cincinnati.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Education  for  many  years.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  education,  philanthropy,  and  religion.  His  songs 
made  his  name  known  all  over  the  world.  The  school 
maintains  its  high  reputation  for  scholarship,  and  its 
location  is  an  ideal  one,  the  surroundings  being  extremely 
beautiful.  

THE    FRANKLIN    SCHOOL. 

The  Franklin  vSchool,  2833  May  Street,  Walnut 
Hills,  was  started  in  1881  by  two  Harvard  graduates  and 
classmates,  Joseph  E.  White  and  Gerrit  S.  Sykes,  who 
have  ever  since  been  the  principals. 

The  first  school  was  in  a  private  house  on  McMillan 
Street,  between  Kemper  Lane  and  Park  Avenue.  In  one 
year  this  building  was  outgrown  and  a  five  year  lease  was 
made  for  the  church  property  on  McMillan,  just  west  of 
Gilbert  Avenue.  In  1887  the  school  acquired  its  present 
property  and  erected  the  building  now  used.  In  1893  an 
addition  was  made  for  gymnasium,  chemical  laboratory, 
etc.  The  school  is  exclusively  for  boys  and  young  men. 
It  is  preparatory  to  colleges  and  schools  of  science  or 
technology.  In  the  twenty-one  years  of  its  existence  it 
has  sent  54  of  its  graduates  to  Harvard,  59  to  Yale,  27  to 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  and  95  to  the 
following  institutions,  viz.  :  Princeton,  Rensselaer,  Co- 
lumbia, University  of  Cincinnati,  Williams,  Dartmouth, 
Amherst,  Cornell,  Rochester,  Oberlin,  Stevens,  Rose, 
Center,  Delaware,  Iowa  State,  West  Point,  Johns  Hop- 
kins, and  Pennsylvania. 

The  school  has  three  departments  :  primary,  inter- 
mediate, and  collegiate. 

The  teaching  force  is  :  Principals,  Joseph  E.  White, 
Latin  and  English;   Gerrit  S.  Sykes,  Greek  and  mathe- 


568  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

matics.  Assistants  :  Howard  Hollenbach,  physical  cul- 
ture and  science;  J.  H.  Bacon,  French  and  German; 
Louise  E.  Dunsmoor ;  Maud  E.  Severance,  English  and 
history.  Intermediate  department  :  Bessie  F.  Johnson, 
primary  ;  Marie  A.  Marien,  French  ;  Helene  Luise  Watts, 
German. 


CHAPTER    LXXXII. 
personal. 

ANDREW,  MILLARD  F.— Born  near  Amesville, 
Athens  County,  O.  February  13,  1858;  educated  in 
the  common  schools  and  at  Lebanon,  O.,  taking  the 
degree  of  B.  S.  in  1891.  Taught  1878-9  in  Athens 
County;  1 880-1,  Lawrence  County;  1882-5,  Pickaway 
County;  superintendent  Lucasville,  1885-7;  Piketon, 
O.,  1888-91  ;  principal  Cheviot  Schools,  1891-93;  prin- 
cipal Linwood  School,  1 893-1 902  ;  assistant  superintend- 
ent Cincinnati  Schools  since  July  i,  1902,  succeeding 
F.  B.  Dyer. 


Baily,  Hezekiah  Bye.  —Born  Steubenville,  O.,  De- 
cember 9,  1830;  came  to  Cincinnati  when  six  months 
old  ;  entered  Woodward  College  Nov.  3,  1845  ;  remained 
four  and  one-half  years ;  graduated  in  English  and 
mathematics  June  28,  1850;  lumber  merchant  in  Cin- 
cinnati and  Covington,  1850  to  1870;  life  insurance, 
1870— 1902  ;  superintendent  of  Fowell  Buxton  Mission 
Sunday  School,  1866— 1883;  married  in  1856  to  Eliza- 
beth B.  Griffith  ;  children,  6  daughters  ;  grandchildren,  7  ; 
lives  in  Covington,  Ky. 


^  to 


00  o 


a     5 


57o  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Benedict,  Way  land  Richardson. — Professor  of  phil- 
osophy University  of  Cincinnati,  1875.  Prof.  Bene- 
dict's published  works  are  :  "The  Nervous  System  and 
Consciousness,"  "  Evolution  and  Ethics,"  "  Theism  and 
Evolution,"  "Outlines  from  the  History  of  Education," 
"  New  Studies  in  the  Beatitudes,"  "  World  Views  and 
Their  Ethical  Implications." 


Bode,  August  H. — Born  1845,  Peine,  Hanover,  Ger. 
Educated  at  Polytechnical  Academy,  Hanover,  and  Uni- 
versity in  Berlin  in  connection  with  technical  academy 
there.  Came  to  the  United  States  in  1866,  to  Cincin- 
nati 1867.  Began  teaching  in  this  city  in  1868  in  Thir- 
teenth District.  In  1876  was  principal  of  same.  Stud 
ied  law  and  graduated  1881.  Began  practicing  1883. 
Author  of  "History  of  Elementary  Reading,"  "Ele- 
mentary Arithmetic,"  series  of  seven  German  readers 
(used  for  years  in  Cincinnati  schools),  a  series  of  writing 
books;  contributor  to  scientific  and  pedagogical  journals. 
Member  Board  of  Education,  president  Union  Board  of 
High  Schools  (1902),  judge  of  Police  Court,  and  mem- 
ber Board  of  Elections. 


Dill,  Thomas  M. — For  ten  years  principal  of  Twen- 
tieth District  School.  Author  of  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
Instruction"  (1871),  the  first  attempt  at  systematic 
moral  instruction  in  the  public  schools. 


Doerner,    Celia. — Teacher    in     Hughes,      author   of 
"  The  Treasury  of  General  Knowledge." 


Dubbs,   Eugene  L. — Principal  (1902)  Reading,  O., 
schools;   the  author  of  Dubb's  series  of  arithmetics. 


^A>'- 


Florikn  Giauque. 


(570 


572  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Fick,  Henry  H. — Born  August  i6,  1849,  atLuebeck, 
Ger.  Came  to  U.  S.  1864;  entered  Cincinnati  schools 
1870.  Superintendent  of  drawing,  1878-1884  (see  page 
177).  Director  of  private  school  in  Chicago  to  1890. 
Principal  Sixth  District,  Cincinnati,  1893  to  1901.  Re- 
ceived Ph.  D.  from  Ohio  University  1893.  Edilor  Er- 
ziehungsblcEtter  (Germ- Am.  Journal  of  Ed.),  1890-99. 
Published  in  book  form  :  "Pencil  and  Brush,"  an  intro- 
duction to  the  elementary  principles  of  graphic  represen- 
tation (1884);  "  The  Dance  of  Death"  (1887);  "Aes- 
thetic Culture"  (a  pamphlet);  "Does  the  American 
Common  School  Meet  the  Educational  Needs  of  the  Peo- 
ple.f*"  (a  pamphlet);  "  German  Contributions  to  Ameri- 
can Progress"  (pamphlet);  besides  a  great  many  other 
pamphlets  and  poems  in  German.  The  poem,  "  The 
Song  That  Once  My  Mother  Sang,"  has  been  set  to  sev- 
eral different  compositions  in  Germany  and  America. 
Dr.  Fick  is  editor  of  yung  Amerika^  of  this  city.  In 
1901  he  was  appointed  assistant  superintendent  of 
schools. 


Fuchs,  Julius.— Of  Walnut  Hills  High  School, 
author  of  :  "  Eighteen  Lectures  on  Pedagogical  Topics  ;" 
"  Fifteen  Lectures  on  Home  Education;"  seventy-five 
poems,  "Tender  Blossoms."  All  the  lectures  were  de- 
livered before  normal  institutes,  teachers'  associations, 
and  literary  societies.      (Ready  for  press.) 


Giauque,  Florien. — Born  near  Berlin,  Holmes 
County,  O.,  May  II,  1843,  of  Swiss  parentage.  Pre- 
pared for  college  at  Fredericksburg  (Ohio)  Academy  and 
at  Vermillion  Institute,  at  Hayesville,  O.  Member  103d 
O.  V.  I.,  and  served  under  Buell,  Rosecrans,  Sherman 
and  Thomas.     After  the  war  he    graduated    at    Kenyon 


Personal.  573 

College,  Gambier,  O.,  which  institution  later  conferred 
on  him  the  degreess  of  A.  M.  and  L.  L.  D.  Mr.  Giauque 
has  the  honor  of  having  received  the  best  State  certifi- 
cate ever  granted  ;  principal  of  Glendale  Schools  from 
1869  to  1875.  Mr.  Giauque  is  noted  as  an  author  and 
compiler.     The  following  works  attest  his  industry  : 


Arthur  C.  Minning. 

"  The  Revised  Statutes  of  Ohio,"  and  various  sup- 
plements thereto;  "A  Manual  for  Assignees;"  "A 
Manual  for  Guardians;"  "  Naturalization  and  Election 
Laws  of  the  United  States;"  "Ohio  Election  Laws;" 
"  Manual  for  Notaries  and  Conveyancers  ;"  -'Settlement 
of    Decedents'    Estates;"    "The    Law    of    Roads    and 


574  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Bridges;"  "  The  Laws  of  Ditches  and  Watercourses  in 
Ohio;"  "  Manual  for  Constables  and  Marshals;"  and 
jointly  with  his  partner,  Henry  B.  McClure,  "  Dower 
and  Curtesy  Tables,"  and  some  other  works  of  less  im- 
portance. He  is  not  infrequently  called  on  to  deliver 
lectures,  and  generally  selects  scientific  subjects  for  them. 


Grebner,  Constantine. — Teacher  in  Third  Inter- 
mediate School,  joint  author  (with  W.  H.  Weick)  of 
the  Eclectic  German  readers  now  used  in  the  schools.  In 
1902  Mr.  Grebner  published  "  Die  Deutschen,"  stories 
of  Germans  and  of  German-Americans.  Author  of 
several  poems  and  two  novels  :  "  Die  Hessen,"  a  Revo- 
lutionary War  story,  and  "  Die  Maerchenprinz,"  a  ro- 
mance. About  1897  Mr.  Grebner  published  (in  Ger- 
man) a  history  of  the  9th  O.  V.  I.  He  has  in  press 
"Iduna,"  two  German  supplementary  readers  for  lower 
grades. 


Jordan,  Clara  B. — Teacher  of  Latin  at  Hughes. 
Graduated  Hughes,  took  two  gold  medals,  Latin  and 
general  scholarship.  Author  of  '  Latin  Lessons  for 
Beginners."  Now  engaged  in  writing  a  Latin  prose 
composition  for  High  Schools. 


Lindahl,  Josua. — B.  Kongsbocka,  Sweden,  Jan.  i, 
1844;  graduated  Royal  University  of  Lund,  Sweden 
(1863)  ;  title  of  Officer  d' Academic,  French  Government 
(1876)  ;  decorated  by  King  of  Sweden  as  Knight  of 
Vasa  (1878)  ;  was  asst.  zoologist  on  H.  M.  S.  "  Porcu- 
pine" (1870);  zoologist  in  charge  of  expedition  to  Green- 
land, 1871,  in  Swedish  warships  "  Ingererd  "  and  "  Glo- 
dan ;  docent  in  zoology,  U.  of  Lund,  1874;  secy. 
Royal  Swedish  delegation   to  International    Geog.   Con- 


Persona] 


575 


gress,  Paris,  1875;  secy.  Nov.,  1875  to  March,  1877,  ^^ 
Royal  Swedish  Commission  to  Philadelphia  Exposition  ; 
prof.  nat.  sciences  Augustana  College,  Rock  Island, 
111.,  1878-88;  curator  Illinois  State  Museum  Natural 
History,  Springfield,  111.,  1888-93;  since  December  4, 
1895,  director  Museum  Natural  History  Society  of  this 
city  ;  author  of  several  scientific  books  ;  contributor  to 
journals  and  editor 
of  the  Society's 
journal. 


Lloyd,  John  Uri. 
Author  of  "String- 
town  on  the  Pike," 
"Etidorhpa," 
"  Warwick  of  the 
Knobs,"  etc. 


Long,  C.  C. — 
Ph.  D.  ;  b.  near 
Lebanon,  Butler 
County,  O.,  Sep. 
22,1839.  At  twelve 
years  of  age  he 
moved  with  his 
parents  to  Cincin- 
nati, and  received 
an  education  in  the 
public  schools,  per- 
fecting his  course  afterwards  in  Asbury  University, 
Greencastle,  Ind.  The  marked  success  in  a  country 
school  had  shown  him  that  he  was  adapted  to  the  pro- 
fession of  teaching,  and  upon  leaving  college  he  entered 
upon  his  chosen  work  as  principal  of  Talmud  Institute, 


Charles  L    Swain, 

Member  of  the  State  Normal  School 
Commission 


576  Schools  of  Cincinnati 

then  a  flourishing  school  in  Cincinnati.  This  position 
he  filled  for  three  years,  when  he  left  to  go  into  business 
in  New  York  City.  He,  however,  retained  his  desire 
to  teach,  and  after  five  years  he  returned  to  Cincinnati, 
and  was  chosen  first  assistant  of  the  First  Intermediate 
School  in  this  city.  After  holding  various  positions  in 
the  schools,  he  was  elected  to  the  principalship  of  the 
Eighth  District  School,  which  position  he  held  to  1902. 
Mr.  Long  stands  in  the   front   ranks    with    those   who 

believe  in  education 
and  progress.  The 
unsatisfactory  results 
following  the  teach- 
ing of  language  led 
him  to  write  "Long's 
Language  Lessons," 
embodying  his  meth- 
od of  instruction  in 
English.  The  lead- 
ing idea  in  these 
books  is  that  observa- 
tion and  expression 
should  go  together, 
or  that  the  acquisition 
of  words  should  fol- 
low rather  than  pre- 
JosKPH  SuRDo.  cede  an  acquaintance 

with  things  and  acts. 
These  books  have  met  with  great  success,  having  been 
adopted  in  many  of  the  large  cities  in  all  parts  of  the 
country. 

The  methods  of  teaching  geography  were  equally 
defective.  The  dull  recital  from  the  set  questions  in  the 
text-books  could  only  produce  an  unwilling  and  mechan- 


Personal.  577 

ical  listener  and  learner.  Children  are  so  constituted 
that  they  form  an  idea  of  the  remote  only  by  having  a 
miniature  of  the  same  at  home.  A  more  natural  and 
philosophical  procedure  is  observed  therefore  in  "Home 
Geography,"  another  of  Mr.  Long's  works. 

Besides  the  preparation  of  text-books,  Mr.  Long 
has  been  a  writer  for  educational  journals.  He  has  also 
lecturea  extensively  before  institutes  and  other  educa- 
tional bodies.  Mr.  Long  has  always  been  a  student. 
He  mastered  French  while  teaching,  and  for  two  years 
was  associated  with  the  noted  Cincinnati  scientist,  Prof. 
Vaughn,  studying  chemistry.  In  1883  the  degree  of 
Ph.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  College  of  Cam- 
bridge. 


Maddux,  Berton  J. — Principal  Springfield,  O., 
Schools;  author  of  "The  Veil  Withdrawn,"  a  novel 
(1900). 


Malsbary,  Charles  Franklin. — Attorney-at-law  ;  b. 
Sycamore  Tp.,  Hamilton  Co.,  O,,  Feb.  21,  1857;  edu- 
cated at  National  Normal  University,  Lebanon,  O.  ; 
taught  school  in  Hamilton  and  Clermont  Counties ; 
pres.  Ham.  Co.  Teachers  Association,  1883;  pres.  of 
Ham.  Co.  Institute,  1884;  graduated  with  honors  from 
Cincinnati  Law  School,  1889.  Mr.  Malsbary  is  well- 
known  as  a  public  speaker  and  successful  attorney. 


McClure,  Henry  Brown. — A.  B.,  A.  M.  ;  gradu- 
ated Miami,  1871  ;  prin.  of  Prep.  Dept.  Miami,  1872-3; 
attended  Universities  of  Gottingen  and  Leipsic,  1873-4; 
prin.  Glendale  (O.)  Public  Schools,  1875-80;  mayor  of 
Glendale,  1886-92;  joint  author  of  "Present  Value 
Tables  for  Dower  and  Curtesy,"  1894. 

[37] 


578 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Minning,  Arthur  C. — Attorney  ;  clerk  Prosecuting 
Attorney's  office;  author  of  "Tabular  Analysis  of  the 
Law  of  Real  Property." 


Myers,  Philip  Van  Ness. — Was  born  at  Tribes  Hill, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  lo,  1846.  He  received  his  preparatory 
education  at  the  Gilmore  Academy,  in  the  same  State, 
and  was  graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1871.      He 

afterwards  studied 
law  for  one  year 
(1873-74)  at  the 
Yale  Law  School, 
pursuing  at  the 
same  time  a  grad- 
uate course  in  the 
Depa  r  t  m  e  nt  of 
Economics.  The 
studies  of  these 
early  years  were 
varied,  and  broken 
by  teaching  and 
travel.  An  ex- 
pedition to  South 
America,  on  a  sci- 
entific mission, 
filled  one  year,  and 
later  an  extended 
journey  through  Europe  and  Asia  occupied  nearly  two 
years.  Two  works,  entitled,  respectively,  "  Life  and 
Nature  Under  the  Tropics"  (written  in  co-authorship 
with  an  older  brother)  and  "  Remains  of  Lost  Empires," 
were  the  issue  of  these  tours  of  observation  and  study. 
In  1879  Mr.  Myers  was  called  to  the  presidency    of  Far- 


Samuel  W.  Smith, 

A    Graduate    of    Chickering    Institute, 

Now  Judge  of  the  Court  of 

Common  Pleas. 


Personal.  579 

mers'  College,  at  College  Hill,  Ohio,  to  which  he  brought 
the  experience  gained  during  several  years'  service  as 
teacher  and  principal  in  Eastern  academies.  This  po- 
sition he  held  for  twelve  years,  until  called  to  the  chair 
of  history  and  political  economy  in  the  University  of 
Cincinnati.  During  the  college  years  1895-1897  Mr. 
Myers  served  as  dean  of  the  academic  faculty  of  the 
University.  In  1900  he  resigned  his  professorship,  which 
he  had  held  for  nine  years.  Professor  Myers  is  the 
author  of  the  following  works,  aside  from  those  already 
mentioned  in  this  article:  "Eastern  Nations  and 
Greece,"  "  History  of  Rome,"  "Mediaeval  and  Modern 
History,"  "A  General  History,"  and  "History  of 
Greece."  Several  editions  of  all  these  works  have  been 
published. 

The  following  degrees  have  been  conferred  upon 
Mr.  Myers  :  A.  B.,  Williams  College,  1871  ;  A.  M., 
Williams  College,  1874;  LL.  B.,  Yale  University,  1890; 
LL.  D.,  Belmont  College,  1891  ;  and  L.  H.  D.,  Miami 
University,  1891. 


Parry,  Emma  Louise. — With  the  H.  Thane  Miller 
School;  author  of  "Life  Among  the  Germans," 
"  W^omen  in  the  Reformation,"  "  History  of  Art"  (out 
shortly,  1902)  ;  also  of  translations  from  the  German. 


Porter,  Jermain  G. — Director  of  Cincinnati  Observ- 
atory, 1884  to  the  present  time.  Publications:  "Zone 
Catalogue  of  4,050  Stars,"  1887  ;  "  Our  Celestial  Home, 
an  Astronomer's  View  of  Heaven,"  1889;  "  Charts  and 
Measures  of  Nebulae,"  1891  ;  "  Catalogue  of  Proper- 
Motion  Stars,"  1893;  "Catalogue  of  2,000  Stars,"  1895; 
"  Catalogue  of  2,030  Stars,"  1898;   "  Historical    Sketch 


58o 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


of   Cincinnati    Observatory,    1843-93;"     also    numerous 
memoirs  in  the  astronomical  journals. 


Ravogli,  Dr.  A. — Italian  Consul  1883-1900;  au- 
thor of  "  Hygiene  of  the  Skin."  Dr.  Ravogli  is  now 
(1902)  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of  Registra- 
tion and  Examination. 


Renner,  Otto  J. 
— Inconjunction  with 
Charles  M.  Miller,  a 
former  teacher  in  the 
night  schools,  pub- 
lished "Elements  of 
Law  for  the  Law  Stu- 
dent." 


Sanders,  Alan. — 
B.  near  Morrow, 
Warren  County,  O.  ; 
graduated  Wood- 
ward, 1875  ;  began 
teaching  the  next 
year  in  Thirteenth 
District  School ;  went 
to  the  Third  Interme- 
diate, and  in  1881  to 
Hughes.  In  1888  he 
took   the    first    assist- 

antship   of    Hughes,    succeeding    Jacob    H.    Bromwell  ; 

author   of   '*  Elements   of   Geometry,"  now  used    in  the 

high  schools. 


O.   P.   VOORHES, 

Principal  of  Ojler  School  Since 
September,  1901. 


Sherwood,  James  E. — Entered  the  Cincinnati  Public 
Schools  as  a  teacher  Sep.,  1859,    and    has    been    so    em- 


Personai,.  581 

ployed  continuously,  with  the  exception  of  '61 -'63,  which 
period  he  spent  in  the  army.  In  1868  he  opened  the 
new  First  District  School  on  Liberty  Street  as  its  prin- 
cipal, which  position  he  held  for  thirty  years,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Windsor  Public  School,  of  which 
he  is  now  the  principal. 


Shotwell,  John  B. — Started  School  Life^  a  weekly 
'•  Journal  of  Education  and  General  Culture,"  Oct.  3, 
1899.  Author  of  "  Visit  to  a  London  School,  or  Ele- 
mentary Education  in  England,"  (1899)  ;  also  author  of 
many  newspaper  and  magazine  sketches  ;  assistant  at  the 
First  Intermediate  School  for  two  years,  and  teacher  in 
the  Night  High  School  for  the  same  period  ;  taught  five 
years  in  country  schools  in  Hamilton  County.  Entered 
Hughes  High  School  at  21,  graduating  at  24  in  class  of 
1888.  President  of  Evendale  (O.)  Board  of  Education, 
1888-1891,  being  elected  while  in  high  school.  Pub- 
lisher and  compiler  of  Schools  of  Cincinnati"  ( 1902). 


Sands,  George  F. — President  National  Base  Ball 
Association,  1867-8,  representing  all  the  base  ball  clubs 
in  the  U.  S. 


Smith,  M.  W.  (see  page  129). — B.  at  Ft.  Donald- 
son, Canada,  Oct.  14,  1836;  graduated  with  highest 
honors  at  University  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  ;  served  in  War 
of  the  Rebellion,  rank  of  colonel;  died  May  26,  1889; 
author  of  "  Elements  of  English,"  "Studies  in  English 
Literature,"  "  McGuffey's  High  School  Reader." 


Stephenson,  Nathaniel. — Ex-teacher  Woodward; 
author  of  "  They  that  Took  the  Sword,"  "  The  Beauti- 
ful Mrs.  Moulton,"  1902. 


582 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Surdo,  Joseph. — B.  in  Brindisi,  Italy,  1870;  gradu- 
ated Kenyon  Military  Academy  1886,  Woodward  1889, 
and  Cincinnati  College  of  Music  1895.  In  composition 
he  has  been  eminently  successful;  his  '"Viking"  (solo 
for  baritone  and  orchestra)  having  been  performed  in 
1898,   under   Vander   Stucken's    direction.      His    "  Flag 

Song"  was  sung  by 
3,500  children  at  Gol- 
den Jubilee  S^eenger- 
fest  in  1899,  and  his 
Psalm  96th  was  per- 
formed in  Music  Hall 
at  the  Fall  Festival 
(1902)  by  an  adult 
chorus  of  1 ,000  voices, 
and  accompanied  by 
an  augmented  orches- 
tra. For  twelve  years 
Mr.  Surdo  has  taught 
music  in  the  public 
schools. 


George  Rethman, 

Member  Board  of  Education 
Since  April,  1897. 


Tackenberg,  C. — 
Author  of  "Children 
of  Phantasy,"  a  book 
of  poems. 


Thoms,  Phoebe  E. — Sister  of  Matthew  H.  Thoms  ; 
author  of  ''  Important  Events  in  the  World's  History," 
125  pages,  containing  tables  of  rulers  and  dates  chrono- 
logically arranged. 


Turrill,  Merwin  Sherman. — B.  Feb.  8,  1831  ;   taught 
in  Hamilton  County,  1849-1854;  principal  Cumminsville 


Personal.  583 

Union  School,  afterwards  Cincinnati  26th  Dist.,  1854  to 
1885  (except  1857  and   1858,  as  asst.  Cin'ti   13th   Dist.) 


Turrell,  Isaac  H. — B.  Brookfield,  Franklin  County^ 
C,  attended  Oberlin  College.  Served  two  years  in  8ist 
Ind.  Inf.  At  siege  of  Atlanta,  was  made  ist  Lieut,  of 
109th  U.  S.  Colored  Infantry,  serving  as  Adj.  under 
Gen.  Weitzel.  After  the  fall  of  Richmond,  went  to 
Texas  with  regiment,  mustered  out  there  February,  1866. 
Member  American  Mathematical  Society. 


Von  Wahlde,  Herman. — Teacher  German  in  Third 
Intermediate  School;  author  of  "  Natur  und  Heimat " 
(poems  now  in  second  edition);  also  of  "  Schriften 
Paedagogischen  Inhalts." 


Walker,  Paul  Francis. — Teacher  of  Spanish  in  the 
three  high  schools;  author  of  "A  Class  Book  of  Mod- 
ern Spanish." 


Weick,  W.  H. — Late  of  Hoffman  School;  joint 
author  of  Eclectic  German  readers  now  (1903)  used 
in  the  public  schools.  A  primer  was  published  by  Mr. 
Weick  alone. 


Wilson,  Francis  E. — Teacher  for  35  years;  princir 
pal  Windsor  School,  1888  to  1898;  publisher  Public 
School  yournal^  1876  to  1898. 


White,  Dr.   E.   E. — Died   at   his    home,    Columbus, 
O.,  Tuesday,  October  31,  1903.    (For  sketch,  see  p.  89.) 


Tuesday,    October    3i,     1902,    Governor    Nash    ap- 
pointed this  State  Normal  School  Commission  under  the 


5% 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


law  of  last  winter :  C.  F.  Thwing,  Cleveland ;  John  L. 
Zimmerman,  Springfield;  William  F.  Pierce,  Knox 
County;   Charles  L.  Swain,  Cincinnati. 

The  commission  is  to  report  upon  the  "need  and  ad- 
visability of  the  future  establishment  by  the  State  of  one 
or  more  additional  normal  schools." 

Mr.  Swain,  the  Cincinnati  member  of  the  com- 
mission, is  a  leading 
attorney  and  ex-mem- 
ber of  the  General 
Assembly.  The 
committee  reports  be- 
fore the  next  Legis. 
lature. 


McLeish,  John 
Lewin. — Graduate  of 
the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio  (1897).  His 
first  novel,  "  Iturbide, 
a  Soldier  of  Mexico," 
was  published  in  1901. 
The  companion  story. 
"The  Wreak  of 
Wrath,"  is  to  appear 
shortly. 

THE    AMERICAN     BOV. 

Four  days  after 
the  destruction  of  the  battle  ship  "  Maine,"  W.  Rankin 
Good,  a  seventeen  year  old  student  of  Hughes  High 
School,  conceived  the  idea  of  building  a  battle  ship  and 
naming  it  the  "American  Boy." 

The  idea  was  to  get  contributions  from    school   chil- 
dren all  over  the  country  and  pay  the  cost.      The  project 


Carl  Zieglkr,  M.  D., 

Superintendent  of  Physical  Culture 
Since  September,  1892, 


Personal. 


583 


found  general  favor,  and  from  all  over  the  land  came 
contributions.  These  were  deposited  in  the  Merchants' 
National  Bank,  until  about  $75,000  had  been  accumu- 
lated. Gradually  it  became  apparent  that  the  $3,500,000 
necessary  could  not  be  raised,  though  many  prominent 
men  assisted.  Even  President  McKinley  favored  the 
project  and  gave  Mr.  Good  and  his  committee  an  audi- 
ence. 

Congress  was  next  appealed  to,  but  legal  objections 
were  found  which 
precluded  the  accept- 
ance of  the  gift  by 
the  Government,  so 
in  the  summer  of  1902 
it  was  decided  to  re- 
turn the  collections 
less  fi  ve  per  cent. 
The  Cincinnati 
schools  contributed 
*^i'55i-59;  Los  Ange- 
les, Cal.,  schools  gave 
the  largest  amount, 
$^433- '9-  The  fail- 
ure of  the  plan  damp- 
ened the  ardor  of 
thousands  of  school 
children,  and  of 
course  Mr.  Good   was 

disappointed,  yet  his  enthusiasm  and  earnestness  won 
him  a  host  of  friends  and  well  wishers.  In  order  to  give 
the  matter  proper  attention  it  became  necessary  for  Mr. 
Good  to  abandon  all  other  pursuits,  and  he  had  to  travel 
to  other  cities  to  respond  to  invitations  to  speak. 


W.  Rankin  Good. 


586  Schools  of^  Cincinnati. 


CHAPTER  LXXXIII. 

THE    CINCINNATI    KINDERGARTEN     TRAINING    SCHOOL. 

THE  first  meeting  of  Cincinnati  women  interested 
in  establishing  free  kindergartens  in  Cincinnati  was 
held  December  13,  1879.  At  a  subsequent  meeting 
(held  December  19th)  The  Cincinnati  Kindergarten 
Association  was  formed,  with  Mrs.  Alphonso  Taftas 
president. 

In  January,  1880,  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  of  St.  Louis, 
now  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education,  delivered  an 
address  in  College  Hall,  and  awakened  much  interest. 
During  the  months  of  January  and  February  meetings 
were  held  fortnightly  at  Hughes  and  Woodward  High 
Schools,  and  after  correspondence  and  conference  with 
Miss  Susan  E.  Blow,  of  St.  Louis,  the  first  kindergarten 
was  opened  in  the  old  Spencer  House,  corner  Front  and 
Broadway,  March  i,  1880. 

A  Training  School  for  Kindergarteners  was  organ- 
ized at  the  same  time.  Later  a  kindergarten  was  opened 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  followed  by  one  in  the 
western  and  another  in  the  eastern,  known  respectively 
as  the  South,  North,  West,  and  Gilbert  Avenue  Kinder- 
gartens. The  association  then,  in  order  to  encourage 
the  formation  of  kindergartens  without  incurring  addi- 
tional expense,  volunteered  to  organize  and  supervise 
kindergartens  supported  by  other  organizations  or  indi- 
viduals, provided  a  high  standard  of  excellence  was 
maintained,  by  the  selection  of  well-trained,  competent 
directors.      The   "Kindergarten   Directory"   shows  the 


Kindergarten  Training  School. 


587 


extent  of  the  work  supervised  by  the  association  in  1902. 
An  Association  of  Mothers,  holding  monthly  meetings 
in  each  kindergarten,  is  made  a  component  part  of  the 
work,  and  a  federation  of  these  associations  holds  at 
least  one  general  meeting  during  the  year,  for  the  ex- 
change of  ideas,  methods  of  work,  etc. 


The  Cincinnati  Kindergarten  Training  School, 
Linton  Street,  Near  Reading  Road,  Vernonville. 

The  following  bill  makes  the  introduction  of  kinder- 
gartens with  the  public  school  system  of  Ohio  optional 
with  each  community  : 

"  Each  board  of  education  of  any  city,  special  or 
village  school,  may,  if  they  so  choose,  at  any  regular  or 
special  meeting,  establish  public  kindergartens  in  con- 
nection with  the  public  school  of  said  city,  special  or 
village  school  district,  for  children  between  the    ages    of 


588  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

four  and  six,  and  may  determine  what  part  of  the  con- 
tingent fund  provided  for  in  sections  3,958  and  3,959 
shall  be  set  aside  for  such  purpose  :  Provided,  no  part  of 
the  State  fund  shall  be  appropriated  therefore  ;  but  said 
board  of  education  may  provide  an  additional  sum  for 
said  kindergarten  instruction  by  the  levy  of  a  tax  not  ex- 
ceeding one   mill   to    the    levy    provided    for    in    section 

3^959-" 

The  Cincinnati  Kindergarten  Training  School  or- 
ganized by  the  association,  which  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  Ohio,  Oct,  20,  1894,  now  ranks  as  one  of  the 
leading  training  schools  in  the  country.  The  building, 
located  on  Linton  Street,  near  Reading  Road,  is  ad- 
mirably suited  to  its  use  with  lecture  hall,  library,  class 
rooms,  and  dormitory,  well  equipped,  and  is  situated  in 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  accessible  sections  of  the 
city. 

The  school  offers  a  thorough  course  of  training  to 
those  who  wish  to  prepare  for  professional  work,  a  two 
years'  course  leading  to  a  diploma  ;  an  attractive  course 
for  young  women  desiring  general  culture  ;  and  a  practi- 
cal course  preparatory  to  home  making  and  child  nur- 
ture. 

A  graduate  course  of  one  year  is  open  to  students 
who  have  completed  the  regular  training  in  a  school 
of  recognized  standing.  A  one-year  course  in  primary 
teaching  is  designed  to  give  thorough  training  in  the 
work  of  the  primary  grades,  and  special  courses  are 
arranged  with  reference  to  governess  and  mission   work. 

In  addition  to  an  able  corps  of  instructors,  the  de- 
partments of  music,  art,  and  physical  education  are  in 
charge  of  specialists,  supplemented  by  lectures  from 
eminent  men  and  women.  The  entire  work  is  under 
the  management  of  a   Board   of  Trustees,  of   which   the 


Kindergarten  Training  School. 


589 


following  are  the  officers  for  1902-03  :  President,  Miss 
Anna  Laws ;  vice-presidents,  Miss  Field,  Mrs.  Chas. 
Fleischmann,  Mrs.  P.  H.  Hartmann,  Miss  Werk,  Mrs. 
D.  I.  Wolfstein,  Mrs.  Guy  Mallon ;  secretaries,  Mrs. 
W.  R.  Benedict,  Mrs.  D.  D.  Woodmansee ;  treasurer, 
Mrs.  Edward  B.  Sargent. 

The    following    support     kindergartens    under    the 
auspices  of  the  afore-mentioned  associations  : 

Cincinnati  Kin- 
dergarten Association 
(3)  ;  United  Jewish 
Charities  (3)  ;  Eliza- 
beth Gamble  Deacon- 
ess Home  (2)  ;  The 
Glenn  Home  (3)  ; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David 
B.  Gamble  (i,  in 
Sherman  School); 
Brighton  Mothers' 
Association  (i)  ; 
Westwood  Kinder- 
g  a  r  t  e  n  Association 
(i);  Norwood  Kin- 
dergarten A  s  s  o  c  i  a- 
tion  (i)  ;  Madison- 
V  i  1  1  e  Kindergarten 
Association  (i); 
Episcopal  Church, 
Glendale  (i)  ;  Cin- 
cinnati Orphan  Asylum  (i);  Childrens'  Home  (i)  ; 
Union  Bethel  (i)  ;  University  Settlement  (i);  Pro-Ca- 
thedral (i)  ;  Christ  Church  (i)  ;  German  Lutheran 
Church,  Walnut  Hills  (i)  ;   Vine  Street  Congregational 


1 

C 

■„^-.- 

'^'lafl 

,*  '% 

L 

i 

^ 

^ 

John  R.  Trisler, 

Principal  of  the  Twentj-Fifth 
District  School,  Fairmount. 


590 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Church  and    the    mothers    (i);     private    kindergartens, 
Miss  Sattler's  and  Hyde  Park.     Total,   37. 

Despite  repeated  efforts  to  have  the  public  schools 
to  open  kindergartens,  none  have  yet  been  provided, 
although  several  vacant  school  rooms  have  been  put  at 
their  disposal.  The  Board  of  Education  fears  the  ex- 
pense should  the  schools  be  opened  all  over  the  city. 


GERMAN    KINDERGARTENS. 

The  "  deutsch-amerikanischer  Schulverein"  (Ger- 
man -A  m  e  r  i  c  a  n 
School  Associa- 
tion) was  organi- 
zed at  Washington 
Platform  Hall  Sep. 
19,  1885,  with 
August  H  e  r  h  o  1  z 
presiding.  Officers 
were  elected  as  fol- 
lows :  President, 
Adolph  Pluemer ; 
secretary,  C.  Greb- 
ner ;  treasurer, 
Chas.  Faust.  There 
was  also  a  board  of 
directors.  The 
first  kindergarten  under  these  auspices  was  started  in 
March,  1887. 

In  existence  was  the  German  Immigrants  Society 
that  was  formed  by  prominent  citizens  about  1849,  to 
assist  needy  and  worthy  immigrants.  It  was  no  longer 
necessary,  and  about  1893  was  dissolved,  and  one-fifth 
of  the  funds  were,  by  order  of  court,  turned  over  to  the 
German    American    Free    Kindergarten    Society.     This 


Alfred  Hkrholz, 

Ex-Teacher,  Editor  of  the 
"South-West." 


Kindergarten  Training  School.  591 

society  was  incorporated  March  15,  1893,  by  John 
Schwarb,  George  F.  Dieterle,  J.  J.  Maas,  Alfred  Her- 
holz,  and  William  Autenrieth,  as  the  successor  of  the 
"  Schulverein,"  and  for  the  express  purpose  of  receiving 
the  $3,000  granted  by  court.  The  society  is  to-day  in 
quite  a  flourishing  condition.  It  is  patronized  by  the 
best  society  people,  and  its  luncheons,  fairs,  etc.,  are  nota- 
ble events.  Six  kindergartens  are  maintained,  as  follows  : 
ist  and  i2th  District  Schools;  North,  Central,  and  West 
End  Turner  Halls ;  and  in  the  church  at  head  of  Race 
Street.  Ofhcers  :  Prest.,  Mrs.  L.  Markbreit ;  V.-P., 
Mrs.  A.  B.  Yost ;  Cor.  Secy.,  Mrs.  L.  Ries  ;  Fin.  Secy., 
Mr.  A.  A.  Dorst :   Treas.,  Mr.  L.  Ries. 


CHAPTER    LXXXIV. 

NE\V    CITIZENS    EDUCATIONAL    LEAGUE. 

IN  1897  ^^^^  New  Citizens  Educational  League  was 
organized  by  Mrs.  M.  McClellan  Brown  and  others. 
Its  aims  are  as  follows  : 

First. — To  reach  every  woman  who  sustains  a  fam- 
ily relation  to  the  public  schools. 

Second. — To  engage  in  thoughtful,  homelike  talks 
without  personal  criticisms. 

Third. — To  encourage  a  more  general  interest  in  the 
character  of  the  public  schools. 

Fourth. — To  make  a  calm  and  careful  investiga- 
tion of  public  school  conditions. 

Fifth. — To  be  conservative  and  judicious,  in  order 
to  avoid  "  sensations." 

Sixth. — To  seek  to  secure  a  closer  relation  between 
the  home  nurture  and  school  training  of  all  .the  children. 


592 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


Seventh. — To  promote  a  kindly  feeling  of  co- 
operation between  mothers,  teachers,  and  children. 

Eighth. — To  correct  those  evils  in  some  schools 
which  tend  to  destroy  public  morals  and  degenerate  the 
race. 


John  A.  Heizer, 

Former  Principal  of  the  Hoffman  School;  Since  Sep- 
tember, 1902,  Principal  of  the  Guilford  School. 


The  league  has  a  chairman  and  secretary  in  most 
wards  of  the  city,  with  a  view  to  ultimate  close  organi- 
zation. It  also  has  a  committee  to  attend  each  meeting 
of  the  Board  of  Education.      Monthly   general    meetings 


New  Citizens  Educational  League.  593 

are  held  as  are  meetings  in  certain  localities.  Local  dis- 
tricts are  organized  into  parents'  clubs,  mothers'  meet- 
ings, etc.,  and  every  effort  is  made  to  bring  the  schools 
in  close  touch  with  the  parents. 


John  S.  Hauer, 

Principal  of  the  Sixth  District  School  Since 
September,  1901. 

GERMAN    TEACHERS    ASSOCIATION. 

The  German  Teachers  Association  of  Cincinnati 
was  founded  November,  1888,  and  is  a  part  of  the  Ohio 
Teachers  Association.  German  teachers  and  friends  of 
the  German  interests  can  become  members. 

I38] 


594  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

Authority  is  vested  in  a  Board  of  Directors  com- 
posed of  five  members.  These  organize  by  choosing  a 
president,  vice-president,  treasurer,  recording  secretary 
and  corresponding  secretary.  Bi-monthly  meetings  are 
held  at  the  Sixth  District  School  on  the  first  Saturday  in 
October,  December,  February,  April  and  June,  from  3 
to  5  p.  M.,  when  literary  and  musical  programs  are  given. 
Annual  dues  are  fifty  cents,  and  membership  is  about 
275.  Following  is  the  list  of  presidents  :  Casper  Grome, 
1889-90;  John  Goebel,  1891  ;  H.  H.  Fick,  1892;  Max 
Weis,  1893-4;  Julius  Fuchs,  1895;  W.  Weick,  1896; 
A.  Roth,  1897;  H.  H.  Fick,  1898;  E.  Kramer,  1899- 
1900;   U.  Willenborg,  1900-2;     C.  Grebner,  1902-3, 

The  musical  part  of  every  program  is  very  good. 
This  is  due  to  the  organization  of  a  musical  section  in 
November,  1892,  first  as  a  male  chorus,  afterwards 
changed  to  a  mixed  chorus  of  sixty  voices.  The  first 
leader  was  Theodore  Meyder.  The  recent  leader  was 
William  Schaefer. 

FIRST    GERMAN    ASSISTANTS. 

The  First  German  Assistant  Teachers  Association 
seems  to  have  been  organized  as  early  as  i860,  although 
records  are  imperfect  as  to  the  establishment.  The  soci- 
ety meets  once  a  month  in  the  rooms  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  in  connection  with  the  meeting  called  by  the 
assistant  superintendent.  At  present  there  are  about  40 
members.  Dues  are  one  dollar  a  year.  Presidents  since 
1894  are  :  Louis  Hahn,  1894-7;  ^'^  -  ^-  Weick,  1897-8; 
Louis  Hahn,  1898-1900;  Albert  Mayer,  1900-2;  Benja- 
min Wittich.  1902-3.  Other  officers  to-day  are  :  H.  Von 
Wahlde,  vice.  pres.  ;  Frank  J.  Keller,  secy.  ;  Henry  E. 
Kock,  treas.  Partial  records  of  the  association  have 
been  kept  since  September  28,  1882. 


The  "Koffee  Klatsch. 


595 


The  "  kaffee  klatsch  "  (coffee  gossip)  is  a  favorite 
entertainment  in  the  schools  as  well  as  elsewhere.  It  is 
a  sort  of  fair  and  sale  with  light  refreshments — coffee, 
cake,  ice  cream,  etc.  The  "tables"  are  usually  the 
school  desks.  Often  tables  are  set  in  the  hallways.  The 
"  fair  "  has  for  sale  all  forms  of  fancy  articles.  General- 
ly considerable  money  is  realized,  such  sums  as  $400  and 
$500    are     common.       It     was     through     these     "  kaffee 


Mt.  Adams  Public  School. 

Cost  of  Lot,  $16,295;  of  Building,  $38,150;  8  Rooms;  Seats  450 

Pupils;   Helen  M.  Bryan,  Assistant  in  Charge  Under 

W.  S.  Flinn,  Principal;   W.  F.  Hartzell,  Trustee. 

klatsches"  that  much  of  the  money  for  the  flower  parade, 
school  libraries,  etc.,  was  realized.  Many  parents  attend, 
and  the  "  socials  "  are  quite  popular. 


Officers  of  the  German  Teachers  Relief    Association 
for  1902-3  :  Pres.,  J.  L.  Zeinz  (Mr.  Zeinz   has    held  this 


596 


Schools  of  Cincinnati, 


office    since    1890);     Treas.,  Valeska    Danziger ;   Secy. 
Benjamin  Wittich  (see  page  309). 


The  County  Teachers  Association  meets  at  the  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  Building  the  second  Saturday  of  the  nine 
months  beginning  with  October.     The  Hamilton  County 

Examinations  are  held 
the  first  Saturday  in 
ten  months,  begin- 
ning with  September, 
in  the  Second  Inter- 
mediate School  build- 
ing on  Ninth  Street, 
near  Main.  Exami- 
ners appointed  by  the 
Probate  Court  are  : 
C.  S.  Fay,  Wyom- 
ing; J.  L.  Trisler, 
Hartwell;  E.H.Fos- 
ter, Glendale.  The 
Hamilton  County  In- 
stitutes are  usually 
held  at  Madisonville, 
though  that  of  1902 
was  held  at  Harri- 
son. The  graded 
county  schools  follow 
the  Cincinnati  course 
of  study. 


W.  F.  Hartzell, 

Member   Board   of   Education   Since 

April,  1888;  Frequently  a  Member 

of   the   Union    Board   of 

High  Schools. 


October,  1902,  the  General  Assembly,  in  special  ses- 
sion, adopted  a  municipal  code  that  provides  for  numer- 
ous changes  in  local  government.  Educational  institu- 
tions are  affected  as  follows  :   The  University  Board    has 


National  Educational  Association.         597 

been  reduced  from  19  to  9  members,  to  be  appointed  by 
the  new  mayor  May  i,  1903.  The  city  wards  will  be 
changed  and  reduced  from  31  to  24,  with  a  Board  of 
Education  member  from  each  ward.  The  election  is  in 
April,  and  seats  will  be  taken  the  first  Monday  in  May. 
The  House  of  Refuge  directors  will  go  out  of  office,  but 
the  same  board  may  be  reappointed  by  the  Board  of 
Public  Service.  This  is  the  construction  now  put  upon 
the  code.  Many  other  changes  will  be  made,  but  they 
are  not  within  the  province  of  this  book. 


The  National  Educational  Association  for  1903  will 
be  held  at  Boston,  Mass.,  July  6-10  inclusive.  The 
meeting  of  1904  will  very  likely  be  at  St.  Louis. 


Free  text  books  were  first  furnished  in  this  city  in 
September,  1900.  For  several  years,  under  the  compul- 
sory education  law,  books  were  furnished  indigent 
pupils. 


CHAPTER    LXXXV. 

athletics. 

George   K.   Elliott. 

ATHLETICS  are  not  the  least  important  or  interest- 
ing feature  of  the  activity  in  our  high  schools,  pre- 
paratory academies,  and  the  University.  In  the  mind  of 
the  average  boy  student,  and  not  infrequently  of  the  girls, 
this  branch  of  the  school  life  is  almost  vital  to  his  perso- 
nal interest  in  the  whole  institution.  All  of  the  local 
pride  and  enthusiasm  of  the  school  seems'to  center  around 
the  foot  ball  eleven,  the  base  ball    nine,    and    the    track 


598 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


team,  which  represents,  at  different  seasons,  the  institu- 
tion in  the  arena  of  interscholastic  athletic  contest.  A 
victory  in  an  interscholastic  debate  perhaps  arouses  more 
sedate  scholastic  pride  in  the  mind  of  the  student,  but  a 
victory  won  in  strenuous  heroic  combat  on  the  foot  ball 
field  fills  his  heart  with  wild,  joyous,  overflowing  enthu- 
siasm for  his  own  school,  for  his  schoolmates  and  for   his 

teachers — all  are  touched 
with  resplendent  glory 
of  the  achievement. 

For  athletic  purpo- 
ses the  high  schools  of 
Cincinnati  are  compac- 
ted into  the  Interschol- 
astic Athletic  Associa- 
tion, which  is  governed 
by  a  committee,  consist- 
ing of  one  teacher  and 
one  pupil  from  each 
school.  The  teachers  on 
this  committee  are 
staunch  friends  of  ath- 
letics, and  their  authori- 
ty serves  to  keep  the 
youthful  ardor  of  the 
student  members  within 
legitimate  and  proper 
limits.  Rules  which  set 
certain  standards  of 
scholarship,  to  which  all  the  young  athletes  must  con- 
form, have  kept  athletics  in  good  repute  with  the  teach- 
ing faculties  of  the  schools.  Instances  where  athletic 
stars  have  also  shone  with  conspicuous  brilliancy  as    stu- 


Emerson  Venablk, 

Teacher  of  English  Literature  at 
the  Walnut  Hills  High  School. 


Athletics.  599 

dents  are  not  rare.  At  present  the  Interscholastic  Ath- 
letic Association  it  composed  of  Hughes,  Woodward  and 
Walnut  Hills  High  Schools,  Franklin  Preparatory  School 
and  the  Technical  School.  In  the  past  St.  Xavier's  Col- 
lege, the  Ohio  Military  Institute,  and  Covington  High 
School  have  been  members  of  the  association.  Foot  ball 
is  the  first  game  to  come  before  the  schools,  the  season 
opening  about  the  first  of  October.  As  there  are  only 
eleven  players  on  the  regularly  appointed  foot  ball  team, 
and  since  often  there  are  as  many  as  thirty  candidates, 
the  rivalry  is  keen,  and  the  aspirant  is  forced  to  keep 
himself  in  the  best  physical  condition,  if  he  is  to  win  for 
himself  the  superior  honor  of  a  place  on  the  team. 

The  old-time  gridiron  struggles  between  Woodward 
and  Hughes  are  historic  for  their  intensity  and  bitterness. 
In  1898  a  new  school,  that  of  Walnut  Hills,  appeared  on 
the  field,  and,  moreover,  reinforced  by  students  taken 
from  Hughes  and  Woodward,  won  the  championship. 
It  has  been  almost  uniformally  successful  in  winning  the 
the  foot  ball  championship  of  the  association  ever  since. 
Games  are  also  played  by  the  schools  with  teams 
from  outside  the  association,  and  very  often  with  teams 
from  other  cities. 

Next  in  the  athletic  season  comes  the  indoor  athletic 
contests,  in  foot  racing  and  the  like,  given  each  winter 
at  the  Armory,  by  the  local  Y.  M.  C.  A.  A  special 
relay  race  is  here  arranged  for  the  high  schools.  A  hand- 
some silver  cup  is  generally  offered  as  a  prize,  and  the 
enthusiasm  generated  by  this  annual  race  has  given  it 
first  importance  at  the  Midwinter  Athletic  Games. 

Base  ball  comes  next,  in  May,  and  with  it  come  track 
athletics — that  is,  foot  racing,  jumping,  and  the  like. 
Each  school  holds  its  annual  games,  and  choses  the 
winners     in     her     contests     to     represent     the     school 


6oo 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


in  the  big  Interscholastic  Field  Day.  The  following 
program  of  such  a  field  day  held  at  Chester  Park  in  1898 
shows  what  the  contests  are,  and  the  prizes,  which  are 
donated  by  local  firms  and  individuals. 

Events. 
I.      Forty-yard  dash.     First  prize,  mandolin,    dona- 
ted by  the  John  Church  Co. 

2.  Throwing  16- 
Ib.  hammer.  First 
prize,  umbrella,  dona- 
ted by  Mabley  &  Ca- 
rew. 

3.  Running  high 
jump.  First  prize, 
medal,  donated  by 
Brunner. 

4.  880-yard  run. 
First  prize,  medal, 
donated  by  Neuhaus, 
Traunstine  &  Co. 

5.  Pole  Vault. 
First  prize,  hat,  dona- 
ted by  Burkhardt  & 
Co. 

6.  Putting  16- 
Ib.  shot.  First  prize, 
fifty  cigars,  donated 
by  Strauss. 

7.  lOO-yard  dash.      First  prize,  medal,  donated    by 
Duhme. 

8.  Two-thirds  mile  bicycle  race.     First  prize,  med- 
al, donated  by  Gustave  Fox. 


A.  S.  Hknshaw, 

Teacher  of  Mathematics,    Walnut 
Hills  High  School. 


Athletics.  6oi 

9.  Standing  broad  jump.  First  prize,  sweater,  do- 
nated by  Browning  &  King. 

10.  230-yard  dash.  First  prize,  medal,  donated  by 
Mullane. 

11.  One  mile  bicycle  race.  First  prize,  medal,  do- 
nated by  Oskamp  &  Nolting. 

12.  Running  broad  jump.  First  prize,  photos, 
donated  by  Bellsmith. 

13.  440-yard  dash-  First  prize,  medal,  donated  by 
A.  &  J.  Plaut. 

14.  Hop,  step  and  jump.  First  prize,  opera 
glases,  donated  by  Powell  &  Clement. 

15.  One-mile  run.  First  prize,  medal,  donated 
by  Duhme  &  Co. 

16.  Two-mile  bicycle  race.  First  prize,  medal,  do- 
nated by  Ponsford. 

17.  Relay  race.  First  prize,  silver  cup,  donated 
by  Interscholastic  Athletic  Committee. 

Since  1898  the  bicycle  races  have  been  discontinued, 
the  i2-lb.  shot  and  hammer  have  replaced  the  i6-lb. 
weights,  which  seem  a  little  too  heavy  for  high  school 
boys.  The  ancient  Greek  exercise  of  throwing  the  dis- 
cus has  recently  been  added  to  the  list  of  events. 

In  the  above  contests,  as  a  rule,  Hughes  has  fur- 
nished the  best  all-around  runners  ;  Walnut  Hills  the  best 
bicycle  riders,  distance  runners,  and  weight  throwers  ; 
while  Woodward  has  been  strongest  in  jumping  and 
vaulting.  Of  course  they  all  have  had  good  athletes  in 
all  of  these  branches,  but  the  above  marks  where  each 
school  has  an  established  reputation. 

IN  THE   UNIVERSITY. 

So  much  for  the  high  schools.  In  the  University  the 
same  branches  of  sport  prevail,  but  under    different   con- 


6o2 


Schools  of  Cincinnati. 


ditions.  The  University  is  leagued  with  no  other  schools 
in  an  association  like  that  of  the  high  schools ;  she  stands 
alone  in  her  class  in  Cincinnati,  and  must  look  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  city  and  even  of  the  State  for  suitable 
opponents  to  her  teams.  This  involves  considerable  ex- 
pense, making  the  duties  of  the  athletic  supervisors  more 

arduous.  A  t  h- 
letics  never  have 
paid  financially 
at  the  Universi- 
ty, but  now  that 
the  possession  of 
an  athletic  field 
saves  the  rent- 
ing of  grounds, 
athletics  should 
soon  be  made  to 
at  least  pay  their 
way.  A  physi- 
cal director,  who 
has  full  charge 
of  all  branches 
of  athletics,  is 
hired  by  the 
trustees.  For 
her  teams,  the 
university  draws 
upon  not  only 
the  Burnet 
Woods  depart- 
ment, but  also  on  the  affiliated  law,  medical,  and  den- 
tal schools.  As  a  rule,  the  older,  matured,  and  more  ex- 
perienced athletes,  such  as  are  suited  to  a  rugged  foot 
ball  team,  come  from  the  professional  departments.    The 


Dr.  J,  R.  Spencer, 

Member  Board  of  Education  from  October 
9,  1899,  to  April,  1900.    Member  of  Fac- 
ulty Eclectic  Medical  Institute. 


Athletics.  603 

academic  department  furnishes  material  which  is  more 
youthful,  but  also  more  agile  and  lithe,  and  which  conse- 
quently makes  the  best  sprinters  and  jumpers  for  the 
track  team.  These  fast  but  light-weight  athletes  also 
furnish  players  to  the  foot  ball  team  for  its  backs  and 
ends,  positions  requiring  speed  on  the  part  of  the  player. 

The  down  town  departments  of  the  University  do 
not  furnish  their  just  quota  of  athletes,  owing  chiefly  to 
their  distance  from  the  athletic  field  in  Burnet  Woods. 
How  to  get  the  four  departments  more  closely  united  in 
spirit  and  body  is  just  now  the  great  question  in  the  Uni- 
versity athletic  situation. 

The  University  is  also  in  need  of  a  suitable  gymna- 
sium building.  The  present  gymnasium  is  a  mere  make- 
shift. 

In  spite  of  the  many  obstacles  to  be  faced,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati  has  a  record  of  no  mean  value.  Her 
foot  ball  team  of  1898  stands  as  one  of  the  best  ever  pro- 
duced by  an  Ohio  college;  it  is  generally  known  as  "  the 
team  that  beat  Dartmouth."  In  1900  her  track  team 
won  the  championship  of  Ohio,  and  made  a  new  state 
record  in  the  one-mile  relay  race. 

Athletics,  however,  at  the  University  can  not  be  said 
to  have  reached  that  plane  of  uniform  excellency  wliich 
the  size  and  importance  of  the  institution  would  seem  to 
demand.  Conditions  in  the  past  have  been  too  unsettled 
to  bring  this  about.  But  of  late  things  seem  to  have 
taken  a  turn  in  the  right  direction.  Athletics  are  more 
firmly  founded,  and  greater  and  grander  achievements 
seem  directly  in  the  path  along  which  the  whole  institu- 
tion is  advancing. 


6o4  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

CHAPTER  LXXXVI. 

CINCINNATI    VETERINARY    COLLEGE. 

THE  Cincinnati  Veterinary  College  was  incorpora- 
ted in  October,  1900.  As  its  sessions  began  at  the 
same  time,  the  school  is  now  in  its  third  year. 

The  course  of  study  extends  over  three  sessions  of 
six  months  each,  from  October  to  March,  inclusive. 
Students  must  furnish  satisfactory  documentary  evidence 
of  a  good  common  school  education,  or  pass  an  examin- 
ation in  the  common  school  branches.  Tuition  is  $90 
per  session,  a  total  of  $270.     There   are   no   extra   fees. 

Following  is  the  outline  of  the  course  of  study  : 

ist  Year. — General  biology,  botany,  zoology,  anat- 
omy, physiology,  histology,  materia  medica,  chemistry, 
dissections,  and  laboratories. 

2d  Year. — Anatomy,  physiology,  histology,  materia 
medica,  therapeutics,  chemistry,  pathology,  bacteriol- 
ogy, theory  and  practice  of  veterinary  medicine,  surgery, 
obstetrics,  dissections,  laboratories,  and  clinics. 

3d  Year.  Anatomy,  pathology,  bacteriology,  the- 
ory and  practice  of  veterinary  medicine,  surgery,  obstet- 
rics, dissections,  laboratories,  and  clinics. 

The  college  is  located  at  York  and  Central  Avenue, 
where  its  hospital  affords  abundant  material  for  clinical 
instruction. 

The  faculty  is  at  present  : 

Louis  P.  Cook,  D.  V.  S.,  dean,  professor  of  veteri- 
nary anatomy  and  theory  and  practice  of  veterinary 
medicine. 


Dr.  Louis  P.  Cook. 


(6o5) 


6o6  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

E.  K.  Ward,  V.  S.,  associate  professor  of  theory 
and  practice  of  veterinary  medicine. 

Wm.  A.  Axby,  D.  V.  S.,  professor  of  veterinary 
surgery  and  obstetrics. 

John  A.  Meagher,  D.  V.  S.,  professor  of  zootech- 
nics  and  associate  professor  of  veterinary  surgery. 

E.  M.  Keefe,  M.  D.,  professor  of  physiology  and 
histology. 

Julius  H.  Eichberg,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics. 

Carl  Hiller,  M.  D.,  professor  of  microscopy,  gen- 
eral pathology,  and  bacteriology. 

Wm.  Dickore,  Ph.  D.,  A.  M.,  professor  of  chemis- 
try and  toxicology. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Veterinary  Medicine 
(D.  V.  M.)  is  conferred. 


THE    CINCINNATI    FLAG. 


In  1896  the  Times  Star  Co.,  by  offering  a  prize  of 
$50,  had  Mayor  Caldwell  receive  designs  for  a  city  flag. 
Emil  Rothengatter,  a  local  artist,  secured  the  award, 
though  the  flag  was  never  ofiicially  adopted,  being  voted 
down  in  the  Board  of  Legislature  as  undemocratic. 
Nevertheless,  the  flag  is  popular  and  is  universally  used. 
The  design  on  the  cover  of  this  book  is  made  up  of  the 
flag  and  buckeye  leaves,  typical  of  Cincinnati  and  the 
State  of  Ohio.  Mr.  J.  H.  Gest,  director  of  the  Art 
Academy,  made  the  design. 


HIGH    SCHOOL    MONTHLIES. 


Old  Hughes,  Hughes. 
The  Oracle,  Woodward. 
The  Gleam,  Walnut  Hills. 


The  University  Settlement. 


607 


The  University  Settlement  is  now  in  its  fourth  year. 
It  is  located  at  the  corner  of  Liberty  and  Plum,  in  a 
neighborhood  of  working  people. 

The  Lafayette 
Bloom  Band,  con- 
sisting of  24  pieces, 
is  a  fully  equipped 
organization  of  the 
27th  District 
School. 

The  High 
School  Association 
was  formed  in  the 
fall  of  1895. 

The  following 
is  the  list  of  presi- 
dents : 

E.  W.  Coy, 
1895-6;  G.  W. 
Harper,  1896-7 ; 
J.  R.  Bishop, 
1897-8;  Alan  San- 
ders, 1898-9;  W. 
H.  Pabodie,  1899- 
1900;  A.  S.  Hen- 
shaw,     1900   . 


Francis  Ferry. 


President  Board  of  Education  From 
April,  1869,  to  July  6,  1869,  and  also 
1870-71;  President  Union  Board  of  High 
Schools  1870-71 ;  Member  Public  Library 
Board  when  Present  Building  Was  Se- 
cured; Director  University  Six  Years 
(on  First  Board) ;  School  Examiner  18 
Years;  Graduate  Albany  (N.  Y.)  State 
Normal  1847;  Supt.  Union  Schools,  El- 
mira,  N.  Y.;  Came  to  Cincinnati    1852; 

Elected  to  Board  of  Education  1866. 

Compulsory 
education  for  youth  between  8  and  14  has  been    in    force 
here  since  March  10,  1890,  when  A.  B.  Clement,   truant 
officer,  was  appointed. 


Membership  about 
60,  divided  into  5 
sections. 


6o8  Schools  of  Cincinnati. 

The  Lloyd  Museum  and  Library,  224  W.  Court 
Street,  is  devoted  to  botany,  pharmacy,  chemistry,  and 
allied  sciences.  The  building  contains  between  fifteen 
and  twenty  thousand  volumes  and  pamphlets  on  the 
aforenamed  subjects. 


MANUAL    TRAINING. 

Several  public  schools  have  just  started  manual 
training  on  a  limited  scale.  There  is  raffia  work,  sew- 
ing, paper  folding,  bent  iron  work,  etc.  These  maybe- 
come  a  feature  of  the  course  of  study  in  a  short  time. 


The  Riding  School  started  in  Music  Hall,  October, 
1888;  L.  DeGisbert,  proprietor.  May  17,  1890,  it  was 
incorporated  as  the  Cincinnati  Riding  Club.  A  fine 
building  has  been  erected  at  Helen  and  Burnet. 


^  INDEX  ^ 


No  Eratta  is  published.     Mistakes  found  are  corrected 
IN  THIS  Index.     The  letter  "p"  /»fter  pages 

MEANS  PICTURE  ON  THAT  PAGE. 


Abbe,  Cleveland,  210 
Abert,    J.    W.    (Er- 
ror, Page  350). 
Academy,         K  i  n- 

m  o  n  t  '  s,       5  4  3; 

Locke's,     541;      of 

Music,       Eclectic, 

541 ;    of    MediQine, 

545;   of  Fine  Arts, 

184. 
Adams,  John  Quin- 

cy,    208. 
Addy,  Matthew,  249. 
Advertisements,  239, 

531,    532. 
Agnostic      Sunday- 
school,    361. 
Agricultural       Col- 
lege,  375. 
Aid     and     Annuity 

Asso.,   430,    561. 
Aiken,  Charles,  166, 

170. 
Aiken,   Walter,    H., 

170,  170a  (p). 
Akels,  John,  419. 
Albers,     55,     56,     536 

(P). 
Allison,   Robert,   51, 

88    (p). 
Allison,   James,   391, 

420   (p),    423. 
Allen,  Diarca 

Howe,   316. 
Allen,    Isaac   J.,   21, 

63,    64,    85.    86    (p), 

378. 
Allen,  Marston,  389. 
Allyn,    Robert,    498. 
Alms,     Mrs.     Fred. 

H.,    477. 
"Alumnae,"    499. 
Ambrose,  Harry  T,, 

559. 
American       Book 

Company,  556,  558. 
American         Boy, 

The,   584 
American     Eclectic 

College    of     Ohio, 

550. 
American      Female 

College,     504. 
American     Hebrew 

Congregations,  330 
American  Israelite, 

330. 


American  Health 
College,    397. 

American  Pharma- 
ceutical Asso.,  408 

American  Medical 
Asso.,    506. 

American  Medical- 
College  Asso.,   385. 

Andrew,  M.  F.,  419, 
527     (p),     568. 

Anderson,  Charles, 
49.  , 

Anderson,  Larz, 
237,  474. 

Anderson,  W.  L., 
503     (p). 

Anderson  Club,  115. 

Annuity  and  Aid 
Asso.,   430,   561. 

A  n  n  e  X  a  tion  of 
School  and  Vil- 
lage Districts,  18, 
561. 

Apmeyer,  Charles 
A.,    409. 

A  p  p  o  intment  of 
Teachers,  28. 

Appropriation  for 
Deaf,  26. 

Appropriation  for 
Cleveland  Schools, 
20. 

Appleton's  Private 
School,   539. 

Arbor   Day,    23,   70. 

Armstrong,  Miss 
L.,    436. 

Armstrong's  School 
for  Girls,   545. 

Armory,    599. 

Arnold,  Brent,  205 
(p),    235,    237. 

Art  Academy,  181, 
185;  Instructors, 
186. 

Associations,  Cin- 
cinnati Teachers, 
434;  Hamil  ton 
County  Teachers, 
596;  (Southwest- 
ern Ohio  Teach- 
ers meet  at  Ham- 
ilton, O.,  twice  a 
year,  in  October 
and  April);  Ohio 
State  Teachers, 
93;  High  School, 
607;     Cin'ti      Male 


Teachers,  435;  In- 
terscholastic  Ath- 
letic, 598;  German 
Teachers,  593; 
First  German  As- 
sistants, 594;  Ger- 
m  a  n  Teachers' 
Relief,  595;  Ma- 
thesis,  436;  As- 
tronomical,   394. 

Assistant  Superin- 
tendents, 57.  303, 
526,    527,    568,    572. 

Astronomical  Asso., 
184. 

Astronomical  So- 
ciety,   206. 

Athletics,    598. 

Athenaeum,    442. 

Atkins,  C.  H.  M., 
391. 

Atlantic  Exposi- 
tion,   179. 

Audubon,  John  J., 
545. 

Audubon  Society, 
352,    353. 

Author's  Grove,  69, 
78. 

Avery,    Judge,    445. 

Axby,  William  A., 
606. 

Aydelotte,  Dr.  B. 
P..   152. 


Babin,  Rev.  J.,   387. 
Baker,    D.     A.    H., 

506. 
Baily,  Hezekiah  B., 

429    (p),    568. 
Bailey,    Samuel,    53. 
Baldwin,  Ward, 

237;  Bert,  L.,     391. 
Ball,   Flamen,  456. 
Ball,     Thomas     C, 

455. 
Ballman,    Fred.  H., 

57. 
Band,        LaFayette 

Bloom,   G07. 
Baptist  Theo.  Sem- 
inary,   547. 
Bardes,     Geo.,     70b, 

(p.) 
Barney,    H.    H.,    13, 

15,    131,    123,    404. 


Barney,  R.  D.,  130, 
564. 

Bartlett,  C.  M.,  401; 
College,    401. 

Barrett,  Lucina,  S., 
172. 

Bartholomew,  Geo. 
K.,   432. 

Bartholomew,  Clif- 
ton School,  431, 
432    (p),    543. 

Bernard,  Henry  A., 
62,    554. 

Battle    Grove,    80. 

Baur,  Clara,  371  (a 
former  teacher  in 
the  City  Schools.) 

Beach,  Dr.  Woos- 
ter,   379. 

Beecher,  Lyman, 
314,     316,     491. 

Bell,  Charles  W., 
173. 

Bell,  Alex.  Gra- 
ham,   119. 

Bell,    Andrew,    263. 

Belmont  College, 
378 

Benedict,  W.  R., 
443    (p),    570. 

Bequests,  534;  (see 
Endowments). 

Berlitz  Schools,  554. 

Bettman,  B.,  54,  333. 

Betty,  Dr.  E.  S., 
554. 

Bible,  442;  Resolu- 
tion Against,  442; 
Discussion  of,  443, 
24;  Suit  Against, 
445;  Attorneys  in 
Case,  445;  Judges, 
445;  Reading 
Ceased,  446;  Rule 
of  1842,  446;  Rule 
of   1852,   446. 

Bickley,  G.  W.  L., 
381. 

Buch waiter,  M.  L., 
237. 

Buchanan,  Joseph 
R.,   381. 

Buck,  Dr.  J.  D.,  510. 

Buckner,  Dr.  C.  F., 
455. 

Biggs,  Thos.  J.,  140, 
259,    314. 

Bishop  J.  Remsen, 
108  (p)  ,435,  436,  440. 

Bliss,  E.  F.,  237,    385. 

Bloom,  Lafayette, 
269.    270    (p.),    607. 

Bloom,  Simeon, 
272a  (p),  (brother 
of  Lafayette). 

Blow,  Susan  E.,  586 

"Black  Brigade," 
460. 

Bloyer,  D.  W.  E., 
382 

Bolenbaugh,  G.  B., 
64a  (p). 

Board  of  Educa- 
tion, 25;  Bill  Days, 


58;  Committees, 
57;  Kindergartens, 
590;  Meeting 
Places,  26,  27,  38, 
50,  59,  158  (p); 
Meeting  Time,  26, 
58;  Members  37  to 
59;  Name  Changed 
•  (Error  Page  6),  30, 
52;  Organization, 
27,  38,  58;  pay- 
days, 58;  Presi- 
dents of,  59;  Ros- 
ter (present),  56; 
Sketch  of,  29. 

Board  of  Trustees 
and  Visitors  (page 
6  error),  30  38,  409, 
534. 

Board,  Union  of 
High  Schools,  33, 
108,    562. 

Bohlander,  Miss,  440 

Bode,  August,  54, 
273  (p),  309,  426, 
570. 

Bodmann,  Charles, 
348. 

Bolger,  E.  D.,  56. 

Bonar,  Dr.  J.  I.,  56. 

Boone,  R.  G.,  56,  57, 
97,  100  (p). 

Booth,  Dr.  E.  R., 
247,    248   (p),    249. 

Boyden,    H.   P.,   54. 

Boyce,  George  W., 
393. 

Boynton,  Gen.  H. 
V.  N.,  160. 

Boyer,  Ida  J.,  437, 
438,    439. 

Boss,  Christian,  462. 

Bowers,  James,  171. 

B  o  t  anico  Medical 
Col.    of    Ohio,    549. 

Braam,  Maximilian, 
419,  436,  519  (p),  554. 

Brader,    H.    H.,   435. 

Braun,  George  F., 
154    (p). 

Brandt,  James  M., 
437    (p). 

Brown,  Albert  T., 
300    (p). 

Brooks'  Classical 
School,    539. 

Brooks,  Charles  J., 
533    (p). 

Browne,  Rev.  Sam- 
uel   J.,    196. 

Brown,  Mrs.  M.  Mc- 
Clellan,  493  (p), 
591. 

Brown,  Rev.  Wm. 
K.,  492  (p),  497, 
499. 

Bromwell,  Jacob  H. 
(Cong  ressman), 
436. 

Bryant,  TVilliam 
Cullen,    472. 

Bryan,  Helen  M., 
595. 

Bryn    Mawr,    497. 


Bugbee,  Lucius  H., 
498 

Bundy,  W.  E.,  292 
(P). 

Buntin,  H.  J.,  54, 
431. 

Burnet,  Robert  W., 
48. 

Burnet,  A.   E.,  173. 

Burnet  Woods  park 
190. 

Burnet,  Margaret- 
ta,  teacher  of  Bi- 
ology, Woodward, 
author  of  "Zoolo- 
gy for  High 
Schools  and  Acad- 
emies"  (1895),  440. 

Burns,  Robert,  198. 
I  Burns,  George  W., 
419,   426   (p),   431. 

Business  Colleges, 
397   to  401. 

Bushnell,   A.   S..  96. 

Butler,  John,  406. 

Butler,  Joseph  C, 
235. 

Butler's  School, 
Miss,  510. 


Caldwell,  John  A., 
20    (p),   110,   237. 

Caldwell,  John  D., 
33  (error),  367.  555; 
(died    1902). 

Campbell,  John  B., 
397. 

Campbell,  Amy  R., 
401. 

Campbell,  Dr.  Eliz- 
abeth, 436. 

Cameron,  Dr.  Otis 
L.,   409. 

Carson  Library,  197. 

Carnegie,  Andrew, 
488,   369. 

Carnegie  Libraries, 
369,    488   (p). 

Carnahan,  G.  A., 
414,    435. 

Carthage,  O..  498. 

Cary,  Freeman  G., 
214,  373,    378. 

Cary  Sisters'  Home 
(Clovernook),  269. 

Carothers,  George 
R.,    248. 

Carnivals,   278. 

Cash,  Denis  F.,  101, 
111  (p).     (Atty.; 

Catholics,    444. 

Central  School 
(High),    13,    126. 

Centennial  Exposi- 
tion (Cin'ti,),  74. 

Certificates,   106. 

Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, 321. 

Chase,  Salmon  P., 
42,    46,    455-6. 

Champlin,  Howard, 
171,     559    (p). 


Champion,  R.  E. 
(did  not  die  in 
England.  H  i  s 
brother,  A.  E., 
did),    391. 

Chester  Park,  600. 

Children's  Home, 
116. 

Childs,  Dr.  A.  L., 
453. 

Chickering  Insti- 
tute,  546. 

Chickering,  J.  B., 
546    (p). 

Christmas,    560. 

Cholera,  258. 

Church,  J.  A.,  298 
(P),  474. 

Cilley,  Jonathan  L., 
392. 

Cincinnati  Acade- 
my,   539. 

Cincinnati  Astrono- 
mical Society,  198. 

Cincinnati  College 
Building,  251,  254, 
260,   563   (p). 

Cincinnati  College 
of  Embalming,  523 

Cincinnati  Collegi- 
ate  School,   385. 

Cincinnati  College 
of  Dental  Sur- 
gery, founders,  in- 
corporation, loca- 
tion, 392;  picture, 
394;  faculty,  395; 
dean,  393  (p). 

Cincinnati  College 
of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  faculty, 
i  n  c  o  r  p  oration, 
closed,  506. 

Cincinnati  College 
of  Pharmacy,  in- 
corporation, 406, 
location,  408;  dean, 
408  (p) ;  degrees, 
faculty,   409. 

Cincinnati  Exposi- 
tions,   178,   388,   515. 

Cincinnati  Flag,  606 

Cincinnati  Gas  and 
Electric  Co.,  198. 

Cincinnati  Kinder- 
garten Training 
School,  586,  587 
(p.). 

C  i  n  c  i  nnati  Law 
School,  251,  260, 
264   (p.),   460. 

Cincinnati  Museum 
Association,    180. 

Cincinnati  Method, 
84. 

Cincinnati  Medical 
College,    549. 

Cincinnati  Parents' 
Association,  119.  , 

Cincinnati  Society 
for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Useful 
Knowledge,  184, 
491,   545. 


Cincinnati  School 
of  Phonography, 
401. 

Cincinnati  S  y  m- 
phony  Orchestra, 
469,   476. 

Cincinnati  Teach- 
ers' Association, 
organized,  434; 
Discussions,  435; 
Presidents,  436. 

Cincinnati  Veteri- 
nary College,   604. 

Cincinnati  Wesley- 
an  Female  Col- 
lege, 491,  495  (p.), 
496  (p.). 

Cist,  Charles,  45,  47 

Citizens'  E  d  u  c  a- 
tional  League,  591 

City  Infirmary,  554. 

City  Hall,  158  (p.). 

Civil  War,  19.  21, 
157,  376,  496. 

Clark,   J.  H.,  523. 

Clarke  Library,  197 

Clark,  Peter  H., 
448,  450  (p.),  455, 
457,  458,  459,  461. 

Clerks'  Board  of 
Education,   555. 

Clerks,  University 
Board,  239,  413 
(p.). 

Clerk,  County 
Courts,  74.   57. 

Cleveland  Schools, 
20. 

Cleveland,  Ohio, 
467. 

Cleveland  Harlan, 
551,   264a  (p.). 

Clement,  A.  B.,  57, 
607. 

Clifton  School,  432 
(p.);  Resor  Acad- 
emy,  555. 

Clerke,  A.  A.,  418. 

Code,  Municipal,  596 
(Court  decision, 
Nov.,  1902,  says  26 
wards). 

Colburn,  W.  F.,166, 
453. 

Colton's  Classical 
School,  130. 

"Colorado,  The," 
89. 

Columbian  School, 
302   (p.). 

Colter,  Dr.  L.  S., 
393,   395. 

Cons  ervatory  of 
Music,  Cincinnati 
371,  372  (p.). 

Cons  ervatory  of 
Music,  Ohio,  535 
(p.). 

Colo  red  Popula- 
tion, 447;  Colored 
Schools  (Peter  H. 
Clark  and  L.  D. 
Easton  wrote 
most      of       this 


sketch) ;  Schools 
in  1829,  447;  Lead- 
ers, 456;  Separate 
B  o  a  r  di ,  456; 

Teachers'  P  a  j' 
Refused,  456;  Sep- 
a  r  a  t  e  Superin- 
t  e  n  d  e  n  t,  457 ; 
Board  Abolished, 
457;  Board  Again 
in  Control,  459; 
Voting  for  Color- 
ed Board,  457; 
Gaines'  High 
School,  458; 

Gaines,  John  I., 
447,  448  (p.),  457; 
Mobs,  449,  450,  452; 
Troubles  of  451; 
Teachers  Perse- 
cuted, 449,  451, 
452;  Cincinnati 
High  School,  453; 
Prominent  Pu- 
pils, 455;  Public 
Schools,  455; 
Trustees  Elected, 
456;  President,  505; 
Clark,  Peter  H., 
450  (p.),  460,  461. 
De  Hart,  A.  J., 
452  (p.);  Massey, 
Stephen  L.,  457; 
Parham,  W.  H., 
454  (p),  460;  Doug- 
lass School,  460; 
S  uperintendents, 
457,   460. 

Collegiate      School, 
Cincinnati,   385. 

College,  Nelson's, 
67,  397;  Farmers', 
87;  of  Obstetrics, 
Ohio,  550;  Botan- 
ico.  Medical,  of 
Ohio,  549;  Eclec- 
tic, of  Medicine, 
550;  P  h  a  r  macy, 
508,  406;  Pulte,50S; 
Ohio  Medical,  508; 
Miami  Medical, 
508;  Vassar,  497; 
Wellesley,  497; 
Smith,  497;  Bryn 
Mawr,  497;  Veter- 
inary, Cincinnati, 
604;  of  Journalism, 
310;  St.  Xavier, 
441  (p);  of  Teach- 
ers, 489,  493,  402; 
Bartlett's,  401; 
Traub's  401;  Cin- 
cinnati Business, 
544;  of  Embalm- 
ing, 523;  Physio 
Eclectic  Medical, 
550;  Hygeia  Medi- 
cal, 550;  Oxford, 
504;  Cincinnati, 
of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  506;  Cin- 
cinnati Medical, 
549";  P'  e  n  n  s  y  1- 
vania,      for     Wo- 


men,  504;  Cincin- 
nati, 531;.  Farm- 
ers', 374;  Belmont, 
378;  Worthington, 
379;  Women  Medi- 
cal, 382;  Laura, 
382;  Cincinnati,  of 
Dental  Surgery, 
392;  Miami  Den- 
tal. 397;  American 
Health,  397;  Mat- 
ters, 399;  Glen- 
dale,  504;  Physio 
Medical,  549;  Ohio 
Female,  544;  Col- 
lege of  Music,  369, 
468;  Origin,  470; 
Opened,  472;  Pres- 
idents of,  472,  473, 
156;  Director,  472; 
Fire,   554-     Odeon, 

370,  474,  554;  Ly- 
ceum, 371,  474,  554; 
Trustees  of,  371, 
474;  Management, 
474;  Dean,  474,  370; 
W.  P.  Deppe,  513; 
I  n  c  o  rp  oration, 
369;  Endowed,  369, 

371,  470,  474;  Num- 
ber of  Pupils,  371; 
Reuben  Springer, 
368  (p.),  369,  470; 
Geo.  Ward  Nich- 
ols, 472;  J.  Q. 
Schmidlapp,  371, 
474;  Theodore 
Thomas,  470,  472; 
Frank  Vander 
Stucken,  469  (p.), 
473,  476;  Peter  Ru- 
dolph Neff,  472; 
J  u  1  i  us  Fleisch- 
mann,  156  (p.), 
473;  Wm.  Howard 
NefC  (died  Sept. 
17,  1902),  474;  W. 
S.  Sterling,  474, 
370     (p.):      A.      J. 

Gantvoort,    474. 

College  Building, 
Fire,   260,   563    (p.). 

Comegys,  Dr.  C. 
G.,  50,  219  (p.),  506. 

Comegys  Scholar- 
ship, 198. 

Commercial  Club, 
249. 

Compulsory  Educa- 
tion, 607. 

C  o  n  s  e  rvatory  of 
Music,  Cincin- 
nati, Organized, 
371;  Picture,  372; 
Removal,   373. 

Contents,  Table  of, 
V. 

Conner,   Judge,   445. 

Conner,  Dr.  P.  S., 
228,   553    (p.),   506. 

Cook,  Dr.  Louis  P., 
604,   605  (p.). 

Cooking,  153. 


Cooper,  James,     49, 
.    169  (p.). 

Cooper  Female  In- 
stitute, 541. 
Copy  Books,  171. 
Corbin,    Joseph    C, 

460. 
Cormany,    Jacob 

E.,    5    (p.),    53,    56, 

57,  427. 
Cornish,    Dr.   Louis 

A.,  505  (p.). 
Cost    of    Buildings, 

323. 
Course  of  Study,  7, 
-    10,  24,   60S. 
Covert,  John,  504. 
Cox,   J.   D.,   237,   356. 
Cox,    Benj.    H.,    5S, 

547   (p.). 
Coy,   E.    W..   80,   125 

(p.),  132,  431,  607. 
Coys'     Latin     I^es- 

sons,  134. 
Craig,     Dr.     J.     D., 

387 
Cross,  Dr.  F.  G.,  56 
Culbertson,    Dr.    J. 

C,  55,  56. 
CuUen,    Dr.    C.    W., 

56. 
Cummings,     J.     P., 

431. 
Cunningham,    Mrs., 

500. 
Curtis,   C.   D.,  378. 
Cutter  Street,  150. 
Cuvier  Club,   351. 


Dabney,  W.   P.,  503 

(p.). 
Dale,    John  W.,   50, 

152. 
Danziger,       Henry, 

101,  285  (p.). 
Darby,  Thomas  H., 

346,  473  (p.). 
Dauner,  L.  J.,  57. 
Davis,     Dr.     Clark 

W.,  50. 
Davenport,    Cyrus, 

84. 
Davis,    Dr.    W.    B., 

50,   160. 
Davis,  Wm.  Henry, 

413  (p.). 
Davis,  S.  S..  53,  237. 
Dawson,       Dr.      W. 

W.,  237,  506. 
Day,    Rev.    George 

Edward,  316. 
Day,     Timothy    C, 

464. 
Deaf,     School     for, 

25,  113,  115. 
Deans,  Miami  Med- 
ical   College,   338. 
Dearness,  Fred  W., 

92  (p.),  419. 
Dearness,    William, 

406. 


De  Beck,  52,  555,  558 
Decoration  Day,  560 
Deckeback,    George 

O.     54. 
DeCamp,        Walter 

A.,   235. 
Dehner,     John     P., 

54,  410  (p.). 
De  Hart,  A.   J.,  452 

(p.). 
Dennison      Univer- 
sity, 548. 
Demcker    S  y  s  tem 

(drawing),  176. 
Deppe,    W.    P.,    474, 

513  (p.). 
Design     on     Cover, 

606. 
De    Vore,    Miss    R. 

J.,   504. 
Dewey,    A  dmiral 
(married  sister  of 
John  R.  McLean), 
502. 
De   Witt,    John   D., 

339,    552    (p.). 
De  W  i  1 1,      Rev. 

John,  316. 
Dickore,      William, 

606. 

Dickson,    Wm.    L., 

(Atty.),      460,      544 

(p.). 

Dienst,  Edward,  544 

Dill,     Thomas     M., 

570. 
Disque,     H.    J.,    561 

(p.). 
Dodds'  High  School 

540. 
Doerner,    Celia,   570. 
Domestic      Science, 

153. 
Dornette  and  Shep- 

pard,  328. 
Douglass,    Howard, 

52. 
Dowling,      Francis, 

237. 
Drake,    Dr.   Daniel, 

258,   259. 
Drawing,    174. 
Du  Brul,  Ernst  F., 

891. 
Dubbs,   Eugene  L., 

570. 
Dungan,   Sarah  D., 

358. 
Dury,  Chas.  (lead- 
ing scientist),  350, 
352 
Dyer,  F.  B.  (resign- 
ed July,  1902,  to 
become  Dean  of 
the  State  Normal 
School  at  Oxford, 
C),  57. 

,  E. 

Early  Schools,  2,  32, 

531. 
Early      Chronicles, 

525. 


Earnshaw,  Jno.  B., 
319. 

Eclectic  M  e  d  i  cal 
Institute,  379,  550. 
380  (p.);  Founded, 
First  Faculty, 
Char  tered,  379; 
Co-E  d  ucational, 
380. 

Eclectic  M  e  d  i  cal 
Gleaner,   382. 

Eckel,   Herman,   51. 

Eclectic  D  r  a  wing 
System,   178. 

Eden  Park,  181. 

Educational  Trusts 
233. 

Ehrgott,  Oscar  J., 
477,   478   (p.). 

Eichberg,  Dr.  Ju- 
lius H.,  408  (p.), 
409,    606. 

Eighth  District,  306 
(p.). 

Eight  e  e  n  t  h  Dis- 
trict, 427  (p.). 

Eisele's  School,  541. 

Elliott,  George  K., 
597. 

Elliott,  Dr.  Charles 
494. 

ElHs,  Wade  H., 
112b   (p.). 

Ellis,  Frank  R.,  559 

Ely,  E.  Antoinette, 
432. 

Ely,  Rev.  J.  H., 
374   (p.),   378. 

Emerson,  Ralph 
Waldo,  80. 

Emerson,  Dudley, 
378. 

Emig,  George,  54. 

Emigrant  School, 
290. 

Enquirer,   495.  496. 

Endowments,  Uni- 
versity, 198,  200; 
Art  Academy,  180, 
181,  182,  184;  Col- 
lege of  Music, 
470,  474;  Technical 
School,  249;  Y.  M. 
C.  A.,  345;  Wood- 
ward ,  151;  Com- 
mon Schools,  461, 
462,  464,  534;  King, 
261;  Public  Li- 
brary, 369;  Me- 
chanics' Institute 
.389;  Natural  His- 
tory Society,  348. 

Endowment  Fund 
Association,    197. 

English  and  Classi- 
cal School,  385. 

Evans,  C.  H.,  418. 

Examiners,  Board 
of,  101;  Pay,  107. 

Examinations,  An- 
nual,  27,  31. 

E  X  a  m  i  n  a  t  ions, 
City,  106. 


Examinat  ions, 
Hamilton  County, 
596. 

Exhibits  at  Expo- 
sitions, 74.  76,  82, 
173,  176,  177,  178, 
179,  380. 


Faculty,    Y.    M.    C. 

A.  Law,   346. 
Fahrenbruck,    Wm. 

56. 
Fall    Festivals,    468, 

509. 
Falls,    Dr.    W.    H., 

53,  12a  (p.). 
Farmers'       College, 

374. 
Fay,   C.   S.,   596,  578. 
Fechheimer,    L.    S., 

115;    Marcus,    196; 

H.   S.,   474. 
Felter,  Dr.  Harvey 

W..  379. 
Female       Boarding 

School,  541. 
Fenwick       Edward 

D.,  442. 
Fennel,        A.,       408; 

Charles  T.   P.,  407 

(p.),   409. 
Feeney,  T.  L.,  249. 
Ferry,    Francis,    52, 

2.37,   607   (p.). 
Ferris,  Howard,  342 

(p.). 
Fesenbeck,    Carrie, 

113. 
Fick,  H.  H.,  57,  176, 

177,  526  (p.),  572. 
Field   Day,    288,-  600. 
Filson,  John,  4. 
Fire  Engines,   9. 
First      District 

School,    439    (p.). 
First  Graduate 

U  n  i  V  e  rsity,    241 

(p.). 
Fisher,    Col.    S.    S., 

51,   59,   67. 
Fisher,  Wm.    Hub- 
bell,  350,  352b  (p.), 

353 
Fisher,  William  G., 

391. 
Fitzpatrick,    Dr.   T. 

v.,  506. 
Flag,    Cincinnati, 

606. 
Fleischmann,  Chas. 

412. 
Fleischmann,       Ju- 
lius,   156    (p.),    235, 

436,  464,  474. 
Flinn,  W.  S.,  114. 
Flowers     M  o  n  t  a- 

ville,   357  (p.) 
Floral  Parades,  465, 

466. 
Floral    Car  r,iages 

272b    (p(,    466    (p.), 

509    (p.). 


Fogel,  Dr.  Louis  J., 

34  (p.),  55. 
Foote,   John  P.,   42, 

47,  391. 
Ford's    History    of 

Cincinnati,  402. 
Fort  Thomas,  502. 
Forbriger,    Arthur, 

176. 
Foraker,   Joseph 

B.,      ex-Gov.       of 

Ohio;    at    present 

United     States 

Senator,  83   (p.). 
Founders'  Day,  152. 
Fosdick,   Philip  D., 

392. 
Fossett,    Peter    F., 

460. 
Foster,   E.   H.,     596. 
Fotheringay  Castle 

129. 
Franklin        School, 

566,  567  (p.). 
Freeman,        Lewis, 

367. 
Frey,   Theodore  A., 

55,  56,  12b  (p.). 
Frey,  John,  53. 
Frieberg,         Julius, 

333 
Frei'dlein,  55,  56. 
Fuchs,   Julius,   572. 
Fuel,    38. 
Fullerton,   Kemper, 

316. 


Gaines,  John  I.,  447 
448   (p.);   b.   547,   d 

457,  buried  457, 
business  458,  mon 
ument  458,  resi 
dence  458,  son  458, 
d  a  u  g  h  t  e  r,  458, 
speaker  458;  exer 
cised  limited 
f  r  a  n  chise,  457 
clerk.  Colored  B. 
of  E.,   457. 

Gaines       High 
School,         started 

458,  teachers,  459, 
ab  o  1  i  s  h  e  d  459, 
Principals   of,   460; 

G. 
Gallup,  David,  151. 
Gallery       of      Fine 

Arts,  184. 
Galbreath,    R.     H., 

474. 
Gamble,    Elizabeth, 

Deaconess  Home, 

496. 
Gamble,   James  N., 

235  (resigned,  Oct. 

21,  1902),  497. 
Gault,    W.     P..     499 

(p.). 
Gantvoort,     A.     J., 

474; 
Garrard,  Jeptha  D., 

40.  46. 


Garrard,    Col.    Jep- 

tha,  40. 
Garrison,  Herod  D. 

381 
GarAeld  School,  360 

(p.). 
Geier,   Fred  A.,   391 

(misspelled). 
General    Sketch    of 

Schools,   3. 
Gensley,  W.  H.,  396. 
Geppert,   Dr.  J.  P., 

398. 
German   Language, 
13,  31;  in  Normal, 
304;   Teachers  Re- 
lief     Association, 
309;       in      High 
Schools.       301; 
Teachers,       Asso- 
ciation,    308,     593; 
Introduced,        289. 
291,   292. 
Gest,  J.  H.,  180,  606. 
Gilpin,   Thomas,  391 
Giauque,     F  1  orien, 

571   (p.),   572. 
Gilmore,   Hiram  S., 

453. 
Girard,         Stephen, 

216 
"Gleam,"   The,    606, 

112 
Glendale       College, 

504 
Glendale         School, 
^64b   (p.). 
Golden       Rule       of 

Confusius.  363. 
Golden    Circle,    Or- 
der of,   381. 
Good,    W.    Rankin, 

585   (p.). 
Goodwin,  Frank  P. 

435,   436. 
Gooch's    Female 

Seminary,   543, 
Gordon,    R  o  b  e  r,t 

460. 
Gordon,    Harry   L., 

467  (p.).  468. 
Goshorn,   Sir  A.  T., 
161,  184  (only  man 
in    United    States 
ever   Knighted). 
Goss,    Lenn   W.,   52. 

59. 
Graduates    of   Nor- 
mal,   361. 
Graduates  of  Y.  M. 
C.     A.,     Law,    339, 
341. 
Grades,     18,     19; 
Graded   Schools.lO 
Graeser,   Louis,  283, 

289. 
Graham,     Geo.,     40. 

46,  348. 
Graninger,    Charles 

A.,   534. 
Grautm  a  n,      Wm., 

54,  57,  555. 
Great  Itan,   468. 
Grebner,  C,  574. 


Greve,  T.  L.  A.,  408. 
Greenwood,     Miles. 

389,    391. 
Grimm,  John,  55,  56 
Griffiths,  54,  555. 
Grosbeck,     W.     S., 

237. 
Grossman,       Louis, 

333,   396   (p.). 
Guilford,      Nathan, 

6,  12,  38,  40.   41,  59; 

Superintendent  of 

Schools,   60,  61,  62, 

6:3,  482  (p.). 
Gusweiler,       Frank 

R.,  501  (p.). 
Gymnasiums   (High 

Schools),   285,  288. 

H. 

Haacke,  Henry,  237 

Haarmeyer,  Harry 
J.  (Newspaper- 
man),  275   (p.). 

Hadden,    L.    M.,   .54. 

Halstead,  Mu  rat, 
311  (p.).  378. 

Hamilton  County 
Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation, 596;  Ex- 
aminers', 596. 

Hamline,  Rev.  L. 
L.,   494. 

Hamilton,  John  R., 
319. 

Hancock,  Prof. 
Harris,   230a   (p.). 

Hancock,  John,  22, 
52,  65,  67,  404,  484, 
(p.). 

Handy  Opera 
House  36.5. 

Hannaford,  Samuel 
317,    318    (p.),    476. 

Hannaford,  H.  E., 
391. 

Hanna,  Henry,  192, 
217  (p.). 

Harding,  Lyman, 
21,  50,  51,  65,  66  (p.). 

Harding,  Edward 
C,  65. 

Harding  Female 
Seminary,  540. 

Harper,  J.  G.  (At- 
torney), 55,  118 
(p.),    250,    554. 

Harper,  Geo.  W„ 
144,  145  (p.),  157, 
186,  431,   436,  506. 

Harlan,  Robert,  460 

Harvey,  Thomas 
W.  (the  Gram- 
marian),  553. 

Harris,  Dr.  W.  T., 
586. 

Harrison,  Benja- 
min, 378. 

Harrison's  Tomb, 
269. 

Harrison,  William 
Henry,  242. 


Harte,    George     P... 

392. 
Hartzell,      W.      F., 

54,  56,  596  (p.). 
Hauck,  H.  G.,  17 
(p.),  56  (resigned 
Aug.  11,  1902,  suc- 
ceeded by  John 
G.  Schroth). 
Hauer,  John  S.,  436, 

593    (p.). 
Hauser,   John,   178. 
Hayes,        Lucy 

Webb,   500. 
Hays,    George    W.. 

507  (p.). 
Haywood,    Mrs. 
Francis        Rolph, 
355    (p.). 
Haywood's    School 
of    Elocution,    354. 
Hebrew  Union  Col- 
lege, 329,  331   (p.) 
Hefner,        Edward, 

409,   445   (p.). 
Heizer,      John      A., 
322,     436,     509,      ,592 
(p.). 
Heintz,    M.     G.,     14 

(p.),   56. 
Hentz,  Mrs.  543. 
Herholz,      A.,      286, 

590    (p.). 
Herald  and  Presby- 
ter, 504. 
Herrmann,  August, 
54,   94   (p.),    (Presi- 
dent  Waterworks 
Trustees). 
Herron,    John    W., 

50. 
Herron,   Joseph,  50. 
Herron' s  Seminary, 

539. 
Herrlinger,  Andrew 

L.,   54. 
Heywood,   John   C, 

79  (p.). 
Hickenlooper,  An- 
drew, 141,  161,  464, 
551  (Pre  s  i  d  e  n  t 
Cincinnati  Gas  & 
Electric  C  o  m  - 
pany). 
High  School,  Wal- 
nut Hills,  107; 
Hughes,  122; 
Woodw  a  r  d,  135; 
Central,  126,  130; 
Cincinnati,  The, 
453;  Papers,  606; 
Gaines,  453;  Es- 
tablished, 126,  128; 
Attendance,  130, 
135. 
Highlands,     J.      S., 

418,   419. 
Hill,  Benj.  L.,  381. 
Hiller,   Carl,   606. 
Hinkle,       Anthony, 

556. 
Hinkle,  A.  Howard, 
237,    412,    476,    559. 


Hinkle,  Thornton 
M.,  251,  260  (p.), 
445. 

History  of  the 
Schools  of  Cincin- 
nati, 47,  402,  405, 
531. 

H  i  st  o  r  i  c  a  1  and 
Philosophical  So- 
ciety,  198,  201. 

Hoadly,  George, 
237    445 

Hodges,' W.  D.  C, 
366   (p.),   367. 

Hoffman,  Fred'k. 
L.,  480  (p.). 

Hoffman  S  c  h  o  ol, 
322    (p.). 

Hoffman  School 
Carriage,   509   (p.). 

Hoffheimer,  Harry 
M.,  529  (p.). 

Hagens,  Judge,  445. 

Hollister,  George, 
237. 

Holmes,  Mrs.  C.  R. 
477 

Holmes,  Dr.  C.  R., 
115. 

Holidays,   560. 

Holder,  Fred  M,, 
57. 

Hooper,  William, 
45,   237. 

Hoppe.  Dr.  H.  H., 
480. 

Hopkins,  W.  A.,  54, 
524  (p.),  .554. 

Horace  Mann 
School,   329. 

Horton,  John,  50. 

Horstman,  Theo- 
dore, 53. 

Hosea,  L.  M.,  490 
(p.). 

House  of  Refuge, 
419,  421  (p.);  Offi- 
ces, 425,  598. 

Howard,  Geo.  A., 
559. 

Howard  Univer- 
sity, 455. 

Hoyt,  John  W.,  381. 

Hubbell,  John  M., 
391 

"Hughes,  Old,"  606. 

Hughes,  Thomas, 
T22. 

Hughes,  Will,  122. 

Hughes'  Monument 
122,   561. 

Hughes,  Building 
Added  to.  129. 

Hughes,  Alumni, 
122. 

Hughes  Fund,  124, 
126. 

Hughes,  Pictures 
(Old),  127;  new, 
557. 

Hull,  Carrie  C,  153. 

Hunt,  Charles  J., 
Corporation  Counsel, 
47   (p.). 


Hunt,     Col.     C.     B., 

502. 
Hunt,  Judge    Sam- 
uel    F.,      237,      256 

(p.). 
Hurlbut,  W.   F.,  52, 

555. 
Hyde  Park  School, 

328. 
Hygeia  Medical 

College,  550. 
Hyndman,  Dr.  Jas. 

G.,  226  (p.). 


In  gal  Is,  M.  E., 
President  Big 
Four  R.R.,  182, 
183  (p.),  238,  247. 

Indigent  Book 
Fund.  279. 

Institutions  now 
closed,   539. 

Institute,  McDon- 
ald Educational, 
551. 

Institute,  Western 
Female,  543. 

Institute,  Ohio  Me- 
chanics, 50. 

Institute,  Systems 
of,  92,  104. 

Institute  of  Science 
and  Languages, 
540. 

Institute,  Physio 
Medical,   550. 

Institute,  Western 
Academic,   402. 

Institute,  Hamilton 
County  (yearly), 
596. 

Institute,  C  i  n  cin- 
nati  Teachers' 
(formerly  held 
first  four  days  in 
school  year,  now 
held  at  inter- 
vals). 

Intiermediate 
Schools  Started, 
16. 

Intersch  olastic 
Athletic  Associa- 
tion, 598. 

Intro  duction  of 
German,  289,  291, 
292. 

Island      Queen,     267 

I-Tan-Nic-Nics,  251 
468. 


J. 

Jackson,     Geo.    H., 

540  (p.),  460. 
James,    Francis    B. 
(Atty.),  131  (p.),  284, 

285,  392. 
Jeancon,   J.   A.,   382. 

J. 
Johnson,   Harry  S., 

58  (p.). 


Johnson,  A.  B.  Ex- 
State     Examiner, 

63  (p.).,  419. 
Johnson,        Francis 

W.,  456a   (p.). 
Jones,      Frank     J., 

193  (p.),  196. 
Jones,    Rankin    D., 

(Atty.),     211     (p.). 

464. 
Jones,     Jennie     H., 

437. 
Jones,     Arthur    O., 

425. 
Jordan,     Clara    B., 

436,  462,  574. 
Journal,        Natural 

Historical    Socie-, 

ty,  348. 
Judkins,  Dr.  David, 

50. 
Junkermann,  G.  F., 

166,  167  (p.). 
Junkerman,   Dr.   G. 

S.,     392,    393      (p.). 

395. 

K. 

Kaefer,      Wm,      520 

(p.). 

K  a  ff  e  e,  Klatsch, 
595. 

Keck,  Lee  R.,  54. 

Keefe,  E.  M.,  606. 

Keller,  L.  E.,  55,  56. 

Kellogg,  C.   H.,  244. 

Kemper,  Caleb,  187 
(p.) 

Kemper,  And  r  e  w 
C,    16L 

Kemper,  Rev.  Jas., 
314. 

Kemper,  James  B., 
162   (p.). 

Kemper,  Elnathan, 
314      . 

Kidd,  John,  254,  534. 

Kilgour,  John,  198, 
254,  209,  $21,000, 
should  be  $11,000). 

King,  John.  381. 

King  Bequest,  261. 

King,  Edward,    260. 

King,  Rufus,  49,  236 
(p.),    411,   445. 

King's  Church,  447. 

Kinnont,  Alexan- 
der,  489. 

Kinmont  Academy, 
543 

Kinder  g  a  r  t  e  n  s, 
English,  586;  law, 
587;  Directory  of, 
589,  .591;  Officers, 
589;  German,  590; 
Officers,  591 ;  In- 
corporators, 590. 

Klein,   Henry,   57. 

Klein,  Wm.  (Atty.), 
56,  324  (p.),  (K.  of 
P.  .uniform). 

Klemm,  Dr.  L.  R., 
249. 


Knell,  Andrew,  359. 
Knowlton,      Cyrus, 

132,    302,    404. 
Knost,  Herman 

(Ins.      Agt.),       54, 

290    (p.). 
Knox,   Janet,   440. 
Know     Nothings, 

300. 
Kolb,  Dr.  G.  C,  550. 
Kuhn,     Oscar     W., 

55,     232     (p.),      235, 


Labor   Day,    560. 

Langdon,  Ellam  P., 
42,   410. 

Langdon,  Dr. 
Frank  W.,  353 
(p.),   347. 

Lathrop,  Carrie 
W.,   356,   359,   440. 

Lathrop,  Delia  A., 
22,    358. 

Lane  Seminary,  196, 
312,   313   (p.),   449. 

Lancaster,  Joseph, 
253,   263. 

Lancaster  Insti- 
tute,   528. 

Lancaster-  Semi 
nary,   252. 

Lancaster  System, 
263. 

Lawson,  Dr.  D.  S., 
506. 

La   Fayette,    46. 

Laidlow,  Walter, 
391. 

Lane,  Ebenezer, 
313. 

Langston,  Jno.  M., 
455. 

Laura  Memorial 
Women's  Medical 
College,  382;  loca- 
tion, 384  (p.);  en- 
dowed,  383,   384. 

Law  for  German, 
289 ;  Department 
University,  261; 
Building,  262,  264 
(p.);  for  Physical 
Culture,  287;  for 
Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  227;  for 
Kinde  r  g  a  rtens, 
587. 

Law  School,  Cin- 
cinnati, 251,  260, 
264    (p.),    460. 

Laycock,  John  H., 
12b    (p.). 

Leslie,  Dr.  James, 
391. 

Leue,   Adolph,   409. 

Leuthstrom,  Wm., 
555. 

Ijevi,    Reuben,    554. 

Levy,  Harry  M., 
462,  474. 


Lewis  ,  Samuel  J., 
505   (p.). 

Lewis,  Dr.  W.  E., 
508. 

Lewis,  Samuel,  6, 
132. 

Lieutenant  Gover- 
nor of  Ohio,  11, 
467,   468. 

Lincoln  School,  328 
(p.). 

Lindahl,  Josua,  483 
(p.),   574. 

Littleford's  School, 
401. 

Lloyd,  John  Uri, 
382,  575. 

Lloyd  Library,  608. 

Lock,  John,  387. 

Locke's  Female 
Academy,    541. 

Logan,  Samuel  T., 
438   (p.),   440. 

L'Hommedieu,  S. 
S.,    42,    532. 

Long,  C.  C,  30  (p.), 
436,  440,  575. 

Longworth,  Jos., 
180,  194. 

Longworth,  Nicho- 
las, 56,  474,  112a 
(P). 

Losantiville,  4. 

Lowe,   J.  S.,  378. 

Liberia,   222,   448. 

Librarians,  Public, 
367. 

Libraries,  Public, 
S3,  365;  School,  33, 
489,  409;  Appren- 
tices, 410;  Clarke, 
197;  Carson,  197; 
Norton,  197. 

Lilienthal,  S.,  194. 

Lilienthal,  Max,  51, 
238,   332. 

Lucas,  Gov.,  481. 

Liihn,  J.  William, 
207   (p.),   208,   235. 

Lyceum,  371. 

Lyle,  B.  F.,  56,  57. 

Lyons,  E.  D.,  133. 

M. 

Maddux,      Berton      T., 

577. 
Magurk,    Mary    E., 

440. 
"Maine,"   The,   502. 
Mallon,     Guy,        26 

(p.). 
Mallon,         Patrick, 

238. 
Malsbary,     Charles 

F.,  424  (p.),  577. 
Mann,      Jennie 

O'Keefe,  364  (p.). 
Mannheimer,      Jen- 
nie, 471  (p.).  480. 
Mansfield,      E.     D.. 

44,   263. 
Manual      Training, 

G08. 


Marvin,  Dr.  S.  B., 
56,  515  (p.). 

Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  129. 

Marcus,  Dr.  .Joseph 
C,   56.   12a   (p.). 

Martineau,  Har- 
riet, 530. 

Martin,  O.  W.,  .392 
(prepared  the 
sketches of  teach- 
ers' associations 
from  which  the 
abstracts  for  this 
book  are  taken). 

Martin,  Isaac  M., 
402  (p.).  Manager 
of  Chester  Park. 

Marks,  Louis  D., 
464. 

March,    P.    G.,   391. 

Markbreit,  Col.  L., 
474,    475    (p.). 

Massey,  Stephen 
L.,   457. 

Mathesis,  436;  ob- 
jects, 437;  Offi- 
cers, 438;  Discus- 
sions, 440;  Presi- 
dents,   440. 

Matthews,  Alex, 
55     56 

Matthews,  Tho. 
E.,    54. 

Matthews,  Thos., 
42,    136,    138,    152. 

Matthews,  Charles 
E.,    140. 

Matthews,  Stanley, 
163,    445,    506. 

Matthews,  C.  B., 
474. 

Matthews,  Alexan- 
der, 55,  56,  423 
(p.). 

Mattoon,  Charles 
N.,    378. 

May   Festivals,   470. 

Mayor  of  Cincin- 
nati,  156. 

McAlpin,  Wm.,   238. 

McClung,  D.  W., 
425. 

McClure,  H.  B., 
151   (p.),   574,  577. 

McCammon,  John, 
317. 

McCallister,  Wm., 
41    (p.),   55. 

McCarthy,  Jno.  F., 
54. 

McCormick,  E.  O,, 
110. 

McDonald.  Alexan- 
der, 340.  343  (p.), 
383,    552. 

McDonald,  Educa- 
tional, Institute 
551. 

McFarlan,  Frank 
G.,  240,  241  (p.). 
(first  graduate  of 
the  LTuniversity 
of    Cincinnati). 


8 


MoGowan,,  Mary 
440. 

McGiffert,  Arthur 
C.    316. 

McGuffey,  Alex., 
238 

McGuffey,  Wm.  H., 
259,    140,    493. 

McGuffey  Readers, 
24,   446. 

McKenzie,  J.  H., 
378. 

McKee's  Academy, 
541. 

McKinley,         Wm., 
465      (error.       Th 
President  was 

shot  Friday,  Seo- 
tember  6),  500,  585. 

Mcljaughlin,  James 
W.,    320    (p.),    329. 

McT^ean,  John  R., 
464. 

McLean,  Thomas 
(Squire),   50. 

McLean,  Sarah 
Belle,  451. 

Mcliean,  Dr.  W. 
T.,  392,   393,  395. 

McLeish,  Dr.  John 
Lewin,  197  (p.). 
584. 

McMicken,  Charles, 
Life,  210  to  224; 
Born,  210;  school- 
ing, 210;  Leaving 
Home,  211;  In 
Cincinnati,  211; 
In  New  Orleans, 
211;  In  Bayou  Sa- 
ra, 212;  Business, 
212;  Homestead, 
212  to  215;  Picture, 
213,  232;  Will,  214; 
Legal  Contest, 
216;  Relatives,  216; 
Death,  218;  Bur- 
ial, 220;  Monu- 
ment, 220;  Reli- 
gion, 220;  Habits, 
222;  Ohio  in  Li- 
beria, 2.22;  Gift  to 
Farmer's  College, 
223;  Oil  Portrait 
of,  232;  Romance, 
223;  Personal  De- 
scription, 223;  Dis- 
inherited, 224. 

McMicken,  John, 
448. 

McMicken  School 
of  Design,   233. 

Meade,  Dr;  Edwin, 
506. 

Meader,  Joseph  F., 
403   (p.). 

Meader,  Daniel  F., 
44. 

Meagher,  John  A., 
606. 

Medals  Mathemat- 
ical, Ray  Sinton, 
General  Scholar- 
ship,    461;       Taft, 


461;  "Unknown," 
462;  Jordan,  462; 
A  1  u  m  n  al  ,  462; 
James  F.  B..  462; 
E.  Cort.  Will- 
iams, 462;  Ger- 
man,  462. 

Medical  College  of 
Ohio,   224,  225  (p.). 

Medical  University 
of  Ohio,  550. 

Melindys,    The,   122. 

Melish,  Thomas  J., 
51. 

Meltzer,  Aug.,  55, 
56. 

Memory  Gems,  23, 
70,   83. 

Mielziners,  Moses, 
332,   333. 

Muenzenmeier,  G., 
391. 

Merrill,  Joseph,  60, 
62,  482  (p.). 

Merrill,  Chester 

W.,   52,   367. 

Miami  Dental  Col- 
lege, 397. 

Miami  Medical  Col- 
lege,   334,   337    (p.). 

Michie,  Peter  S., 
159,   461. 

Michigan  State 
Normal,  99. 

Mickleborough,  J., 
70,   359. 

Miller,    Charles   A., 

53.  417  (p.). 
Miller,   Charles  M., 

580. 
Miller,     H.     Thane, 

50,   565    (p.);   Died, 

566. 
Miller,     H.,     Thane 

School,  564  (p.). 
Miller,    Samuel   A., 

52,    443. 
Military    Company, 

67. 
Millikin,    Dr.    Dan, 

430.   440. 
Minor,     Dr.     T.     C, 

238. 
Minor,      John      D., 

445. 
Minning,         Arthur 

C,  573  (p.).  578. 
Mithoefer,     H.     H., 

54,  75    (p.). 
Mitchell,      O.      M., 

208,  210,  258,  540. 

Mitchell  John  G., 
460. 

Mitchell,  J.  L.,  398. 

Mitchell,  Dr.  Giles 
S.,  531  (p.). 

Moch,  M.  E.,  262 
(P-). 

Model  Fram,   376. 

Moerlein,  Chris- 
tian, 197. 

Moffatt,    J.    W.,   56. 

Molitor,  Stephen, 
46. 


Monfort,  J.  G.,  504, 
506. 

Monfort,  E.  R ,  55, 
105  (p.),  (Post- 
master Cincin- 
nati). 

Moore,  David  H., 
498. 

Morris,  George  H., 
57. 

Morris,  Edward  D., 
315. 

Morris,  R.  Froome, 
529    (p.). 

Morrow,  Thomas 
v.,   379,  381. 

Morton,  Oliver, 

263. 

Morgan,  Robert  J., 
53. 

Morgan,  Wm.  H., 
3,  53,  54,  56,  95,  28, 
29,  159,  315  (p.), 
238,  411,  418,  436, 
554. 

Morgan  School,  329, 

Mosby,  John  B., 
238. 

Moses,  Joseph,  359 
(p.). 

Mt.  Adams,  206,  210, 
School,  595  (p.). 

Mt.  Auburn  Young 
Ladies'  Institute, 
564. 

MuUikin,  Kather- 
ine  Clark,   5Cn). 

Municipal  Code, 
596  (court  deci- 
sion Nov.,  1902, 
says  26  wards). 

Murdoch  Building 
126. 

Music  Hall,  474; 
Completed,  470; 
Dedicated,  470; 
and  College  of 
Music  Separate 
Corporations,  476; 
cost,  476:  Of  Or- 
gan, 476;  Archi- 
tect of,  476;  Re- 
modeling Hall, 
476;  Cost  of  Or- 
gan, 476;  Fire, 
554;  Organ  Asso- 
ciation, 476. 

Music,   166. 

Mussey,  Dr.  W.  H., 
53. 

Myers,   Prof.  P.  V. 

N.,  221  (p.),  378,  430, 
578. 

N. 

National  Universi- 
ty, 381. 

National  Educa- 
tional Associa- 
tion, 93,  177,  269, 
518,    598. 

National  Educa- 
tional Bureau,  94. 


Natural  History 
Society,  347,  34J 
(p.),  545. 

National  Counsel 
of    Education,    93. 

Neff,    Williara,    41. 

Neff,  Wm.  How- 
ard, 474  (died 
1902). 

Neff,  Peter  Ru- 
dolph, 472. 

Nelson,  Henry  A., 
316. 

Nelson's  Business 
College,   67,  397. 

Nelson,  Richard, 
397,    398. 

Nelson,  Richard  J., 
398    (p.). 

Nelson,   Ella.   398. 

Neurological  So- 
ciety, 480. 

New  Orleans  Ex- 
position,  178. 

New  Years  Day, 
560. 

Nichols,  George 

Ward,  472. 

Niederhelman,,  F. 
E.  (Atty.),  287 
(p.). 

Night  High  School, 
233,    278. 

Night  Schools,  24, 
269,    276. 

Night  Law  School, 
Y.    M.    C.    A..    339. 

Nightengale,  Flor- 
ence,  494. 

Nippert,  Carl  L., 
11  (p.),  57,  309.  467, 
468. 

Noble,  Thomas  S., 
233. 

Norton  L.ibrar3% 
197. 

North  American 
Saengerfest,   468. 

Normal  Graduates 
Favored,    361. 

Normal  School 
C  o  mmission 
(State),   583. 

Normal  School,  21; 
Started,  356;  Abol- 
ished,   361. 

Nourse,    Miss,    544. 


O. 

Oberlin,  449.  451,  453. 

O'Brien,    John,    115. 

O  '  Bryonville 
School,  329. 

Observatory,  206, 
209  (p.);  Corner- 
sone  Laid,  208; 
Cost,  208;  Direc- 
tors, 210;  Endow- 
ments, 207;  loca- 
tion, Mt.  Adams, 
206;  Mt.  Lookout, 
207;  Organized, 
208;  Telescope 


Old,  New,  288  (In 
1902  it  was  deci- 
ded to  remove 
the  old  telescope 
to  Burnet  Woods. 

Ochiltree,  R.  M., 
340    (p.). 

O'Connell,  John  G  , 
56. 

Odd  Fellows  Tem- 
ple,   398,    429. 

Odeon,   371,   554. 

O'Donnell,  C.  J.. 
419. 

Officers  Natural 
History  Society, 
ty,   349. 

O'Hara,  Joseph  W. 
(Atty.).  23  (p.), 
.55. 

Ohio  Military  Insti- 
tute, 373,  377  (p.), 
376  (p.).  378,  578, 
579;  Cary  Free- 
man   G.,    373,    378; 

Cary,  Samuel  F., 
Name,  378;  Do- 
main, 375;  Endow- 
ed, 223,  375;  Far- 
mer's College. 
374;  Head  Master, 
375  (p.) ;  Regent, 
374  (p.),  378:  Start- 
ed, 373;  Students, 
374;  Prominent 
378. 

Ohio  Mechanics 

Institute,  50,  387, 
388  (p.),  391,  425; 
Ball,  389;  Corner- 
stone, 389;  Fire 
Tower,  391 ;  In- 
corporated, 387; 
Library,  391;  Lo- 
cations, 388;  Pur- 
pose, 389;  Rebuilt, 
389;  Studies,  389; 
Students,  389;  Su- 
perintendents, 390, 
391. 


Note.— It  was  A. 
B.  Champion  who 
died  in  London.  He 
was  a  brother  of 
R.  E.  Champion. 
This  mistake  was 
made  by  the  editor, 
not  by  Mr.  Shea,r- 
er.  "The  last  line 
should  read  Fred 
A.    Geier. 

Ohio       College       of 
Dental      Surgery. 
228,  230  (p.);   Affil- 
iated    with     Uni 
versify,    230. 

Ohio  Conservatory 
of  Music,  534,  535 
(p.). 

Ohio  College  of  Ob- 
stetrics, 550. 

10 


Ohio  National 
Guards,  502. 

Ohio  in  Africa,  448. 

Ohio  Female  Col- 
lege.  504. 

Ohio  Medical  Col- 
lege. 225. 

Ohio  University 
(Athens),  292,  .392, 
406. 

Ohio  Teachers' 
Reading  Circle, 
3.58,    553. 

Ohio  State  Teach- 
ers' Association, 
553. 

Ohio  Teachers'  As- 
sociation,  93,   269. 

Ohio  Valley  Cen- 
tennial Exposi- 
tion   (1888),    179. 

"Old  Woodward," 
138;  Memorial,  152; 
Club,   142. 

Oliver,  Dr.  J.  C, 
335  (p.). 

O'Neil,  W.  J.  (Ins. 
Agt.),    52,   59,   98. 

Opening  Day  of 
Schools,    554. 

Opposition  to  Pub- 
lic Schools,  7. 

Opposition  to  Ger- 
man,   293. 

"Oracle"   The,   606. 

Orchard  Street,  149. 

Orchestra  Symph- 
ony, 469,   476. 

Order  of  Cincin- 
natus,    247,    251. 

Orthoepy,   75. 

Osborn,  Virginia 
A.,   115. 

Ottenheimer,  Ja- 
cob,  554. 

"Our  Companion," 
423. 

Outings,   266,   430. 

Outcalt,    Peter,    506. 

Oyler,  George  W., 
61    (p.),    419. 


Parker,    Col.   Fran- 
cis W.,   430. 
Parker,    Joseph    J., 

55,   56,   569   (p.). 
Parry,      Emma 
Louise,  579. 
Parham,      W.      H.. 

454   (p.),  457. 
Parochial     Schools, 

444,    468. 
Paris     Pedagogical 

Museum,  178. 
Peaslee's  Farewell, 

83. 
Peaslee,     John     B., 

23,    43    (p.),    52,    60, 

68    to    84,    239,    275. 

305,    418,    435,    460. 
Peaslee.    Mrs.    Jno. 

B.,    74. 


Peck,   H.   D.,    239. 

Pedagogioal  Muse- 
um,   Paris,   512. 

Peebles,  Mrs.  Ed- 
win C,  65. 

Pekin,   500. 

Penmanship,   171. 

Pensions,  559;  Law, 
28,   430. 

Pendleton,  Elliott 
H.,    235. 

Perkins,  Joseph  H., 
455. 

Peter's  Gallery, 

185. 

Pflueger,  Theo- 

dore,  149   (p.). 

Pharmacy,  College 
of,   408. 

Phelps,   A.   v.,   393. 

Phillips,  Richard 
C,  498  (p.). 

Philipson,  David, 
329,    333    (p.). 

Physio  -  Eclectic 
Medical  College, 
550. 

Physio  Medical  In- 
stitute, 550. 

Physio  Medical 

College,    549. 

Physical  Culture, 
282. 

Pickets'  School, 

542. 

Picket,  Albert,  489, 
44. 

Picket,  John  W., 
403. 

P  i  k  e's  Opera 
House,   279. 

Pinchback,  P.  B. 
S.,  455. 

Pinneo,  Timothy 
S.  (the  grammar- 
ian),  152. 

Pitm.an,  Benn,  352a 
(P.). 

Population,   12. 

Poole,   W.   F.,  367. 

Poor,  Erastus,  41. 

Poor,  N.  Peabody, 
367. 

Porter,  Jermain 

a.,   210,  579. 

Porter,    C.    H.,   436. 

Potter,  L.  D..  504. 

Potter,  S.  S.,  504. 

Powell,  James,  142, 
147  (p.). 

Powell,  William  B., 
381. 

Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital,  382. 

Preparatory  School 
for    Boys,    539. 

President  MoKin- 
ley,  was  shot 
Friday,  Sept.  6. 
(Error  on  p.    465.) 

Presidents,  Board 
of  Education,  59: 
Natural  Hi.story 
Socif^tv.   350;   Uni- 


versity, 203;  Ohio 
Mechanics  Insti- 
tute, 391;  Wesley- 
an  College,  497; 
Principals'  Ass- 
ciation,  418; 
Mathesis,  440: 

Cincinnati  Teach- 
ers' Association, 
436;  High  School 
Association,   607. 

P  r  i  n  c  ipals,  18; 
Principals'  Asso- 
ciation, 414,  419, 
553,    418. 

Prichard,  Edward 
H.,  159,  279  (p.), 
414,    419. 

Prizes,  464,  461;  Or- 
atorical,  437 ; 
Cash,  287:  Books, 
409;  Tickets.  464; 
Athletics,   600,   601. 

Procession  (of 
1833),  7,  465,  502, 
560. 

Procter,  W.  A.,  239, 
197. 

Protestant  Univer- 
sity of  the  United 
States,  549. 

Professors  Hebrew 
Union  College, 
333. 

Prussian  Educa- 
tion,  484. 

Public  Library,  33, 
365,  489. 

Public  School  Jour- 
nal, 405,  406. 

Pulte  Medical  Col- 
lege,   508,    540. 

Pulte,  Dr.  Joseph, 
508. 

Pupils  Promotion, 
Honor,    27; 

Pupils  Studying 
German,   306. 

Purcell,  J.  B..  442, 
440. 


Quill   Pens,   171. 

* 

R. 

"Ragtime,"  465. 
Raine,  Fred,  53. 
Rainey,        Thomas, 

404. 
Ralph,      Dr.      John, 

356. 
Ramsey,    Wm.    M., 

445. 
Raschig,  H.  H.,  267, 

418,    559. 
Ravogli,      Dr.      A., 

475  (p.),  580. 
Ray,     Dr.     Joseph, 

15,    45,    46,    136,    142, 

297,    435    (p.),    405. 
Ray,  Daniel  G.,  461. 


Rays  Arithmetics, 
24. 

Ray,  Dr.  Victor, 
144. 

Rcamy,  Dr.  Thad. 
A.,   235,   506. 

Reed,  Dr.  C.  A.  L., 
234  (p.),  506. 

Reformed  Medical 
School  of  Cincin- 
nati, of  Ohio,  of 
New  York.  379. 

Refuge,  ?Iouse  of, 
419,   421    (p.). 

Rehm,  Ernst,  53 
(p.),   54. 

Remley,  Jacob  A., 
53. 

Remley,  W.  11.,  308, 
415  (p.),  419. 

Renner,  Otto  J., 
Atty.,101,103(p.).5»0. 

Renner,   Philip,  55. 

Rennick,  Susan,  440. 

Rendigs,    J.    H.,    53. 

Rendigs,      William, 

8  (p.),  54,  no. 

Report,  Calvin  E. 
Stowe's,   482. 

Resor  Academy,555. 

Resor,  I.  Burnet, 
474. 

Resolutions  of  Gen- 
eral Assembly, 
481. 

Resolutions  Bible, 
444. 

Rethman,  George, 
55,   56,   582   (p.). 

Rickoff,  A.  J.,  14, 
15,  63,  65,  484  (p.), 
579. 

Rickoff  s  School, 
540 

Riding    Club.    608. 

Riggs,  Alexander, 
316. 

Riverside  School, 
281    (p.). 

Robinson,  W.  L., 
247. 

Robinson,  James 
M.,  54,   56,  235. 

Rogers,  John  C. 
(Atty.),   294   (p.). 

Rogers,  William 
P.,    551,   264b    (p.). 

Rolker,  Dr.  Fred- 
erick,  44. 

Roosevelt  ,  Theo- 
dore, 502. 

Rosa,    atorm.   381. 

Rothe,     Ella,    440. 

Rothenberg,  Tvouis, 
45  (p.). 

Rowe,   J.    ^V.,   396. 

Royse,  Noble  K., 
418. 

Ruehrwein,  Wm. 
(Supt.  City  Work- 
house), 54,  32G 
(p.). 

Rules      of      School, 


11 


Rulison,    Hiram,   49 

(p.),  54, 
Runyan,  D.  I^.,  267, 

462    (p.),    553. 
Russell,    Dr.   L.   E., 

382 
Rust,     Richard     S., 

498. 
Rust,    Richard    H., 

499. 
Ry  land's        School, 

545. 


Saengerfest,  468; 
objections  to,   470. 

Sadler,  L.  L.,  54, 
120   (p.). 

Sage,    Geo.   R.,    445. 

Sage,  Rev.  O.  N., 
548. 

Salary,  Superin- 
tendents,  102; 
Teachers,  63 
(principals  now, 
dist.  school,  $1,900; 
I  n  t  e  r  m  ediate, 
$2,100;  High 

School,   $2,600). 

Sands,   A.   C,  53. 

Sands,  George  F., 
436,   516   (p.),   581. 

Sanders,  Alan.,  164 
(p.),  580. 

Sargent,    Edw.,   556. 

Sargent,  Wilson  & 
Hinkle,  558. 

Sattler,   Alma.  479. 

Sattler,    Dr.    Robt., 
115. 

Sawyer,  Louis  B., 
(Atty.),   529   (p.). 

Sayler,  J.  R.,  244, 
2.54   (p.). 

Schiff,  Charles,  249. 

Scheidemantle,  J. 
B.,    419,   159. 

Schulverein.   590. 

Schwaab,  John,  25, 
55,   57,   289,  322,  591. 

Schmidlapp  (Build- 
ing), 184;  J.  G., 
239,   474. 

Schaff,  David  S., 
316. 

School  Life,  267,  405, 
406. 
•  School  Libraries, 
33,  409,  411;  Juven- 
ile, 410;  Appren- 
tices, 410;  A. 
Howard  Hinkle. 
412;  Chas.  Fleisch- 
mann,  412;  Chris- 
tian Moerlein,  412; 
Hughes,  Wood- 
ward, 414;  of  De- 
sign, 180,  185;  of 
Expression,  480, 
471. 

School  Journals,  401 
to   406. 

School  Laws,  6,  30, 
32,  33,  34,  62,  596. 


School       Architect- 
ure^   317. 
(School  at  County 

Infirmary  teacher 
must  have  a 
county  ceriiflcate. 

Schools  of  Cincin- 
nati, 47,  405,  406; 
Early,  525;  Paro- 
cnial,  444;  Colored, 
447;  1st  6;  Opposi- 
tion to,  7;  Exam- 
iners of,  6;  Re- 
ports, 7;  Interme- 
diate, 16;  Superin- 
tendents, 102;  Gra- 
ded, 10;  Laws,  6, 
30,  32,  33,  34,  62, 
596;  Attendance, 
6,  7,  9,  13,  17,  IS, 
38;  Levy,  20; 
Cleveland,  20; 

Night,  24,  269; 
Deaf,  25,  113;  Sign, 
113;  Oral,  115;  Y. 
M.  C.  A.,  339,  551; 
Rules,   39. 

Schiel,  Louis  M., 
419,   440. 

Scudder,  Dr.  J.  M., 
51,    381. 

Scudder,  Dr.  John 
K.,   381   (p.). 

Seasongood,  Laura, 
196;     Lewis,     197. 

Semi-  centennial 
High    Schools,  128. 

Seminary,  Baptist 
Theo.,  547;  Cin- 
cinnati Theo.,  547; 
Cincinnati  Fe- 
male, 540,  541;  Cin- 
cinnati Adelphi, 
539;   Gooch's,    543; 

Lloyd's,  541;  Her- 
ron'  s,  539 ;  Hard- 
ings,  540. 

Senior,  Edw.,  235, 
386   (p.). 

Shay,  Thos.  F.,  53, 
562    (p.).     Atty. 

Shepardson,  Dan- 
iel.  144. 

Sherman  School, 
306    (p.). 

Sherman  School 
Carriage,  272b 

(p.). 

Shearer,  John  J-., 
390   (p.). 

Sherwood,  James 
E.,  64,  414,  418,  425, 
486    (p.),   562,     580. 

Shillito  Co.  (The 
John),  466,  474. 

Shillito  Mansion, 
373 

Shotwell,  John  B., 
405  (p.),  406,  581, 
title  page,  pref- 
ace. 

Shotwell,  Dr.  John 
T.,  226. 

12 


I     Shuff,    John   L.,    143 

(p.),    467. 
!     Siewers,   Dr.   Sarah 
M.,  36  (p.). 

Siling,    Wilmer    L.., 
i        375   (p.),   378. 

Sin  ton,    David,    181, 
I        197,   345  (p.),   552. 
'     Sixteenth      District 

School,  39  (p.). 
I     Slack,     Dr.     Elijah, 

254,   490. 
i     Slate    Work,    23,    73 
:        (p.). 

Smedes,  Jno.  M.,  55 
(p.). 

Smith,  Jr.,  Amor, 
148,   239,   196b   (p.). 

Smith  College,  497. 

Smith,  M.  W.,  129 
(p.),  581;  J.  H. 
Chas.,  15  (p.); 
Rev.  J.  B.,  378; 
Henry  Goodwin, 
315;  Dr.  H.  A.,  229 
(p.);  Henry  Pre- 
served, 316;  Judge 
Samuel  W.,  578 
(p.). 

Smith  &  Co.  (W. 
B.),   403,   556. 

Sparks,  Chas.  S., 
362   (p.). 

Spaeth,  Phil.  D., 
56. 

Spanish  Taught, 
561. 

S  p  anish- American 
War,  500. 

Spelling  Exercise, 
77   (p.). 

Spencer,  Dr.  J.  R., 
602    (p.). 

Spencer  House,  48, 
586. 

Spencer  O.  M.,  38, 
48,   447,   506. 

Spiegel,  Judge  Fred 
S.,  53,  305,  412  (p.),. 
554. 

Spro'ull,  Prof.  W. 
O.,    223    (p.),    43L 

Springer,  Reuben, 
180,  368  (p.),  369; 
Death,  470:  En- 
dowment, 470,  474; 

Stallo,    E.    K..    239. 

Stallo,  J.  B.,  239, 
381,   445. 

Stallo,  Laura  Mc- 
Donald, 383. 

State  School  Com- 
missioner, 15,  67, 
91,   131,   411,   460. 

Stanwood,  J.  B., 
249. 

Starbuck,  Alexan- 
der, 351. 

Stammel,  Dr. 

Chas.  A.,  56. 

Statistics  Public 
Schools,    522,    523. 

Stephens,  Chas.  H. 
Atty.),  52,  542  (p.). 


Stevenson,  Frank 
W..  238  (p.). 

Steadman,  A.  H., 
174. 

Stevenson,  Robert 
G.   (clerk),  54,  555. 

Stephenson,  Nath- 
aniel, 581. 

Stewart,  Dr.  Thoh. 
M.,  510. 

Stewart,    Jas.,   378. 

Stewart,  Dr.  Robt. 
W.,  564. 

Sterling,  W.  S.,  478, 
474,    3TO    (p.). 

Stone,  George  N., 
521. 

Stowe,  Harriett 

Beecher,   543. 

Stowe,  Calvin  E., 
316,   481. 

Storer,  Bellamy. 
46,   289,   445. 

Struble,  Stanley, 
555    (p.). 

Strunk,  Wm.,  52, 
239,    70a    (p.). 

Straehley,   John,  53. 

Strickland,  W.  S., 
283  (p.),  306,  436, 
435. 

St.  John's  College, 
540. 

St.  Xavier  College, 
441,   442. 

Sullivan,  Christine 
G.,  97,  174,  279,  425, 
435,  437,  439,  440, 
510,  511  (D.^; 
"W^ork,  512;  Death, 
518;  Bust,  518. 

Superintendents  of 
Schools,  Table, 
102;  N.  Guilford, 
61 ;  Joseph  Mer- 
rill, 62;  A.  J. 
Rickoff,  63;  Ly- 
man Harding,  65; 
John  Hancock,  65; 
John  B.  Peaslee, 
68;  Isaac  J.  Allen, 
85;  Dr.  E.  E. 
White,  89;  W.  H. 
Morgan,  95:  R.  G. 
Boone,  97. 

Superintendents  of 
Buildings,  57;  of 
Drawing,  174-177, 
and  511;  of  Music, 
170;  cf  Penman- 
ship, 171-174;  of 
Physical  Culture, 
282-288;  of  Colored 
Schools,    450;    457. 

S  u  p  p  1  e  m  entary 
Readers,   414. 

Surdo,  .Toseoh,  576 
(P.),  582. 

Swain,  Charles  Tj., 
575  (p.),  584. 

Swift,  Dr.  Edwin 
B.,   397. 

Swing,  F.  E.,  569 
(p.). 


Sykes,  G.  S..  235, 
566. 

"Symmes  Hole," 
46. 

Symmes,  Peyton 
S.,   41,   46.   47. 

Symmes,  John 
Cleves,  53Q. 

Symphony  Orches- 
tra, 469,  476. 

Symphony  Di 'lect- 
ors,  477.  . 


Table,     W  o  m  e  n's 

Vote,  35;  Superin- 
tendents',   102;    B. 

of  E.,  Presidents. 

59. 
Tackenberg,   Chas., 

582. 
Taft,   Alphonso,   199 

(p.),  237,  445;  Mrs. 

A  1  p  h  o  n  so,   586; 

Wm.    H.,   258    (p.); 

Chas.    P.,   277  (p.). 
Tafel,     Gustav,     52. 

239. 
Talmund    Institute, 

575. 
Tatem,  H.  H.,  464. 
Tate,   Dr.  John  H., 

506. 
Teachers,    Number, 

9,  10,  12,  13,  18,  38; 

Salaries,  10,  19,  37, 

63;      Tenure,      28; 

Appointment,    28. 
T  e  a  c  h  e  r  s'    Rifle 

Club,  67. 
Teachers'    Aid    and 

Annuity    Associa- 
tion, 561. 
Teachers'  Club,  425; 

Meetings,  428,  429; 

B  a  n  q  u  e  ts,  4-30; 

Presidents,  431. 
Technical       School, 

247. 
Telephone,    500,    521. 
Tenth    District 

School,  522  (p.). 
Text  Books,  8. 
Thanksgiving   Day, 

560. 
Thalheimer,  W.  B., 

559. 
Theory    and    Prac- 
tice. 92. 
Theological      Semi- 
nary,    Cincinnati, 

547. 
Thirtieth     District, 

School,  81  (p.). 
Thornton,   Jos  eph 

L.,  132. 
Thorner,  Dr.    Max, 

436,  506. 
Thomas,    Theodore, 

472. 
Thomas,   Fort,    266, 

269,    502. 
Thomas,  A.  S.,    461. 

IS 


Thoms,  Phoebe  E., 
582. 

Thoms,  Mat  thew 
H.,  196a  (p.). 

Toelke,  Joseph  H., 
19  (p.),  56. 

T  o  1 1  i  v  e  r.  Rev. 
Philip,  455. 

"Transac  t  i  o  n  s," 
489. 

Traub's  B  u  s  i  ness 
College,  401. 

Tree  Planting,  23. 

Trollope's  Bazaar, 
388-9. 

Trolley  Rides,  269. 

Trisler,  Earl  C,  517 
(p.). 

Trisler,  John  R., 
589   (p.). 

Trisler,  J.  L.,  596. 

Trotter,  Monroe,  455 

Trustees  and  Visi- 
tors, 30  ton  page 
6  is  an  error  in 
date,  it  should  be 
1868).  447. 

Truant  Officer,  57, 
607. 

Trustees,  Art 
Academy,  186. 

Tuckerman,  Jacob, 
373. 

Turrell,  Isaac  H., 
160  (p.),  5S3. 

Turrill,  M.  S.,  444 
(p.),  582. 

Turners,  2S6. 

Twenty-eighth  Dis- 
trict, 308  (p.). 

Twenty-second  Dis- 
trict,  245   (p.). 

Twenty-third  Dis- 
trict, 538  (p.). 

Twenty-s  e  v  ©  n  t  h 
District,   271   (p.). 

Twitchell,  Henry 
210. 


U. 


J. 


Underbill,     Dr. 
W,.  53,  59. 

Union  Board  of 
High  Schools,  33, 
126,   461.  562. 

University  of  Chi- 
cago, 432. 

University,  How- 
ard, 505. 

University,  Protes- 
tant, of  the  U.  S., 
549. 

University,  M  e  d  i- 
cal.  of  Ohio,  550. 

University,  Cincin- 
nati (Old),  532. 

University  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Adver- 
tisement, 240; 
A  t  h  1  e  ti  cs,  601; 
Ayers,  Howard, 
200,.  203  (p.);  Bur- 
net    Woods,      in. 


190;  Board  of  To- 
day, 235;  Board, 
235,  596;  Meeting 
Places,  239;  Bene- 
factors, 194,  198: 
Building,  Burnet 
Woods,  189  (p.); 
Change  of  Name, 
218;  Chairmen  of, 
237;  Clerks,  239; 
Corner  Stone 
Laid,  192;  Cun- 
ningham     Hall, 

193,  500;  Depart- 
ment, Dental,  228; 
Department, 
Law,  251,  261;  Di- 
rectors, 231;  En- 
dowme  n  t  s,  198; 
Engineering  Col- 
1  e  g  e,  194;  Ex- 
Members  Board, 
237;  Fire,  190; 
First  Department 
(School  of  De- 
sign),  233,  182; 
First  Graduates, 
241  (p.);  Hanna 
Hall,  192,  195  (p.).; 
Harper,  George 
W.,  186;  Hetorew 
Union  College, 
190;  Ingalls  M.  E., 
194;  Legal  Contest 
Over  Removal, 
192;  Medical  De- 
pa  r  t  m  e  nt,  224; 
McMicken,   Chas., 

194,  210,  213  (p.).; 
McMi  c  k  e  n  Uni- 
versity, 218.  231, 
225  (p.).;  McMick- 
ne  Home  stead, 
187,  215  (p.).;  New 
Board  of  (May. 
1903),  596;  Officers. 
237;  Old  and  New 
Board,  233 ;  Ob- 
servatory, 206,  209 
(p.);  O  r  d  inance, 
231;  Organ  ized, 
186;  Sett  lemenf, 
607;  Third  Inter- 
mediate, 187; 
Technical  School, 
194,  247;  Thoms. 
Matthew  H.,  196, 
196a  (p.);  Van 
Wormer,  Asa,  193, 
240,  243  (p.);  at 
Woodward,    186. 

University      Settle- 
ment,   607. 

V. 

Valley  Forge,  80. 
Van  Antwerp,   556. 
Van      Antwerp, 

Bragg  &  Co.,  558. 
Van  Cleve,  J.  S.,  474 
Van    Der    Stucken, 

Frank,     469      (p.) ; 

473,  476. 


Van  Dyke,    A.    M., 

139,   (p.);  146,  164. 
Van  Wormer,  Asa, 

193,  240,  243  (p.). 
Van    Wormer      Li- 
brary, 191  (p.),  194 

345. 
Vassar,  494,  197. 
Vaughn,  Daniel, 

381,  506. 
Venable,    Emerson, 

598   (p.). 
Venable,   William 

H.,     107,     110,     431, 

435. 
Victoria,  Queen,  49. 
Vickers,      Thomas, 

52,   239.   369. 
Vienna   Exposition, 

176. 
Visit  to  Europe  (C. 

E.  Stowe's).  481. 
"Visit  to  a  London 

School,"  581. 
Vogel,   William  H., 

175  (p.).,  178. 
Volks      Blatt,      48; 
Volksblatt,  475. 
Von  Wahlde,    Her- 
man, 583. 
Voorhes,    O.    P.,   580 

(p.). 
Voorheis,  Louis  E., 

474. 


W. 

Wahle,  G.  R.,  54. 
Walker,      Timothy, 

260,  445. 
Walker,     Paul     F., 

583. 
Wald  Gustavus  H., 

252   (p.).,   55L 
Walnut  Hills   High 

School,       107,      108 

(p.),  109,  462. 
Walden,  John     M., 

51,  378,  463  (p.). 
War  Veterans,  159. 
War,  Civil,     19,     21; 

Spanish,   500. 
Warsaw  School, 

561. 
Wards   of   City,   S8, 

42.  44,  45,  52,  54,  55, 

597.     (The  number 

of  Wards  will  be 

26     after     May     1, 

1903.) 
Ward,  E.  K.,  606. 
Warden,        Reubt^n 

H.,   48. 
Warder,    Dr.    John 

A.,   45,   48,   350. 
Washington,     Mar- 
tha, 278. 
W  a  SI  h  i  n  gr  t  o  n's 

nirthday,   560. 
Washburn,    W.    C, 

178  (p.).,  409. 
Waters,    Jabez    M., 

51,  549  (p.). 


Watters'     Business 

College,  399. 
Watters,  J.   Harry, 

399,    400  (p.). 
Webster  School,    71 

(p.). 
Webber,   C.   T.,  198, 

233,  246,  510. 
Weick,  W.  H.,  583. 
Weidner,  Jr.,  Chas. 
(frontispiece),      2, 
54.  57,  439. 
Weil,     Samuel,      32 

(p.).   54. 
Welch,  Judge,  446. 
Wellesley,  494,  497. 
Wells,  J.  D.,  54,  239. 
Werner     and     Ad- 

kins,  488. 

West,   Chas.   W.,180 

Western     Academy 

of        Natural 

Sciences,  347. 

Western     Museum, 

255,  545. 
Western      Literary 
Institute,  489,  491. 
AVestem     F  e  m  ale 

Institute,  543. 
Wesleyan    F  e  male 
College,    491:    pic- 
ture of   (old),  495; 
(new),  496. 
Wetherby,    A.      G., 

196. 
Whallon,      Dr.      R. 

H.,   101,   440. 
Whalen,    Thos.     J., 

55. 
Whelpley,    A  1  b  ert 

W.,  369. 
White,    Joseph    E., 

566. 

White,     Laura 

Heinrich,  ,304  (p.). 

White,    Dr.    E.    E., 

27,    54,  89,  90,  (p.).; 

239,     316,     406,      583 

(died). 

White's  Arithmetic 

27. 
Whiteley,  Chas.W., 

53. 
Whittier  School,  250 

(p.). 
Wiborg,   Frank     B. 
(resigned,     U.     of 
C  Aug.  1902),  235, 
474. 
Wilber,     Perlee    C, 

494,  497. 
Wilber,      Mary    C, 

499. 
Wllberforce     U  n  1- 

versity,   460. 
Wilkie,  Christie,  237 
Wilkinson,    E.    W., 

64a  (p.),  435,  436. 
Williams,      F.      H., 

101. 
Wi  1  1  i  a  m  s,    Delia 

Lathrop,   553. 
Williams,  E.    Cort, 
53,  462. 


14 


Williams'      Private 

School,  539. 
Wilson,     Hinkle    & 

Co.,  67,  558. 
Wilson,  Francis  B. 

51  (date  should  he 

18S8-98)     (p.).,     405, 

583. 
Wilson,    Gideon   C, 

53. 
Wilson,  Herbert  C, 

210. 
Wilson,     Obed.     J., 

558. 
Wilson,    Moses    F., 

25,      239      fan     ex- 
teacher). 
Wilstach,      Charles 

F.,  391. 
Writing-,   V  e  r  tical 

and      Natural 

Slant,  174. 
Wright,  Dr.  C.  W., 

506. 
Wrig-ht,     John     C, 

50,  260. 
Wrig-ht,   Joseph  F., 

239. 
Windsor    Public 

School,  64  (p.). 
Windisch,     Charles 

F.,  197. 
Winslow,    John   F„ 

235. 
Wise,  Isaac  M.,  239, 

329,  330  (p.),  334. 
Wisne-wski,  J.  F.,  52 
Withrow,  Dr.  J.  M. 

383   (p.). 
Wolfstein,    Dr.,    D. 

I.,  480. 
Woman     Admitted, 

494,  506. 
Woman  Dentist.  230 
Woman's      Medical 

College,  382. 


Women  Candidates 
34,  35,  36,  37. 

Women's  Vote,  35. 

Wood,   Selma,  440. 

Woodward,  W  1 1- 
liam,  122,  135,  148. 

Woodward  Birth- 
day, 152  (error  on 
page  135,  correct- 
ed page  152.) 

Woodward  Banner, 
165. 

Woodward  Cadets, 
148. 

Woodwai'd  College, 
128,  138;  suspended 
141. 

Woodward  in  Civil 
War,    157. 

Woodward  Found- 
ers'  Day,  352. 

Woodward  Gram- 
mar School,  136. 

Woodward  Grave 
and  Monument, 
149. 

Woodward  Guards, 
165. 

Woodward  High 
School  135,  136, 
137    (p.),    319. 

Woodward  Home- 
stead, 556  (p.). 

Woodward  P  o  r- 
trait,  151. 

Woodward  P  r  e  si- 
dents,  152. 

Woodward  Princi- 
pals, 152. 

Woodward  P  r  o  p- 
erty,  149. 

Woodward,  J.  O., 
55. 

Woolson,  Moses, 
144. 

World's  Fair,  Chi- 
cago,   179,    425. 


Worthington  Col- 
lege, 379. 

Wulsin,  D  r  a  usin, 
53,  559. 


Yancey,  Rev.  Wal- 
ter, 452. 

Young  Me  n's 
Christian  Asso- 
ciation, 347  (p.)-. 
425,  490,  501;  Or- 
ganized, 551. 

Y.  M.  G,  A.  Law 
Department,  339. 

Youmans,  Fred  M., 
81,  96  (p.),  436, 

Young,  Thomas,  239 

Young's  School  for 
Boys,  541. 

Young  Men's  Mer- 
cantile L  i  b  rary, 
261,   369.  464. 

Young  Women's 
Club,  555. 

Yowell,  Everett  I., 
210. 

Yowell,  R.  C,  176 
(p.),  328,  419,  431. 

z. 

Zenner,   Dr.    Philip, 

480. 
Ziegler,     Carl,     282, 

287,  584  (p). 
Ziegler,    W.    C,    54, 

57. 
Ziegler,     Christian, 

48. 
Zion    College,   329. 
Zion  Collegiate  As- 
sociation, 329. 
Zoological   Gardens 

267,  268  (p.). 
Zumstein  Frank  C, 

296  (p.). 


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